保护性耕作对农田地表径流与土壤水蚀影响的试验研究

在黄土坡地建立天然降雨径流小区,采用翻斗式自动测试系统同步动态地监测降雨—径流的过程,试验研究了保护性耕作农田水土保持的效果和耕作、覆盖及压实3种因素对农田水土流失的影响。2年的试验表明,雨强和雨型与坡地水土流失密切相关,在暴雨情况下,由秸秆覆盖与少免耕相结合的保护性耕作具有明显的保持水土作用;采用少免耕而无秸秆覆盖配合的情况下,水土流失甚至高于传统翻耕。在试验的6种处理中,免耕覆盖不压实的保水保土效果最佳,相对传统翻耕年径流量减少52.5%,年土壤流失量减少80.2%。在覆盖、压实及耕作3因素中,秸秆覆盖对保持水土的作用最大,可减少年径流量47.3%,减少年土壤水蚀77.6%;压实次之,地表耕作的影响较小。     

东北黑土区水土保持保护性耕作措施探讨

水土保持保护性耕作是对农田实行免耕少耕,并用农作物秸秆残茬覆盖地表的一项先进耕作技术,保护性耕作技术是由秸秆覆盖、免耕播种、机械深松和化学除草等核心技术组成的一项集成技术,采用水土保持保护性耕作措施可以有效减少东北黑土区的水土流失,提高黑土区土壤抗蚀性。对保护黑土地、改善生态环境、生态省建设都具有重要意义。     

保护性耕作对黄壤坡耕地水土流失及作物产量的影响

[目的]分析保护性耕作对黄壤坡耕地水土流失及作物产量的影响,为贵州省坡耕地水土流失治理及农业可持续发展提供科学依据。[方法]在西南地区典型黄壤坡耕地设置不施肥+顺坡平作(TR_1)、常规施肥+顺坡平作(TR_2)、优化施肥+顺坡平作(TR_3)、优化施肥+横坡垄作(TR_4)、优化施肥+横坡垄作+秸秆覆盖(TR_5)、优化施肥+横坡垄作+秸秆覆盖+等高植物篱(TR_6)共6个不同试验处理的监测小区,于2017—2018年监测了不同处理间作物产量、地表径流量、氮磷流失量、土壤养分含量的差异,并分析其相关性。[结果]①TR_4,TR_5,TR_6较TR_3的径流量分别减少了59.72%,74.13%和89.18%,氮磷流失总量与径流量趋势相同;②TR_5,TR_6对全量养分含量影响最大,其中全氮比TR_4作高20.00%,23.67%,比TR_3高23.53%,27.31%;③TR_4,TR_5,TR_6处理下的玉米在保持较高产量的同时,作物产量稳定性(SI)和可持续性(SYI)最好;④玉米、油菜产量与全氮、全磷、有效磷、有机质呈极显著正相关(p0.01),与速效氮呈显著正相关(p0.05);玉米产量与氮素流失量、磷素流失量、径流量呈极显著负相关(p0.01)。[结论]在坡耕地实施保护性耕作能有效降低地表径流发生,减少氮磷流失,保持土壤养分肥力的同时促进作物高产,并实现稳产及可持续生产,且实施综合保护性耕作的效能大于单项保护性耕作。     

坡耕地保护性耕作措施的水土保持效应

为探索不同保护性耕作技术在黑龙江省西部半干旱区坡耕地的水土保持效应,于2007、2008年在甘南县东兴村坡耕地径流小区进行不同耕作措施的降雨径流、土壤储水量和土壤流失量试验研究。结果表明：土壤储水量的动态变化趋势与天然降雨趋势一致;与常规耕作措施相比,所研究的3种耕作措施均可不同程度地增加土壤储水量、减少地表径流和土壤流失量,其中,垄向区田措施减少径流效果最好,覆膜＋垄向区田技术集成措施增加土壤储水和减少土壤流失效果最好,免耕秸秆覆盖措施在以上3方面的效果均为最差;垄向区田和覆膜＋垄向区田措施具有增加土壤储水深度的作用。研究结果可为黑龙江省西部半干旱区坡耕地水土保持措施的合理选择提供参考。     

粮草豆隔带种植保护性耕作对坡耕地水土流失的影响

通过在陇中黄土高原半干旱区的坡耕地上建立天然降雨径流小区,于2007年对粮草豆隔带种植保护性耕作防治水土流失效应进行定位研究.试验设传统耕作下春小麦与苜蓿间作(TWL)、马铃薯与苜蓿间作(TPL)、鹰嘴豆与苜蓿间作(TCL)和免耕秸秆覆盖下春小麦与苜蓿间作(NTSWL)、马铃薯与苜蓿间作(NTSPL)、鹰嘴豆与苜蓿间作(NTSCL)6个处理.结果表明:(1)免耕秸秆覆盖可显著减少径流量和侵蚀量,6个处理的水土流失量为TWL＞NTSWL＞TCL＞NTSCL＞TPL＞NTSPL.(2)流失泥沙的养分含量中有机质、速效N、速效P、速效K的流失总量最大,全N和全P的流失总量最小.免耕秸秆覆盖对减少速效N、速效K和全P的流失具有明显的作用.(3)径流量、泥沙量与降雨量的回归关系均十分显著.保护性耕作是控制水土流失的有效措施.     

东北大豆农田保护性耕作水热效应的Meta分析

摘要：基于公开发表文章中有关东北地区保护性耕作下大豆农田土壤温度和湿度数据，以传统耕作（CT）为对照，免耕（NT）、少耕（RT）、秸秆覆盖（SM）、免耕秸秆覆盖（NTSM）为处理，应用Meta分析方法定量评估保护性耕作措施对东北大豆农田土壤水热状况的影响程度。结果表明：与CT相比，保护性耕作总体上使东北大豆农田0-170cm土层的土壤体积含水量增加了9.2%，使浅层土壤（0-30cm）温度降低了8.2%；不同气候条件下4种保护性耕作措施均能提高土壤湿度；秸秆覆盖可以提高大豆整个生育时期土壤含水量，且在营养生长期对土壤水热的影响最大，土壤温度随秸秆覆盖量的增加而增加；保护性耕作措施降低土壤温度的幅度随着土壤黏粒减少而降低，提高土壤湿度的幅度随土壤深度增加而降低；免耕秸秆覆盖在不同土壤深度的蓄水保墒效果最明显，在0-20cm土层提高了32.9%的土壤湿度。综上，保护性耕作措施较传统耕作具有增湿降温效应，气温、降水、生育时期、秸秆覆盖量、土壤类型及土壤深度均对保护性耕作下大豆农田的土壤水热状况产生影响。     

三峡库区坡耕地免耕秸秆覆盖下氮磷流失特征

为有效防治三峡库区坡耕地氮磷流失,在三峡库区长坪小流域连续进行两年野外径流小区监测试验。在自然降雨条件下进行免耕秸秆覆盖(SM)和对照(CK)两个处理的田间试验,研究了免耕秸秆覆盖措施对地表径流和氮磷养分流失的影响。结果表明：(1)降雨量与径流量极显著正相关,径流主要由几次暴雨事件造成,需要重点防范玉米季暴雨造成的水土流失。免耕秸秆覆盖能减少地表产流产沙,相比对照处理,免耕秸秆覆盖减少19.1%的径流流失,减少63.6%的泥沙流失。(2)免耕秸秆覆盖分别降低了21.3%,25.8%的总氮和总磷流失量,径流量和氮磷流失量呈极显著正相关,免耕秸秆覆盖主要通过减少径流量来减少氮磷流失。(3)坡耕地油菜—玉米种植制的氮磷流失风险期为6—7月初,该时期CK处理41.3%的径流量贡献了81.4%,52.1%的总氮和总磷流失,SM处理38.4%的径流量贡献了75.2%,48.2%的总氮和总磷流失,在该时期通过免耕秸秆覆盖可分别减少17.5%,31.7%的总氮和总磷流失。研究表明,免耕秸秆覆盖是控制三峡库区坡耕地氮磷养分流失的良好水土保持措施。     

用人工模拟降雨研究保护性耕作下的地表径流与水分入渗

采用人工模拟降雨试验研究了保护性耕作控制农田地表径流的效果,重点探讨了表土耕作、秸秆覆盖及土壤压实３种因素对地表径流和水分入渗的影响。试验表明,保护性耕作具有明显的处缓径流,增加水分入渗的效果。在土壤干燥,模拟降雨强度为７２ｍｍ／ｈ的条件下,传统翻耕比保护性耕作早１２－１６ｍｉｎ产生径流,入渗率降低６０．９％,总径流量高１１倍。３种试验因素中,秸秆覆盖对径流和入渗的影响最大,压实次之。在本试验中,     

保护性耕作对坡耕地土壤水分特性和水土流失的影响

在黄土高原西部丘陵沟壑区水土流失严重的坡耕地进行了2 a的定位试验,研究了不同耕作方式对坡耕地土壤水分特性和水土流失的影响.研究结果表明:(1)免耕+覆盖的保护性耕作方式保水效果明显,全年平均土壤含水量比传统耕作高出1%以上,单纯的免耕与传统耕作没有显著差异.(2)免耕可使耕作层土壤水分保持相对稳定,初春播种后土壤较长时间保持较高含水量有利于作物出苗;雨后免耕处理耕作层具有更强保水能力,从而使土壤水分保持相对稳定则有利于作物生长.(3)不同耕作方式对坡耕地土壤水分特性的影响与其对士壤结构的影响有关,免耕虽然增加了耕作层土壤容重,但也增加了团聚体的稳定性,降低了团聚体破坏率,增强了土壤抗蚀力,覆盖能降低免耕地表层土壤容重,增强其持水与保墒能力.(4)免耕措施未必能减少坡地径流量,但可显著降低土壤侵蚀量,免耕辅以秸杆覆盖的保护性耕作可有效防止水土流失,径流量和产沙量较传统耕作处理分别减少了8.35%和88.11%.     

辽宁省不同耕作方式对坡耕地水土及氮磷养分流失的影响效果

在天然降雨条件下,研究传统耕作、免耕、免耕秸秆覆盖、横垄4种耕作方式对坡耕地水土流失和养分流失的影响效果。结果表明:与传统耕作相比,其他3种耕作方式均能减少水土流失,产流量分别较之减少19.3%,27.1%,31.8%,泥沙量对应减少12.4%,21.5%,57.8%;各耕作小区径流中养分流失量差异显著;泥沙中全磷流失特征为T1>T3>T2>T4,其他耕作小区比传统耕作小区减少流失依次为8.6%,5.1%,12.1%;泥沙中的全氮流失特征为T1>T2>T3>T4,其他耕作小区比传统耕作小区减少流失依次为6.4%,10.3%,34.3%。坡耕地土壤侵蚀量与径流量呈显著相关。     

松嫩平原水资源可持续利用战略探讨

分析了我国北方荒漠化形势和实施农田保护性耕作对防止沙尘暴的作用和意义。根据生态学原理,提 出了加强农田防护林建设和实施留茬、免耕、覆盖等保护性耕作技术措施以及加强农田防沙配套技术体系研究 的一些设想。     

旱地玉米保护性耕作机具与作业工艺的组合研究

多年保护性耕作试验取得了保墒增产的明显效果,但也暴露出播种质量不高等问题,仅靠改进机具已难以解决。１９９６年开始增加表土耕作进行配套试验。通过对不同试验处理的秸秆覆盖率、地温、土壤含水量、出苗率和作物产量对比,初步得出增加表土耕作组合方案可以调控地表秸秆覆盖量、改善地面状况、提高地温、保苗增产。在我国北方,干旱低温,秸秆不易腐烂,逐年积累,故应该把表土耕作列为保护性耕作体系的重要内容,只有把作业工艺选择与播种机性能改进结合,才能更有效地解决免耕播种质量不高的问题。     

Potential effect of conservation tillage on sustainable land use: A review of global long-term studies

Although understood differently in different parts of the world, conservation tillage usually includes leaving crop residues on the soil surface to reduce tillage. Through a global review of long-term conservation tillage research, this paper discusses the long-term effect of conservation tillage on sustainable land use, nutrient availability and crop yield response. Research has shown several potential benefits associated with conservation tillage, such as potential carbon sequestration, nutrient availability, and yield response. This research would provide a better perspective of the role of soil conservation tillage and hold promise in promoting application of practical technologies for dryland farming systems in China.     

中国特色保护性耕作技术

国外多年的保护性耕作实践表明,旱地保护性耕作能减少土壤风蚀水蚀,抑制沙尘暴。项目研究目的是检验保护性耕作技术在我国的适应性、应采取的工艺体系及机具。从1991年开始,中国农业大学和山西省农机局等合作,开始农艺农机结合的保护性耕作系统试验,10年试验表明,保护性耕作不仅减少水土流失,而且增产增收。通过改进保护性耕作工艺,开发研制中小型保护性耕作机具,形成了中国特色的保护性耕作技术。主要特色在于用小型机具在小地块上实现保护性耕作、以及能在贫瘠的土地上获得较高产量,从而满足我国既要保护环境又要提高产量的要求。研究表明,我国北方自然条件、种植制度、经济水平等差别较大,在保护性耕作推广中需要分区采用不同的技术体系。     

保护性耕作适应性试验及关键技术研究

国内外围绕旱地农业的可持续发展,进行了长期的研究和试验,我国于1991年引进澳大利亚先进模式——保护性耕作法,在山西省布点试验。试验表明:保护性耕作具有保水改土、增产增收、改善生态环境的综合效益。但播种质量不高,一度使试验受挫,虽然靠改进机具在一定程度上可以提高其适应性,但当秸秆产量达到80%的覆盖率时,又出现秸秆越冬防风防火难、春季地温回升缓慢,清除长在秸秆中的杂草难等一系列问题。通过进一步试验,增加浅旋或浅耙表土作业,可解决问题。秸秆覆盖,表土浅耕和硬茬播种构成保护性耕作法成熟的技术体系。     

The effects of minimal tillage and contour cultivation on surface runoff, soil loss and crop yield in the long-term Woburn Erosion Reference Experiment on sandy soil at Woburn, England

Abstract. Over a 10-year period, runoff and soil erosion on the plots of the Woburn Erosion Reference Experiment were concentrated in periods with sparse vegetation cover: in winter after the late planting of cereals; in spring after the planting of beets; or when soils were bare after harvest. The mean event runoff of 1.32 mm from plots cultivated up-and-downslope was significantly greater ( P <0.05) than that from plots cultivated across-slope (0.82 mm). However, mean event soil loss was not significantly different between the two cultivation directions. No significant differences were found between minimal and standard cultivations. Mean event runoff from the across-slope/minimal tillage treatment combination (0.58 mm) was significantly less ( P <0.01) than from the up-and-downslope/minimal tillage (1.41 mm), up-and-downslope/standard tillage (1.24 mm), and across-slope/standard tillage (1.07 mm) treatment combinations. Runoff from the across-slope/standard treatment combination was significantly ( P <0.05) less than from the up-and-downslope/minimal tillage treatment. The across-slope/minimal tillage treatment combination had a significantly smaller ( P <0.05) event soil loss (67 kg ha⁻¹) than the up-and-downslope/standard tillage (278 kg ha⁻¹) and up-and-downslope/minimal tillage (245 kg ha⁻¹) combinations. Crop yields were significantly ( P <0.05) higher on across-slope plots in 1988, 1996 and 1997 than on up-and-downslope plots, and were also higher (but not significantly) on the across-slope plots in 7 of the 8 remaining years. Minimal cultivation decreased yield compared with standard cultivation in one year only. We recommend that across-slope cultivation combined with minimal tillage be investigated at field scale to assess its suitability for incorporation into UK farming systems.     

Energy use efficiency of deficit-irrigated silage maize in different soil tillage practices on a high plain with a semi-arid climate

ABSTRACT

Energy requirement increases rapidly in agriculture due to the increase in mechanization. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the energy use efficiency of silage maize under three different tillage practices (conventional, reduced, no-tillage) combined with four different irrigation levels (full and three deficit irrigations). The no-tillage and reduced tillage practices provided savings in input energy at the rate of 17.4 and 9.1%, respectively compared to the conventional tillage. The highest silage yields in all irrigation levels were obtained in the no-tillage practice. Therefore, in full and deficit irrigated silage maize, the highest energy ratio, energy productivity and net energy and the lowest specific energy values were manifested in the no-tillage practice. Energy rates in the no-tillage practice were higher by 34.2 and 22.9% than the conventional and the reduced tillage practices, respectively. Moreover, the direct and non-renewable energy requirements were the lowest in the no-tillage practice. In conclusion, the fully-irrigated no-tillage practice can be recommended to obtain the highest energy use ratio and productivity. However, no-tillage irrigated with up to 50% less water amount could be a better alternative for areas with a water shortage by improving the energy use ratio with better water and fuel savings.     

Comparison of various coulter‐type ground‐driven rotary subsoilers in terms of energy consumption and soil disruption

Hardpans below the normal tillage depth inhibit root penetration and cause drainage problems. Subsoiling is commonly used to disrupt hardpans and provide pathways for water and roots to enter the subsoil. The objective of this study was to develop and compare various types of ground‐driven rotary subsoilers that adequately disrupt compacted soil profiles for conservation tillage systems. To accomplish these objectives, four different coulter‐type ground‐driven rotary subsoilers were designed and manufactured by dividing a 1.2 m diameter coulter into multiple blades. Minimizing the soil resistance was one of the main considerations in forming the shape and number of blades on the coulters. An experiment was conducted in a soil bin to determine the effects of ground‐driven rotary subsoilers on soil disturbance and energy requirements. Treatments were four different types of subsoilers: coulter without blade (CNB), coulter with 5 blades (C5B), coulter with 7 blades (C7B) and coulter with 9 blades (C9B), and two tillage depths (25 cm and 38 cm). To determine the differences between subsoilers, soil disturbance, cone index, bulk density and draft were measured. The C5B subsoiler required considerably less draft, draft power and vertical force for both operation depths followed by the C7B, C9B and CNB subsoilers. The CNB subsoiler left the soil surface clean with no spoil while the coulters with blades caused spoils on the soil surface. The soil disruption paths of the coulters with blades have an advantage for row crops due to limited above‐ground disturbance if seeds can be placed in the middle of the disrupted zone.     

不同小麦种植体系中磺酰磺隆在土壤中的持久性研究

Many sulfonylurea herbicides have been used under a wide variety of agronomic conditions in numerous crops. An understanding of dissipation rate of herbicide is fundamental for predicting the fate of herbicide in soil. In order to study the sulfosulfuron persistence under different cultivation systems of wheat, a four replicated experiment was carried out in the Hashemabad Reaserch Center of Gorgan, Iran in 2010 in a split plot design with two factors. Cultivation system as the main factor consisted of six levels, including conservation tillage by Combinate, no-tillage by Baldan grain drill, conservation tillage by Chizelpacker, conservation tillage by Delta Model, surface tillage by heavy disk, and conventional tillage by moldboard plow and twice disk. Secondary factor included two levels of sulfosulfuron application(with and without sulfosulfuron). Soil samples were taken at 6 stages and soil microbial respiration and soil pH were measured as factors affecting sulfosulfuron persistence. Results showed the least time of sulfosulfuron persistence belonged to the cultivation system of no-tillage by Baldan grain drill with a half-life of 4.62 d. Then, conservation tillage by Combinate and conventional tillage with a half-life of 6.30 d and conservation tillage by Delta Model with a half-life of 9.90 d were ordered. The most time of sulfosulfuron persistence(11.55 d) was related to conservation tillage by Chizelpacker. Ninety percent reduction of sulfosulfuron concentration occurred 15.34, 20.92, 32.88, and 36.38 d after sulfosulfuron application, respectively, for no-tillage system, conservation tillage by Combinate and conventional tillage, conservation tillage by Delta Model and surface tillage, and conservation tillage by Chizelpacker. In all the cultivation systems, toxicity symptoms were not observed 40 d after spraying sulfosulfuron onto the tomato plants which were used as test plant. Effects of different cultivation systems on soil microbial respiration were also significant.