基于遥感的径流丰枯与高山区积雪关系分析——以天山玛纳斯河流域为例

山区降水和高山冰雪融水是玛纳斯河流域径流的重要补给来源。利用MODIS陆表遥感数据MOD10A2提取2001-2007年1-12月流域积雪覆盖数据。用肯斯瓦特水文站1957-2007年径流资料为样本分析年径流丰枯演变规律。选择径流丰水年和枯水年,重点分析融雪期4-7月径流量与1-5月流域积雪面积和高山区气温-降雨的关系。结果表明:①流域内积雪分布年内变化特征显著:8月中旬至次年1月上旬为积雪增长期;1月中旬至8月上旬为积雪衰减期;②流域流量20世纪90年代以来持续增加,但2002年、2003年出现丰水和枯水现象;③在春季,流域水资源主要以融雪径流方式为主,春季随着气温的升高,积雪面积逐渐变小,流量逐渐增加;④冬季山区积雪面积越大,以固态形式存储的水量亦越大,春夏季随着气温的升高,积雪消融速率越大,河流来水量就越丰富。     

天山北坡呼图壁河流域积雪水文过程对气候变化的响应

积雪是干旱区水资源的重要组成部分,气候变暖引起的降水形态和积雪消融的改变势必会对流域径流过程及其组分变化产生重要的影响.选取天山北坡呼图壁河流域作为干旱区积雪补给典型流域,利用站点气象数据及IPCC CMIP5气候情景数据,驱动改进雨雪划分方案、融雪径流计算模块的VIC模型,以观测径流和MODIS积雪面积数据进行模型多...     

玛纳斯河流域融雪径流与积雪-气象因子分析

利用雪盖、径流、气象因子数据分析了玛纳斯河流域融雪径流特征及其与积雪-气温-降雨的关系。根据地形、植被和积雪分布特征建立了流域分带体系。以2000-2008年3-6月8日合成MODIS积雪产品（MOD10A2）为基础,插值获取流域分带日均积雪面积数据。根据天山山区气温-降雨的垂直地带性特征,以肯斯瓦特水文站1995-2008年逐日气温、降水数据为数据源,应用DEM递推获取流域分带日均气温、降水数据。定性分析了流域各带气温、降雨和积雪分布特征及其定量相关关系。同时,分析了流域积雪面积和径流的定量关系。结果表明:①低山荒漠草原带3月22号前后,云杉林带4月11号前后,高山高寒草甸带5月14号前后,高山冰雪带6月12号前后气温持续在零度以上;②降水年内分配不均,降水主要集中在夏季,占年降水量的43.39% ,春季占28.14% ,秋冬季降雨偏少,分别为13.04%和15.24%;③各带积雪面积和气温相关性很高,3-6月各带气温逐渐升高,积雪逐渐融化,除高山冰雪带不完全消融外其余分带积雪在此期间全部消融;高山高寒草甸带和高山冰雪带积雪面积和气温呈线性相关;④流域总的积雪面积和径流散点图显示出很好的幂指数相关;不同年,积雪面积与径流关系呈规律性变化。     

新疆开垦河流域径流变化特征分析

根据新疆开垦河水文站的多年实测径流资料,利用方差分析法、回归分析法和Mann-Kendall秩次检验法等,分析了开垦河径流的分配和年际变化的特征.结果表明:开垦河径流年内分配较均匀;43 a的径流统计中,83.7%的年份径流集中度>50%,表明径流补给来源以雨水和高山冰雪(季节性积雪)融水为主.季节性积雪融水量占高山冰雪融水量和雨水量总和的比重在逐年增加.流域径流量主要集中在汛期(4-9月),最大径流量出现在6月,且汛期径流量占年径流量的比重逐渐增加.同时,春季径流量高于冬季.径流量年际变化平缓.呈微弱上升趋势,年径流变差系数仅为0.23;径流量代际变化特征明显,20世纪80年代由枯水期转向丰水期,但未发生突变;流域年径流量有较明显的周期成分,其显著周期为3,14,16,19 a.     

锡林河流域积雪时空特征及其对径流的影响

寒旱区草原流域地表水资源极为匮乏,融雪径流是寒旱区草原流域重要的水源,冰雪融化对河川径流有着十分显著的影响。利用锡林河流域水文站2000—2013年逐日径流数据、锡林浩特气象站2000—2015年逐日平均气温、降雨、雪深数据及MOD10A2积雪产品数据,分析了锡林河流域积雪面积、雪深年际变化特征,气象因子与积雪面积、雪深之间的相关性,以及径流的影响因素。结果表明:研究区积雪面积、雪深年内变化呈单峰型,冬季积雪面积、雪深均达到最大值,春秋次之,夏季最小。在年际变化上,积雪面积、雪深总体呈现增加趋势,其中冬季的积雪面积呈显著性增加。通过研究区气象因子与积雪的相关性表明,在积雪期,气温、风速和日照时数是影响雪深和积雪面积的主要因素,而在融雪期,气温与降水是影响雪深和积雪面积的主要因素。对径流影响因素的分析可得,气温对径流的影响最大,并且积雪面积、雪深与径流之间也存在很强的相关性,说明积雪的变化也会对径流产生影响。研究积雪动态变化及其对径流的影响对寒旱区草原流域水资源管理、农牧业发展和灾害防御具有重要的现实意义。     

开都河流域气候变化特征及其对径流的影响简

采用Mann-Kendall趋势及突变检验、R/S的Hurst指数以及线性回归、滑动平均等方法,分析开都河流域1960-2010年的气温、降水及径流量指标,揭示该流域气候变化及径流响应的特征和长期趋势.结果表明,开都河流域近50年的气温、降水及径流量均呈显著增加趋势,增长率分别为0.027℃/a、0.863 mm/a和0.625 m3/a,其相应的突变年份分别为1993、1986和1996年.流域内山区既是气温增温最大的地区,也是降水增加最显著的地区.在气候变暖背景下,山区年均温及春、夏、秋3季升温比绿洲区的响应更为显著,但在绿洲区冬季升温则更为显著;山区降水量增加趋势较绿洲区显著.在过去50年,开都河径流突变前后多年平均径流量增加了9.96亿m3,对该流域工农业发展、生活以及生态可持续发展产生了很大的影响.     

天山北坡中段草地、林地积雪消融过程的定量化分析

依托天山森林生态系统定位站,选择典型区域设置林地、草地固定观测小区,在积雪消融期对林地和草地积雪特性(雪深、雪密度、液态含水率、雪温)、产流量、侵蚀量以及常规气象指标进行定量化观测,对比分析林地和草地的积雪消融过程。结果表明:积雪消融期林地树冠对降雪的截留量约为56.8%,草地平均积雪深度是林地2.5倍;因树冠截留雪受重力作用下降使融雪产流后期林地积雪深度下降速率大于草地;林地融雪产流的时间比草地早,产流期林地和草地积雪层密度、液态含水率的变化规律相似,"峰值"均在积雪中间层,但林地积雪的平均雪密度和平均液态含水率分别为0.48 g/cm^3,0.61%,均大于草地0.29 g/cm^3,0.52%;林地雪温的"峰值"在积雪表层,而草地在积雪底层,林地平均雪温为-0.032℃,低于草地0.046℃;且雪液态含水率和积雪层温度呈正相关(r=0.611,p<0.05);草地径流小区的产流量和对地表的侵蚀量分别是林地的2,6倍;林地、草地对地表的侵蚀量占总径流量百分比分别为0.21%,0.71%;林地在融雪产流过程中对地表的冲刷作用小于草地,体现了森林的固土作用。研究结果为小尺度探讨积雪消融过程提供理论依据和数据基础。     

艾比湖流域气候变化及对地表水资源的影响

利用艾比湖流域逐月气温、降水数据,结合流域地表径流和艾比湖湖泊面积数据,分析了1961—2010年流域气候要素变化趋势和突变特征,探讨了气候变化对流域地表水资源的影响。结果表明:(1)近50a来艾比湖流域气温、降水均呈波动上升趋势,气候由暖干型向暖湿型转变。冬季升温对流域气温增幅贡献率大,气温在1995年发生突变。冬季降水量增幅明显,夏季只有温泉站点降水量增幅显著,降水量在1984年发生突变;(2)流域年均气温与径流量呈正相关,年降水量与径流量的变化呈显著同步性;(3)流域年平均气温与艾比湖面积大小关系复杂;年平均降水量与湖泊面积的变化趋势趋于同步,1996—1999年这种同步性更明显;(4)气候变化直接影响冰川伸缩与雪线升降,冰川数量和规模均逐渐减小,用水矛盾日益尖锐,影响绿洲社会经济发展。     

变化环境下塔里木河径流变化及其影响因素分析

通过对塔里木河近50 a的年径流资料进行分析,得到变化环境下流域径流演变趋势,并从气候变化和人类活动两方面分因子探讨了其对径流变化过程的影响.研究结果表明,近50 a来塔里木河的径流过程发生了显著变化.源流出山口年径流量总体上呈增长趋势,特别是20世纪90年代以后,各源流普遍进入丰水期,但河流在出山口后,年径流量减少的趋势却趋于明显,且沿程递减幅度增大.从影响因素看,以气温上升和降水增加为特征的气候变化是源流径流量总体增长的主要影响因素,其中气温变化对流域蒸发的影响并不显著,但气温升高使冰川融水径流补给增长明显;降水增加对各源流径流变化的影响存在差异,可能与径流的补给类型有关.从流域整体看,人类活动是造成流域径流变化的主导性因素.水利工程的修建和水资源取用量增加极大地改变了流域的径流过程,塔里木河流域综合治理工程的实施对流域径流恢复产生了积极的正面影响.     

高海拔寒区融水侵蚀研究进展

对比不同侵蚀类型侵蚀过程、机理,阐述冻融侵蚀和融水侵蚀的区别与联系;探讨并界定融水侵蚀概念,指出融水侵蚀是季节性冻土在冰川积雪融水径流作用下的土壤侵蚀过程。分析融水侵蚀过程机理,反复的冻融作用和不透水冻结层降低土壤抗蚀性,二者同时促进坡面融水集流冲刷加速侵蚀。分析融水侵蚀主要影响因素,气温、辐射和降水是影响冻融作用和融水径流的直接因素,植被、风和地形通过影响雪的分布及辐射而间接影响融水侵蚀过程。评述融水侵蚀GIS定性评价方法和评价模型,融水侵蚀评价研究需参考GIS的定性评价,借鉴USLE/WEPP等土壤侵蚀模型方法。最后对融水侵蚀未来的研究方向进行了展望。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.     

In-situ enrichment and analysis of atrazine-degrading microbial communities using atrazine-containing porous beads

We examined the community composition of microbes that colonized atrazine-containing beads buried in agricultural soils that differed in atrazine treatment history. Bacterial abundance was 5-40-fold greater in atrazine-fortified beads. In beads containing 20 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ buried in soil with a history of atrazine application (conditioned soil), the abundance of Actinobacteria increased approximately 80-fold whereas in control soil, Actinobacteria were enriched only 10-fold and the gamma-Proteobacteria and Planctomycetes increased by 60- and 25-fold, respectively. The gamma-Proteobacteria were enriched by 120- and 230-fold in beads containing 200 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ in conditioned and control soil, respectively. The results demonstrate that BioSep^® beads are a suitable matrix for recruiting a diverse subset of the bacterial community involved in atrazine degradation.