运用液压喷播技术进行植草护坡的研究

液压喷播植草护坡机械化程度高、速度快、效果好、适应性广,是一种快速建立绿化草坪的植草护坡方法。选择广东省飞来峡水利枢纽工程开挖的典型坡面为试验区,研究了液压喷播技术在植草护坡中的应用。结果表明,液压喷播植草护坡的成坪速度主要受草籽的生态学特性、种子萌芽条件及生长环境等因子的影响,即与草籽种类、植物生长调节试剂及土壤状况与气候条件等因子密切相关。     

植物护坡工程质量的等级评价研究

在国内外边坡生态恢复工程及评价理论研究的基础上,以结构稳定和功能持续为导向,结合系统工程理论与植物护坡工程质量特征,建立了以力学、植被及基质3大类评价指标为主体的植物护坡工程质量评价指标体系.通过层次分析法确定各指标权重及排序,并以灰色系统理论为依据,构建递阶多层次灰色综合评价模型,用于四川省彭州市升平镇人工边坡3类不同工程措施植物护坡工程(种子格栅、植物网、喷播植草)的实例评价.评价结果显示,3类植物护坡工程措施质量等级均为良以上,且喷播植草植物护坡工程措施优于种子格栅、植生网,符合实际情况,说明构建的评价体系及质量等级划分方法科学可行,能比较客观准确地反映植物护坡工程系统的质量状况与等级,具有较强的实用价值.     

植物护坡及其生态效应研究

河道生态系统中的河岸侵蚀和滨水缓冲带建设倍受关注。以上海市浦东新区机场镇的生态河道示范工程为例,探讨了以生态修复和稳定坡岸为目标的植物护坡技术在生态河道坡岸修复中的应用及其生态效应。在不同河段分别采用了全系列生态护坡、土壤生物工程护坡和复合式生物稳定等3类植物护坡技术。通过对工程实施后3a（2004年～2006年）来的生态监测发现,护坡植物生长良好,新生枝叶和根系的护坡作用明显,土壤抗剪强度明显增加,河岸土壤侵蚀得到有效控制,坡岸的结构稳定性增强;同时河岸生境得到改善,本地植物快速恢复,生物多样性增加,河岸植物群落结构由单一结构向复杂结构转变,生态稳定性逐渐增强。生态河道的植物坡岸修复技术可以在我国各类岸坡的生态修复和边坡稳定中广泛运用。     

植物护坡及其生态效应研究

河道生态系统中的河岸侵蚀和滨水缓冲带建设倍受关注。以上海市浦东新区机场镇的生态河道示范工程为例,探讨了以生态修复和稳定坡岸为目标的植物护坡技术在生态河道坡岸修复中的应用及其生态效应。在不同河段分别采用了全系列生态护坡、土壤生物工程护坡和复合式生物稳定等3类植物护坡技术。通过对工程实施后3a(2004年~2006年)来的生态监测发现,护坡植物生长良好,新生枝叶和根系的护坡作用明显,土壤抗剪强度明显增加,河岸土壤侵蚀得到有效控制,坡岸的结构稳定性增强;同时河岸生境得到改善,本地植物快速恢复,生物多样性增加,河岸植物群落结构由单一结构向复杂结构转变,生态稳定性逐渐增强。生态河道的植物坡岸修复技术可以在我国各类岸坡的生态修复和边坡稳定中广泛运用。     

公路边坡防护与生态恢复

主要论述了公路边坡植物防护的主要形式如种草、铺草皮、液压喷播植草护坡、框格防护、合成材料植被网草皮护坡、喷混植生植物护坡、绿化笼砖护坡、香根草生物边坡防护技术、客土喷播技术等,在目前,公路防护工程设计要紧紧抓住设计对象的土质、水文、气候等特点,灵活采用不同的防护型式,确保公路边坡的可持续性。     

城市污泥生物干化处理及其在生态治理中的应用

利用城市污泥进行生物干化处理生产喷播绿化基材,应用结果表明,污泥喷播基材与边坡结合紧密,稳定性好,基材肥沃,灌木、草本种子发芽整齐,苗木生长旺盛;与传统的喷播绿化相比,能提前3—5d成坪,后期灌木根系发达,生长明显加速。     

矿山边坡生态建设的植被特征与群落动态变化

为了解边坡生态防护工程植被建植的生长变化规律,依托实际工程,以植生基质喷射技术（Planting Material Spraying,简称PMS绿化工程技术）体系作为矿山边坡复绿的应用背景,对3个不同坡向、坡度的边坡在人工植被建植后5年内主要群落特征（物种、盖度和高度等）进行跟踪调查.结果表明：1）边坡人工植被建植1周年内,数量特征总体上表现为组成简单、垂直结构不明显.刺槐、胡枝子、狗牙根、紫花苜蓿和高羊茅长势优于其他物种.2）植被建设5年后,建设效果良好,多样性和丰富度得到提高,优势度下降,均匀度趋于稳定,形成有较强固土护坡效果的多年生草本＋胡枝子＋刺槐的植被群落,乔灌草植株根系发运良好,且豆科植物在群落中占据着主要的优势.3）植被越冬越夏期间,部分高羊茅出现倒伏现象,少量刺槐出现叶片萎缩,波斯菊相较于其他植物死亡植株较多,但大部分植物对于极端天气抵抗力较好,并初步形成有较强固土护坡效果和较好景观效果的植物群落.     

韶赣高速红砂岩边坡草灌混播防护技术研究

为研究草灌混播技术在红砂岩边坡防护工程中的生态防护效果与施工工艺,选取韶赣高速典型红砂岩边坡4个路段,采用样地记录法对不同草灌配比路段的物种组成,灌木植物的数量、高度、频度等指标进行了调查.通过研究样地植物群落的相对多度、相对高度、相对频度、重要值等指标探讨了试验区植物群落组成与群落特征,并进一步通过各种多样性指标研究试验区植物数量特征及生态学特征.研究结果表明,草灌结合对土壤贫瘠、易风化、易冲刷红砂岩地带具有更强的适应性;豆科植物能通过根瘤固氮作用在坡面贫瘠土壤正常生长,对韶赣高速红砂岩边坡的植被生态恢复起到重要作用;一定配比的本地乡土灌木、豆科植物和少量草种等组成的多物种组合可有效构建较为稳定的红砂岩边坡植物群落,防护效果良好.     

中国边坡绿化研究进展与展望——基于CiteSpace和VOSviewer的文献计量分析

[目的]探讨边坡绿化研究现状与热点趋势,为后续研究提供理论支撑和参考。[方法]运用专业文献计量工具CiteSpace与VOSviewer对中国知网收录的边坡绿化研究文献进行可视化分析,以发文量、高频关键词、聚类主题和突现词等为主要指标,讨论坡面根系固持土体机理、边坡植物筛选及配置、边坡绿化技术应用的研究热点及趋势变化。[结果]中国的边坡绿化领域的研究持续推进,积累了丰富的学术理论成果和实践经验。主要研究机构集中在农林类、理工类和综合类型的高等院校,作为一门多学科交叉的综合应用技术,还需发挥行业学会作用。[结论]坡面稳定性的变化规律是重要的研究方向,数值模拟技术在坡面稳定性研究有望发挥更大作用;植物的生态适应性研究是植物筛选的基础工作,可以加强区域性乡土护坡植物的调查和繁育推广,探讨植物多样性变化的影响因素有助于植物配置的可持续性;喷播是最为广泛应用的绿化技术,基质材料的抗侵蚀性和稳定性是研究热点,未来还需从术语、工法、设备、资材的标准化和规范化入手,逐步建立具有中国特色的喷播绿化技术标准体系。     

湖口县长江岸线边坡生态修复

以湖口县长江岸线3段山体边坡生态修复项目为例,依据前期本底资源调查,对边坡特征、受损情况,以及土壤、植被现状进行针对性的诊断分析,探讨边坡生态修复措施的选择及植物群落的构建。结果表明：在边坡生态修复设计中,可采用分级削坡、设置坡面平台,来消除坡面地质灾害隐患,稳定边坡;坡底可采用生态型绿化景观堆坡,形成缓冲区,营造自然景观;为保证植物的生长,坡面可采用挂网客土喷播+局部柔性防护网,局部凹陷缓坡区可设置鱼鳞坑等;在植物种选择上,考虑植物群落的稳定、可持续生长、结构多样性的同时,应兼顾景观需求。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.