闽西南崩岗土壤理化性质及可蚀性分异特征

崩岗是南方红壤区侵蚀沟在水力和重力交互作用下沟头遭受坍塌、陷蚀作用而形成的围椅状地貌,是该区域土壤侵蚀及生态系统退化的最高表现形式之一.为揭示崩岗侵蚀对土壤理化特性及可蚀性的影响,以福建省长汀县濯田镇黄泥坑崩岗群内植被盖度分别为2％,20％,95％的3个典型崩岗为研究对象,分别对崩岗系统内的集水坡面、崩壁、崩积体和沟口进行采样和理化特性的测定,并运用EPIC模型测算土壤可蚀性(K).结果表明:1)从集水坡面到崩壁、崩积体至沟口,3个崩岗的土壤砂粒质量分数、pH值和土壤密度呈升高趋势,粉粒、砂粒的质量分数和含水量呈下降趋势.2)1号和2号崩岗,集水坡面的土壤有机质质量分数最高,在崩壁最低;3号崩岗土壤有机质质量分数在崩壁处急剧下降,在崩积体中又明显上升.3)各崩岗中集水坡面、崩壁和崩积体的土壤颗粒组成、土壤密度和含水量差异较小,各土壤理化特性指标在沟口与集水坡面、崩壁和崩积体之间存在显著差异.4)崩岗系统内的集水坡面、崩壁、崩积体和沟口4个子系统的K值差异显著,1、2号崩岗呈现崩壁＞崩积体＞沟口＞集水坡面的变化规律,而3号崩岗则表现为沟口＞崩积体＞崩壁＞集水坡面的趋势.5)崩岗系统内的黏粒质量分数、pH值和有机质质量分数与土壤可蚀性关系密切,可以作为表征崩岗土壤可蚀性的有效指标.崩岗侵蚀造成土壤理化特性不断恶化,砂化严重,研究崩岗系统的土壤理化特性与可蚀性空间变化规律,对指导崩岗的恢复与重建具有重要意义.     

不同豆科植物对黄土高原弃土场的改良效果

为了探究豆科植物种植初期对黄土高原地区弃土场的改良效果,本文采用野外模拟弃土场和实验室测定相结合的方法,在弃土场上种植柠条、白三叶、红豆草、草木樨和紫花苜蓿5种豆科植物,研究1年后弃土场土壤的水分和养分状况.结果表明:各小区种植植物1年后,土壤水分状况有了明显的改善;土壤养分硝态氮质量分数增加,有机质、速效钾的质量分数除了草木樨有所增加以外,其他均减少,速效磷的质量分数均减少,土壤中的速效钾由于植物生长消耗而减少,但其质量分数丰富,足以满足植物生长的需要;土壤中的铵态氮和硝态氮质量分数表现为表聚作用,且硝态氮的质量分数均大于铵态氮;植被对土壤的改良程度依次为白三叶＞柠条＞红豆草＞紫花苜蓿＞草木樨.因此,种植豆科植物可以有效的改善土壤的水分和氮素营养,为今后弃土场土壤改良提供一定的理论参考.     

红壤侵蚀区崩岗土壤养分化学计量特征分异规律

以福建省西南部长汀县濯田镇黄泥坑崩岗群内植被盖度分别为2%,20%和95%的3处相邻崩岗为研究对象,对各崩岗内集水坡面、崩壁(顶部、中部及底部)、崩积体(上部和下部)和沟道出口7个典型部位0—10,10—20,20—30cm土壤基本理化性质进行测定,分析了各植被盖度崩岗不同深度及部位土壤化学计量比的空间分异规律。结果表明:随着植被盖度的升高,土壤养分含量及化学计量比显著增加(除全磷含量和P/K以外);随着土壤深度的增加,有机碳、全氮和全钾含量以及C/N、C/P、C/K和N/P总体上呈减少趋势,全磷含量以及N/K和P/K基本维持稳定;沿集水坡面→崩壁→崩积体→沟道出口,有机碳、全氮和全钾含量以及C/N、C/P、C/K、N/P和N/K基本表现为先减少再增加最后亦降低的变化趋势,全磷含量和N/P无明显差异;土壤化学计量特征与土壤养分含量、粉粒含量、容重、含水量和pH具有较强的相关关系。崩岗系统土壤物理结构较差,养分含量普遍较低,其中有机碳、全氮和全磷含量存在不同程度的限制。     

不同水土保持措施对闽西紫色土速效养分及可蚀性的影响

以福建省西部宁化县紫色土区梯田+杨梅+百喜草(C1)、山边沟+鱼鳞坑+金银花(C2)、隔坡梯田+鱼鳞坑+油茶(C3)、鱼鳞坑+油茶(C4)、竹节沟+乔灌草(C5)5种水土保持措施和无水土保持措施(CK)的紫色土坡地为研究对象,对比分析不同水土保持措施下闽西紫色土速效养分含量及可蚀性特征差异,并揭示土壤速效养分与可蚀性特征间的相互关系。结果表明:5种水土保持措施下紫色土速效养分含量除硝态氮外均高于CK,其中,铵态氮(NH_4~+-N)、硝态氮(NO_3~--N)、速效磷(AP)、速效钾(AK)含量分别呈现C2C3C4C1C5CK、C2CKC4C3C5C1、C2C5C1C3C4CK、C2C1C3C5C4CK的变化规律;5种不同水土保持措施下土壤AN/AP、AN/AK均小于CK,而AP/AK则表现为C3CKC4C1C5C2的变化规律,总体上5种水土保持措施均能有效促进土壤速效养分平衡。5种水土保持措施下土壤可蚀性K值均小于CK,土壤有机碳含量均高于CK,其中C2的土壤可蚀性K值最小,有机碳和砂粒含量最高。可见,在闽西紫色土坡地中布设水土保持措施能有效提高紫色土抗侵蚀能力,其中山边沟+鱼鳞坑+金银花的水土保持效果最好。紫色土速效养分与可蚀性特征联系密切,土壤可蚀性K值越大,速效养分流失越严重,速效养分含量越低。研究结果为紫色土坡地评价水土流失治理效果提供数据支撑,为水土保持措施的选择提供借鉴。     

植被去除对侵蚀环境土壤有机质和养分的影响

为探究侵蚀环境下植被对土壤性质的影响机制,在陕北黄土高原选择了3个小流域,在坡面和与之对应的沉积区布设2年的植被去除试验,分析了植被去除后侵蚀区和沉积区土壤有机质和养分的分布特征。结果表明:(1)土壤侵蚀—沉积作用显著影响土壤养分的分布,沉积区0—60 cm土层硝态氮、铵态氮、全磷和速效钾含量分别比侵蚀区高75.3%,25.1%,11.8%和27.0%。(2)植被对土壤有机质和养分的影响存在明显的地形差异。植被去除2年后,0—10 cm土层土壤有机质、铵态氮和速效钾含量在侵蚀区降低了1.75 g/kg,0.97 mg/kg,35.85 mg/kg,在沉积区降低了7.61 g/kg,1.47 mg/kg,90.74 mg/kg,硝态氮含量在侵蚀区增加了0.60 mg/kg,在沉积区降低了2.33 mg/kg。(3)植被去除后,沉积区土壤各指标间存在显著相关关系,而侵蚀区这种相互关系较弱。这些结果表明:植被去除对沉积区土壤有机质、速效钾的影响较大,对侵蚀区硝态氮、铵态氮的影响较大。研究结果加强了对侵蚀—沉积过程中土壤—植被相互作用的认识,为水土流失区土壤质量提升提供科学依据。     

福建省长汀县崩岗不同植被盖度下土壤机械组成

崩岗作为南方红壤侵蚀区强度侵蚀的典型类型,是该区生态恢复和重建工作的一个难点。长汀水土流失区崩岗发育数量众多,本文选取长汀县濯田镇黄泥坑崩岗群内3条不同植被盖度(2%、20%和95%)的典型崩岗为研究对象,探讨不同植被盖度下崩岗土壤的质地特征,结果表明崩岗土壤机械组成以砂粒居多,粉粒与黏粒含量均较低,粗骨化现象明显;随着植被盖度的逐渐升高,崩岗土壤粉粒、黏粒含量呈增加趋势;沿集水坡面→崩壁→崩积体→沟道出口,崩岗土壤砂粒含量呈增加趋势。     

连续全量秸秆还田与氮肥用量对农田土壤养分的影响

秸秆每季或隔季机械化全量还田可能是未来稻麦轮作农田秸秆还田的主流方式。该文研究了两种秸秆全量还田方式下不同氮肥用量对土壤养分保持和供应能力的影响,以期为该种还田方式的应用提供依据。通过田间小区试验,比较稻作一季与稻麦两季秸秆全量还田条件下不同氮肥用量对土壤有机质(SOM)、全氮(TN)、碱解氮(AN)、速效磷(AP)、速效钾(AK)、铵态氮(NH4-N)和硝态氮(NO3-N)的影响。结果表明:单季秸秆还田下,土壤SOM、TN、AN、AP、AK随着氮肥用量的增加而增加,分别比CK(不施秸秆与氮肥)增加了3.7%～11.2%,2.2%～16.2%,6.4%～22.8%,25.7%～106.5%,30.2%～58.7%,土壤NH4-N、NO3-N的含量比CK显著降低,分别减少了1.30,1.32mg/kg;同等氮肥用量(N1～N3)时,双季秸秆还田比单季秸秆还田土壤SOM、AP、AK分别增加了1 000～2 400,7.9～14.5,11.0～15.0mg/kg,土壤AN、NH4-N、NO3-N分别降低了6.1%～10.0%,9.9%～11.3%,14.7%～22.8%,对土壤TN无显著影响;秸秆和氮肥的交互作用对SOM、TN有显著影响。氮肥施用提高了土壤中SOM、TN、AN、AP、AK、NH4-N、NO3-N含量;秸秆还田显著增加了土壤SOM、AN、AP、AK的含量,显著降低了土壤NH4-N、NO3-N的含量,土壤AN、NH4-N、NO3-N含量与秸秆用量呈显著负相关;秸秆与氮肥的交互作用能显著提高土壤中SOM、TN的含量。     

火烧对福建三明杉木人工林迹地土壤养分的影响

为了研究福建三明地区火烧迹地杉木人工林地的土壤速效养分变化,采用调查取样和室内分析相结合的方法,对上、中和下3个坡位的土壤,分别在火烧前、火烧2个月、1年和2年后,分析速效性养分质量分数的变化.结果表明:硝态氮质量分数在火烧2个月和1年后相比火烧前均有上升趋势,且火烧1年内,上坡位较中坡位和下坡位的硝态氮质量分数要低,在火烧2年后硝态氮质量分数略低于火烧前水平,但未达到显著差异;铵态氮质量分数与硝态氮质量分数的变化趋势相反,在火烧的第1年内持续下降,但在火烧第2年后显著升高;不同时间的速效磷质量分数,在不同坡位间无显著差异,火烧的第1年内,其质量分数变化不明显,在火烧2年后显著升高,这可能是土壤矿化速度加快造成的结果;无机氮/速效磷比值在火烧2年后显著降低,速效磷质量分数剧增是影响其比值的主要因素.火烧在短期内,加快了土壤速效性养分循环,但要注意可能造成氮素从森林生态系统中流失.研究以期为火烧对土壤养分的长期影响提供数据基础,为森林生态系统火烧迹地的人工林经营,提供科学的理论依据.     

林地开垦对黄土区坡面土壤养分空间分布的影响

研究黄土高原侵蚀环境下林地开垦后坡面土壤养分空间分布状况,确立林地开垦后侵蚀驱动的坡地土壤养分空间变异特征。以黄土高原丘陵区子午岭林地和开垦28年的侵蚀坡面为研究对象,分析土壤主要性质和养分含量的变化情况,运用经典统计学和地统计法分析坡面土壤基本性质和养分空间分布规律。林地开垦后坡面土壤pH增加了0.24个单位,有机质、全氮、全磷和铵态氮、硝态氮、速效磷和速效钾分别降低了13.77,1.14,0.10 g/kg和6.05,1.63,4.99,58.44 mg/kg。林地的土壤有机质、全氮和全磷的变异系数大于开垦地,而pH和各速效养分的变异系数小于开垦地。开垦后中坡位和下坡位养分含量减少幅度较大,上坡位减少幅度较小。林地和开垦地的土壤各指标都呈中等或强烈的空间自相关。林地开垦增强了有机质、全氮、全磷、铵态氮、速效磷和速效钾的空间异质性,但减小了pH的空间异质性,地形等结构性因子主导了土壤养分空间异质性的形成。林地开垦后,pH、有机质、全氮和全磷变程增大,铵态氮、硝态氮和速效钾变程减小,速效磷在2个坡面上的变化趋势不一致。研究结果表明林地开垦极大地减少了坡面土壤养分含量,但减少幅度与坡位和坡面形态有关。同时,开垦增大了坡面土壤有机质、全氮和全磷的空间依赖性,减小了速效养分的空间依赖性。     

桂西北典型环境移民迁入区土壤养分特征分析

在桂西北典型环境移民迁入区,分析了5种土地利用方式表层(0-20 cm)土壤有机质(SOM)、全量养分和速效养分的变化特征.结果表明,根据变异系数(Cv)大小,除速效磷(AP)为强变异外Cv＞1.0),其余土壤养分都为中等变异(0.1＜Cv＜1.0).整体而言,移民迁入区SOM、全氮(TN)含量处于较高水平,速效氮(AN)、速效磷(AP)含量处于中等水平,全磷(TP)、速效钾(AK)处于偏低水平,而全钾(TK)处于低水平.土地利用方式是影响土壤养分的主要因素.灌丛和荒草地的SOM,TN,AN处于较高水平,果园和旱地则处于中等水平;次生林SOM处于较高水平,TN处于中等水平,而AN处于偏低水平.除旱地和果园AP含量处于中等水平外,不同利用方式土壤的TP,TK,AP,AK含量处于低或偏低水平.由于采取了较好的水土保持措施,移民后较大规模的土地利用变化没有导致明显的土壤退化,但需要增加磷钾肥的施用量.     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.