塔克拉玛干沙漠夏季保墒措施对沙拐枣幼林土壤水分及林木生长的影响

基于塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地田间试验,对比分析了不同保墒措施对沙拐枣林地土壤水分和生长的影响.结果表明:(1)保墒措施对土壤水分垂直分布的影响明显,虽然灌溉初期处理间差异不大,但在灌溉周期末差异较大;覆膜、覆沙、蒸发抑制剂(Guilspare(R))分别提高了0-20 cm,30-60 cm和20-40 cm的土壤含水量.(2)保墒措施对灌溉周期内沙拐枣清晨水势和午后水势均有显著影响,不同处理的清晨水势大小顺序为:地膜＞覆沙＞蒸发抑制剂＞对照(CK);蒸发抑制剂处理的午后水势却大于地膜.(3)与对照相比,保墒措施下沙拐枣的水分环境得到了较大改善,地膜和覆沙处理下沙拐枣生长状况较好,蒸发抑制剂处理的长势较差.     

黄土丘陵区覆盖造林技术试验研究

试验表明,在干旱的黄土丘陵区采用覆盖造林技术,覆盖物选用普通农用塑料薄膜和草类,覆盖塑料薄膜与对照相比,成活率提高幅度分别为2％～17％和17.1％～32％;覆草提高成活率的幅度低于覆膜。试验结果还表明,覆盖不仅能显著促进当年苗木的生长,而且也能促进幼林的生长,其原因主要是提高了林地的土壤水分。     

不同造林方式对宁南山区樟子松抗旱造林效果的影响

[目的] 定量评价干旱半干旱区生态工程建设和造林初期的效果,为该区域筛选出较为适宜的造林处理技术措施提供实践指导依据。[方法] 对该地区造林树种樟子松进行了覆膜+浇水、覆膜+不浇水、不覆膜+浇水、修剪和对照（CK）5种技术的处理对比试验,对造林初期的3个指标成活率、年均生长量及造林成本为衡量指标,应用模糊数学隶属函数值法定量的对其效果进行综合比较与评价。[结果] 不同造林处理措施的成活率大小依次为覆膜+浇水（96%）>覆膜+不浇水（95%）>修剪（92.3%）>不覆膜+浇水（91.3%）>对照（CK,89.3%）;保存率大小依次为覆膜+浇水（94.6%）>覆膜+不浇水（94%）>不覆膜+浇水（87.3%）>对照（CK,80%）>修剪（77%）;年均生长量大小依次为覆膜+浇水（14.6 cm）>覆膜+不浇水（13.5 cm）>不覆膜+浇水（11.5 cm）>修剪（10.6 cm）>对照（CK,9.7 cm）;造林成本的大小依次为覆膜+浇水（14 037.5元/hm²）>覆膜+不浇水（11 712.5元/hm²）>不覆膜+浇水（10 450元/hm²）>修剪（8 750元/hm²）>对照（CK,8 125元/hm²）。[结论] 5种造林处理方式的初期效果综合评价差异明显,由强到弱排序为：覆膜+不浇水（0.674 4）>覆膜+浇水（0.666 7）>修剪（0.508 1）>不覆膜+浇水（0.425 6）>对照（CK,0.333 3）,因此覆膜+不浇水造林技术措施具备良好的造林成效,对该技术的推广应用具有非常重要的实践和理论意义。     

黄土高原半干旱区造林技术的研究

评价了使用秸秆及地膜覆盖，提高黄土高原半干旱区造林成活率、赵冬率及土壤养分与树木生长的试验研究。５年的试验结果表明，秸秆覆盖可使黄土高原半干旱区直苗造林成活率提高，柠条提高１５．７％－２１．７％，山提高 １１．８％－２６．３％，沙棘提高１１．４％－２１．０％；地膜覆盖柠条造林成活率提高１７．５％－２３．４％，山桃提高１６．８％－２７．０％，沙棘提高１２．４％－２２．６％。秸秆覆盖柠条土壤含水量增加     

保护性耕作对土壤物理特性及玉米产量的影响

保护性耕作措施是干旱区农田提高作物产量的新型耕作技术。为了探讨其区域适应性,在2004～2007年期间,以毛乌素沙地南缘的靖边县北部风沙区农田为研究对象,选用了免耕、秸秆覆盖、覆膜和传统翻耕(CK)4种措施,采用完全随机试验设计进行了田间定位试验研究。结果表明,秸秆覆盖和免耕地的地温在春播初期略比传统翻耕低0.1℃,但随后迅速回升,覆膜在玉米生长期都高于其他措施。耕作措施对播种前土壤容重没有显著影响,而对收获后土壤容重影响显著,与传统翻耕相比,免耕降低了表层土壤容重1.65%,但次层20～40 cm容重增加了1.8%。3种保护性耕作措施均增加了土壤含水量,顺序依次为秸秆覆盖>覆膜>免耕>翻耕,且在作物需水关键期免耕和秸秆覆盖下的土壤含水量相对稳定,保证作物需水,提高水分利用率,分别为8%、22.0%和13.3%。使作物分别增产4.44%、13.14%和19.26%。因此,保护性耕作在风沙区有利于改善农田土壤物理条件,提高作物产量,适于在风沙区推广。     

祁连山东端乌鞘岭林区抗旱造林综合技术

水分是影响造林成活率的关键因素之一,针对祁连山东端乌鞘岭自然保护区干旱地块造林成活率不高的难题,应用推广了机械钻坑深植覆膜综合抗旱云杉造林技术。对相同立地条件下不同技术措施造林成活率和生长量的调查分析结果表明,在干旱立地条件下应用机械钻坑深植覆膜综合抗旱云杉造林技术,提高了生态造林苗木成活率,增加了苗木生长量,解决了半干旱、干旱林区的造林技术难题。     

不同微集水方式对玉米田耗水规律的影响

针对辽西地区水资源严重缺乏的突出问题,以传统种植模式为对照,研究了垄覆膜沟种植(T1)、垄覆膜沟覆膜种植(T2)和垄覆膜沟覆秸秆种植(T3)3种一元或二元覆盖微集水模式的效果。本试验条件下T2的保水效果最好,其次为T3,再次为T1,玉米生育期内分别比对照少耗水49.87,43.06,29.39 mm。同时,微集水模式可以降低作物的需水量,T2、T3和T1分别较对照生育期内需水量减少81.66,69.20,48.45 mm,生育期平均作物系数分别较传统模式降低0.12,0.16,0.09。集水种植各种栽培模式与传统种植相比都不同程度地增加玉米产量和水分利用效率,尤以T3和T2提高幅度最大。     

山东干旱瘠薄山地造林新技术试验

 在山东干旱瘠薄山地,应用平衡根系无纺布容器育苗、乔灌藤科学配置、鱼鳞坑整地、水平阶整地、梯田整地、灌草覆盖、保水剂和常规技术（穴状整地）8种造林技术,对9个树种的造林成活率、栽植初期新梢生长量和侧柏（Platycladus orientalis）苗造林成本进行比较分析。结果表明:应用平衡根系无纺布容器育苗等7种技术与常规技术（穴状整地,对照）相比较,9个树种的平均成活率提高2.612.7百分点,栽植当年平均新梢生长量增加5.936.3百分点,应用平衡根系无纺布容器育苗技术造林成本降低9.3百分点,其他6种技术比常规技术（穴状整地,对照）的造林成本增加6.2158.4百分点。应用平衡根系无纺布容器育苗作为新的造林技术,在8种造林技术中,不仅造林成活率最高,在造林之初的新梢生长量亦最大,而且造林成本最低。     

黑龙江西部低山丘陵区抗旱造林坡面集水处理技术研究

以明穴造林为对照,选取5种坡面集水处理措施(自然坡面、铲平拍光、覆膜、喷防水剂、撒水泥),探讨黑龙江西部坡面集水技术对植苗带(穴)土壤含水量、造林成活率及林木生长的影响,结果表明:集水效果以覆膜处理为最佳,其余依次为喷防水剂、铲平拍光、撒水泥、自然坡面;覆膜、喷防水剂、铲平拍光、撒水泥这几种处理的造林成活率显著高于对照(明穴造林),且能不同程度地促进幼苗生长,促进作用大小为覆膜喷防水剂铲平拍光撒水泥自然坡面。选取造林成活率、高生长量、处理成本、对环境影响4项指标,以樟子松为例,采取数据极差标准化处理方法对几种坡面处理进行的评价结果表明,自然坡面、覆膜及铲平拍光是较理想的坡面集水措施。     

垄膜沟秸秆种植方式对夏玉米水热效应的影响

针对黄土高原半干旱区降水短缺且时空分配不均,严重地制约了半干旱区农业发展的现状,通过研究垄膜沟秸秆种植方式下夏玉米水热效应,揭示其保水调温和作物增产的机理。试验于2014—2015年在陕西杨凌设置了露地处理(CK)与垄膜沟秸秆处理(RMFS)田间试验。结果表明:垄膜沟覆秸秆种植方式可以提高表层土壤含水量;土壤温度主要表现出"高温低调,低温高调"的现象;缩短作物生育历时及调节作物耗水量以改善水分的供需平衡,显著地提高土壤水分利用效率和积温利用效率,2a土壤水分利用效率和积温利用效率分别提高了39.85%,43.34%。垄上覆膜沟内覆秸秆处理通过改善土壤水热交互状态,提升作物产量,是一种适宜有效的覆盖集雨措施。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.