气候和土地利用变化对潮白河流域径流变化的定量影响

为量化气候和土地利用变化对流域径流的影响,该文以华北土石山区潮白河流域为研究对象,利用AWY(annual water yield)模型及分离评判法定量分析了1956-2010年气候和土地利用变化对流域年径流的影响。结果表明:研究时段内,潮白河流域年降水量和年径流量呈显著下降趋势;流域年径流量在1979年发生减少突变;气候变化是潮河、白河流域年径流减少的主要原因,贡献率分别为59.3%和93.5%;土地利用变化贡献率相对较小,分别为40.7%和6.5%;不同土地利用类型对流域年径流变化的影响差异较大:林地对径流变化贡献率平均达到67%,耕地和草地分别为18%和15%,水域、未利用地因所占面积比例小,与流域年径流变化相关性并不显著。研究结果可为流域内水土资源规划及管理提供参考。     

昕水河流域径流变化及其对气候和人类活动的响应

开展流域尺度气候变化和人类活动对径流的影响研究是科学制定流域综合管理规划,并实现流域可持续管理的基础。以黄土高原丘陵沟壑区的典型流域——昕水河流域为研究对象,结合流域多年(1958—2015年)气象水文数据,采用M-K趋势检验法分析年降水、年潜在蒸发散和年径流量的变化趋势,运用双累积曲线法分析年径流量序列的突变年份,并根据生态水文分析法与水量平衡原理定量解析流域尺度气候变化和人类活动对年径流的影响。结果表明:1958-2015年,流域年径流量变化呈显著下降趋势(Z=-5.84,p<0.0001),而降水(Z=-0.72,p=0.31)和潜在蒸散发(Z=-0.5,p=0.88)变化趋势不显著。双累积曲线法表明径流量突变点为1974年和2000年,其中,1975—2000年间影响径流减少的主要因素是气候变化,气候变化导致径流量减少的贡献率为73.14%,土地利用方式仅为26.86%;而2001—2015年土地利用变化是影响径流减少的主要原因,其贡献率高达103.81%,可见土地利用变化已成为昕水河流域径流量变化的主要驱动因素。在今后的流域治理中,需合理制定土地利用方案,实现昕水河流域水土资源协调发展。     

1995-2016年三岔河上游土地利用变化对径流的影响

[目的]分析1995—2016年间黔中水利枢纽工程的水源区——三岔河上游流域降雨、径流以及土地利用变化情况,通过探讨土地利用变化对径流的影响,为预测未来流域水资源变化规律和黔中水利枢纽工程水资源的调配提供一定的参考依据。[方法]采用常规线性回归和结果模拟来分析降雨和径流的关系,利用土地利用动态变化指标和转移矩阵研究土地利用变化对径流的影响。[结果]20 a来三岔河上游降雨和径流总体呈波动下降的趋势,其演变过程划分为两个阶段：1995—2010年（第一阶段）降雨和径流呈持续下降趋势,2010—2016年（第二阶段）降雨和径流总体呈波动下降趋势,但径流下降幅度较大。1995年以来,流域土地利用结构变化比较明显。草地和林地面积增加5.33%和3.63%,耕地减少了6.92%,耕地向草地、林地和建设用地的转换构成土地利用变化的主导过程。除降雨影响外,土地利用变化是造成径流持续减少的主要原因。2010—2016年,草地和林地分别增加了19.93%和5.25%,耕地和未利用土地分别减少13.93%和87.97%,表明土地利用变化是造成径流大幅减少的主要原因。此外,黔中水利枢纽工程平寨水库的修建,在一定程度上对径流减少具有重要作用。[结论]三岔河上游土地利用变化与径流的变化联系紧密,土地利用变化的结果使径流量减少。     

不同时间尺度濂水流域水沙变化及其驱动因素分析

为深入分析流域水沙变化特征及其驱动因素,揭示水沙变化机理机制。以赣南濂水流域为研究区,基于1965—2020年的水文气象数据和土地利用数据,在年尺度和场次暴雨尺度,利用Mann-Kendall检验法、累积距平法、水沙关系曲线、经验统计分析法等,分析水沙变化特征,建立不同时期水沙关系,并定量评估降雨变化和人类活动对水沙变化的贡献率。结果显示：(1)在年尺度,流域径流深、输沙量分别呈非显著下降和极显著上升趋势,突变年份分别为1998年和1995年。(2)与基准期相比,变化期不同时间尺度的径流深和输沙量波动更大,且水沙相关性均增强,表征外界人为干扰的参数(a)和河流本身输沙能力的参数(b)均增大。(3)在年尺度和场次暴雨尺度,降雨变化和人类活动对径流减少的贡献率分别为-1.1%,101.1%和30.2%,69.8%,对输沙增加的贡献率分别为0.5%,99.5%和-2.0%,102.0%。研究成果可为流域的水沙合理调控及生态可持续发展奠定基础。     

大凌河流域径流变化特征及动因分析

以辽宁西部地区大凌河流域为研究对象,选取大凌河朝阳水文站1954~2008年的径流资料,应用多种统计方法分析其径流系列的年内年际变化特征、变化趋势,同时分析径流变化动因,定量估算人类活动对年径流的影响。结果表明:流域径流年内分配不均,集中程度高;年际变化大,丰水历时短,枯水历时长;降雨变化是径流量减少的主要原因;人类活动的影响在逐年增大,六十年代以后流域年径流呈下降趋势。     

华北土石山区土地利用/土地覆被变化的水文响应研究——以张家口云州水库流域为例

以张家口云州水库流域为例研究华北土石山区土地利用/覆被变化的水文响应.收集研究区1968年、1980年和2000年遥感影像.采用MaptGIS解译得到不同时期的土地利用网,采用ArcView分析获得空间数据和属性数据.并利用研究区逐日降水量和径流量数据,分析不同土地利用时期的水文响应.结果表明:华北土石山区土地利用变化对流域年径流具有显著影响.1981-2000年间植被条件较好的土地利用较1968-1980年间产流有所减少,多年平均径流系数下降了22.22%.在相同的降水条件下,根据不同土地利用降水与径流的拟合曲线进行预测,发现1981-2000年间土地利用产流比1968-1980年间减少了15%～3O%.不同土地利用在相同降水条件下的产流仅在生长季节具有明显差异,也就是说土地利用变化对产流的影响具有季节性,在枯水季节无显著影响.植被条件好的时期产流能力明显下降.     

近50年泾河流域降雨-径流关系变化及驱动因素定量分析

为明确变化环境下流域降雨—径流关系变化特征,定量分析影响因素,该文提出利用滑动偏相关系数法诊断泾河流域降雨—径流关系变异情况,与双累积曲线法相互验证,引入Copula函数分析降雨-径流关系变化特征,在此基础上定量计算气候变化和人类活动对径流变化的影响。研究结果表明:泾河流域降雨—径流关系于1996年发生变异,主要由流域内持续增加的用水量以及大规模的水利水保工程致使的径流衰减性变化造成,降雨年际、年内变幅不明显;降雨-径流关系变异后(1997-2010年),相较1960-1996年,相同降雨条件下流域产流能力减弱,年降雨量≥400 mm时,产流量相对减幅达40%以上;降雨、径流联合分布发生明显变化,不同时段相同量级降雨、径流遭遇概率变化显著;1997-2010年与1960-1996年相比,人类活动对径流减少的贡献率达到80.96%,气候变化影响程度仅为19.04%。该研究可为合理进行流域水资源开发利用与水土保持工作等提供科学依据。     

金沙江流域水沙变化及其驱动机制

为了探究金沙江流域控制水文站屏山站水沙序列的趋势及突变特性,量化不同驱动因素对水沙变化的贡献。基于金沙江流域1954—2016年径流和输沙数据,从长时期及场次事件两个角度揭示了水沙关系的动态变化特征。结果表明：(1) 63年间,径流量年均变化速率为-1.16×10⁸m³/a;输沙量年均变化速率为-2.0×10⁶t/a; 1998年长江流域发生特大洪水,水沙序列在该年发生突变;(2)水沙关系的特征参数a值在1998年前后由上升改为下降趋势,退耕等坡面水保措施在1998年后发挥了重要作用;b值始终下降,河道影响因素始终发挥减沙作用;在场次降雨尺度上,流域径流-悬移质泥沙环路(C-Q环路)以顺时针形环路为主,表明坡面泥沙物源充足,是影响流域产沙的重要因素;(3)流域内降水、温度及NDVI与径流和输沙之间有明显的相关性,人类活动与降水因素对径流量的贡献比为-1∶2,而输沙量主要受人类活动影响,对应的贡献比为-6∶1。综上,金沙江流域63年间的径流输沙受多种因素综合影响,径流量的变化主要由于降水的变化,输沙量受人类活动影响更大。     

延河流域径流和输沙周期变化特征的小波分析

 用延河流域甘谷驿站1953—2000年实测月径流深和输沙模数数据和1957—2000年月均面降雨数据,采用小波多尺度方法,分析延河流域主要水文要素的周期及其变化特征。结果表明:延河流域降雨、径流和输沙存在着显著的周期,且其大小非常接近,为3.0、6.5、13.0和23.0a。降雨、径流和输沙主周期分别是3.0、23.0和23.0 a。延河流域20世纪70年代后降雨量年际分配趋于均匀。3a对应的小尺度上,70—80年代初3个水文序列对应曲线出现紊乱现象,与该时期大规模水利水土保持措施的修建有关。80年代后,由于水利水土保持措施减水减沙效益的削弱,3条曲线重新趋于一致。13a对应的中尺度和23a对应的大尺度上,均出现径流和输沙曲线不同步,或者滞后于降雨曲线现象。降水是径流和输沙周期性变化的主要外动力因子,人类活动导致的流域下垫面变化则是不可忽视的另一重要原因。     

基于简单水平衡模型的流域LUCC水文效应模拟研究

以快速城市化的深圳宝安为研究区,用近20 a的TM卫星影像解译出该区土地利用变化,以1995年的降雨蒸发数据为基准,在修正的简单水平衡模型中模拟研究了流域土地利用变化的水文效应。结果表明,城市化造成的土地利用变化使得宝安区的总径流量呈上升趋势,土壤和地下水蓄水量逐年减少,年内分配不均匀程度则呈增大趋势。1990-2007年,区域年总径流量增加了8.05%,月均土壤和地下水蓄水量均减少了约30%,径流年内分配不均匀系数增大2.33%。这些在一定程度上反映了流域调蓄能力和水土保持功能的下降。另一方面,因土地利用变化的区域差异,不同流域的水文效应不同。研究结果对流域尺度的水资源评价和管理有参考意义。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.     

Responses of native legume desert trees used for reforestation in the Sonoran Desert to plant growth-promoting microorganisms in screen house

Three slow-growing legume trees used for desert reforestation and urban gardening in the Sonoran Desert of Northwestern Mexico and the Southwestern USA were evaluated whether their growth can be promoted by inoculation with plant growth-promoting bacteria (Azospirillum brasilense and Bacillus pumilus), unidentified arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (mainly Glomus sp.), and supplementation with common compost under regular screenhouse cultivation common to these trees in nurseries. Mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata) and yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla) had different positive responses to several of the parameters tested while blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida) did not respond. Survival of all tree species was over 80% and survival of mesquite was almost 100% after 10 months of cultivation. Inoculation with growth-promoting microorganisms induced significant effects on the leaf gas exchange of these trees, measured as transpiration and diffusive resistance, when these trees were cultivated without water restrictions.