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1.
Jiro Kodani 《Journal of Forest Research》2001,6(4):303-305
The effects of canopy gaps on seedling emergence and growth ofCornus controversa andPrunus grayana were studied in a 21-year-oldCryptomeria japonica plantation. The seeds of the two species were sown in December 1995 and their fate was followed until March 2000.P. grayana germinated in 1996, butC. controversa germinated in 1997. In both species studied, more than 70% of the seedlings survived in the forest edge until the end of
the experiment, although none survived in the forest understory in the first growing season. In the gap, the survival rate
was higher inP. grayana than inC. controversa. In this experiment, some trees were cut to enlarge the area of the gap, in which the growth rate increased markedly forC. controversa seedlings, but not forP. grayana seedlings after the cutting. These two species showed substantial differences in the patterns of seedling emergence, survival
and growth in aCr. japonica plantation which had a canopy gap. 相似文献
2.
Matings of male-sterileC. japonica and fertile eliteC. japonica, as well as backcross seedlings of male-sterile trees, were carried out to clarify the genetic trait of male sterility of
theC. japonica. The seeds from male-sterileC. japonica were germinated in an incubator and grown them in the greenhouse between 1994 and 1997. The seedlings were treated with 100
ppm gibberellin at early July 1994 and early July 1995 to promote the formation of male flowers. In the middle of January
1995, the male flowers of all seedlings were examined under the microscope to confirm the production of pollen. In January
1996, pollen did not developed in to the male flowers from the seedlings between the fertiled elite and backcrossC. japonica. In January 1997, all seedlings of eliteC. japonica produced pollen in their male flowers; however, pollen did not developed in 55 out of 120 backcrossed seedlings. This evidence
suggests that the heredity pattern of male sterility inC. japonica is nuclear male sterility controlled by a pair of recessive genes. 相似文献
3.
《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(1-4):45-58
Flooding of soil for 55 days altered the rate of growth and stem anatomy of 9‐month‐old Cryptomeria japonica seedlings. Although flooding did not affect height growth it reduced the rate of dry weight increment of seedlings while increasing stem diameter. The reduction in dry weight increment of seedlings resulted largely from decay of roots and, to a lesser extent, from inhibition of growth of roots and needles. The increased diameter growth of flooded seedlings resulted largely from an increase in bark thickness associated with increased phloem production and greater amount of intercellular space. Flooding reduced xylem increment in submerged stems but increased it above the water level because of larger tracheids rather than more tracheids per radial file. Flooding also increased lumen diameters of tracheids, decreased tracheid wall thickness (as a proportion of tracheid diameter), and stimulated formation of axial parenchyma cells in the xylem. Cryptomeria japonica seedlings adapted to flooding by forming adventitious roots, primarily on the original root system and submerged portion of the stem. Such new roots originated in the xylem ray parenchyma. Flooding stimulated ACC synthesis in roots and ethylene production in stems. The role of ethylene in alteration of stem anatomy is discussed. 相似文献
4.
The effects of clear-cutting on the decomposition rate of leaf litter and on nitrogen (N) and lignin dynamics were investigated
in a temperate secondary forest. Decomposition processes were examined over an 18-month period by the litterbag method and
compared between a clear-cut site and an adjacent uncut control site using leaf litter from five dominant tree species (Clethra barvinervis, Quercus serrata, Camellia japonica, Ilex pedunculosa and Pinus densiflora). The decomposition rate for litter from C. barvinervis, Q. serrata and I. pedunculosa was significantly greater in the clear-cut plot than in the control plot, and there was no significant difference between
plots for C. japonica and P. densiflora. Water content of litter was consistently lower in the clear-cut plot than in the control plot. Nitrogen mass increased after
6 months in the control plot, whereas no net increase of N was observed in the clear-cut plot. Nitrogen concentration increased
with respect to accumulated mass loss of litter and was consistently lower in the clear-cut plot for all five species. The
mass of lignin remaining in decomposing litter was generally lower in the clear-cut plot, but lignin concentration in decomposing
litter was not significantly different between the clear-cut and control plots. 相似文献
5.
The concentrations of the foliar and surface soil nutrients and the variation with species and stand age were studied inPinus spp. plantations in Zhanggutai area, northeast China. The results showed that the total N, total P and C: N ratio of the soil
inP. sylvestris var.mongolica stands were significantly higher in comparison with those inP. tabulaeformis andP. densiflora stands. ForP. sylvestris var.mongolica, the foliar P concentration appeared to decrease with age, and the foliar N and K concentrations did not show a consistent
change with age. As for the different tree species of the similar age, the foliar N and P concentrations were significantly
different (p<0.05), being withP. sylvestris var.mongolica>P. densiflora>P. tabulaeformis. The foliar N: P ratio ofP. densiflora significantly was higher thanP. sylvestris var.mongolica andP. tabulaeformis, while the foliar K was no obvious difference between the three tree species. There were significant correlation (p<0.05) between soil total N and P, soil organic matter and total P, foliar N and P, but it did not show significant correlations
between soil and foliar nutrient concentrations, which might attribute to the excessive litter raking, overgrazing and low
soil moisture in this area. Based on the foliar N: P ratio, we introduced a combination threshold index of N: P ratio with
their absolute foliar nutrient concentrations to determine the possible limiting nutrient. According to the critical N: P
ratio and their absolute foliar N, P concentrations, theP. sylvestris var.mongolica stands showed a decreased N limitation degree with age, theP. densiflora stands showed unlimited by N and P in the whole, and theP. tabulaeformis stands showed co-limited by N and P. No significant difference in soil nutrient concentrations of the surface soils was found
between 45, 29, 20-yr-oldPinus sylvestris var.mongolica plantation stands.
Foundation item: This research was supported by Key Knowledge Innovation Project (KZCX3-SW-418) of Chinese Academy of Sciences.
Biography: CHEN Guang-sheng (1978-), male, master candidate in Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang
110016, P. R. China
Responsible editor: Song Funan 相似文献
6.
Kazutaka Kato 《Journal of Forest Research》1997,2(2):75-78
To detect developmental differences inEpinotia granitalis in two host tree speciesCryptomeria japonica andChamaecyparis obtusa, the fourth or fifth instar larvae were collected daily from the two species located on the grounds of the National Forest
Tree Breeding Center, from April 19 to May 9 in 1994 and April 18 to May 10 in 1995. Larvae ofE. granitalis collected fromC. obtusa had heavier body weight, developed to larger adults than those collected fromC. japonica, and mortality from the fourth or fifth instar larval stage to adults onC. obtusa was lower than that onC. japonica. All these facts suggest that larval performance onC. obtusa was higher than that onC. japonica. 相似文献
7.
We assessed the above- and below-ground biomass and net primary production (NPP) in a mature (85-year-old) Pinus densiflora forest established on a lava surface of Mt. Fuji in central Japan. The nitrogen (N) concentration of the forest soil was low (1.25%), and the mean soil carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratio was 34.2; therefore, both plants and microorganisms would compete for N in our research forest. The total biomass was 192.62Mgha–1, of which 67.28% was in the stems and 25.71% was in the roots. The fine-root biomass was 1.12% of the total biomass. The total NPP of the forest reached 11.89Mgha–1 year–1, which fell within the values reported for other cool temperate P. densiflora forests established on non-volcanic-related substrata. The below-ground production was about 39% of the total NPP; the value was relatively small under the conditions of low total N concentration and high soil C/N ratio. Our study suggested that P. densiflora could recruit and grow on geologically new substrata without increasing the allocation of its annual carbon budget to below-ground organs (i.e., roots). 相似文献
8.
Characterization of the major components in bark from five Japanese tree species for chemical utilization 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Summary Characterization of the major components in bark from five Japanese tree species, Pinus densiflora, Larix leptolepis, Cryptomeria japonica, Fagus crenata, Quercus mongolica, was performed from a viewpoint of chemical utilization. Relatively high yields of formaldehyde-condensable polyphenols were
obtained from the bark of P. densiflora (22.5%) and L. leptolepis (20.8%) by 1% NaOH extraction. The alkali insoluble residue contained large amounts of neutral sugars (26.1%–40.7%) in comparison
with untreated bark. Glucose was generally the dominant sugar in the residue, although the major neutral sugar content in
F. crenata was xylose. By successive treatment with 1% NaOH and acid chlorite, a marked decrease in lignin content was observed in P. densiflora. In the other tree species, bark lignin was resistant to acid chlorite treatment to a certain extent.
Received 20 December 1996 相似文献
9.
Anura Pushpakumara Rathnayake Hirofumi Kadono Satoru Toyooka Makoto Miwa 《Journal of Forest Research》2007,12(6):393-402
This study presents the effects of short-term ozone exposure on the nano-scale growth behavior of the fine roots of Pinus densiflora (Japanese red pine) seedlings. Root elongation measurements were obtained in nanometers for very short (sub-second) time
intervals by using the optical interference method called statistical interferometry, developed by the authors. Three categories
of P. densiflora seedlings were investigated; two categories were infected with ectomycorrhiza of Pisolithus sp. (Ps) and Cenococcum geophilum (Cg), while the third was without any fungal infection. In experiments, two points on a root with a separation of 3 mm were illuminated
by laser beams and the elongation was measured continuously by analyzing speckle patterns successively taken by a CCD camera.
The ectomycorrhizal fungi-infected and uninfected seedlings were exposed to ozone at concentrations of 120 and 240 ppb for
periods of 1, 3, or 5 h in separate treatments. The root elongations of P. densiflora seedlings were measured before and immediately after the each ozone treatment and then the root elongation rates (RER) were
determined for growth-measurement periods of 5.5 s and 9.5 min. From the measurements obtained for 9.5 min, we found that
the RERs of uninfected and Cg-infected seedlings were reduced by 42 and 18%, respectively, after 5 h of exposure to 120 ppb ozone compared with that before
exposure, while the reduction in RER of Ps-infected seedlings was not significant. When the concentration of ozone was increased to 240 ppb, the RERs of Ps-infected and Cg-infected seedlings were reduced by 32 and 44%, respectively, after exposure for 5 h, while the reduction in RER of uninfected
seedlings was 59%. These observations prove that the non-mycorrhizal seedling roots are more sensitive to ozone stress. From
this study, we found that the RERs of both mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal seedlings apparently fluctuated throughout the
measurements, even within a few minutes. 相似文献
10.
This study focused on the physiological changes inCryptomeria japonica accompanied by needle color changes during the winter. The physiological measurements include gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence,
pigments, active oxygen scavenging enzymes, and several proteins in the photosynthetic apparatus. The light-saturated photosynthesis
decreased during the winter. Total chlorophyll content and chlorophylla/b ratio decreased; meanwhile xanthophyll cycle pigments and lutein contents increased significantly. These results indicate
that cold acclimation had occurred. Photoinhibition was also observed inC. japonica which can be determined from the decreases in photochemical efficiency of PS II and the partial closure of PS II reaction
centers. Small and large subunits of Rubisco and LHC II in the needles ofC. japonica showed only a slight decrease during the winter, indicating that photoinhibition inC. japonica probably reflects a protective process to prevent more severe damage to the photosynthetic apparatus during low-temperature
stress.
This research was supported by the Bio-oriented Technology Research Advancement Institute (BRAIN), Japan 相似文献
11.
Effects of different forest floor vegetation types in secondary forest and of conversion to plantation on the quality and
quantity of ectomycorrhizas are mostly unknown.Betula platyphylla var.japonica seedlings were used for bioassays of ectomycorrhizal fungal inoculum using soils from four 50-year-oldB. platyphylla var.japonica forests that had different types of forest floor vegetation: two with shrub types, one with aSasa type, and one with a grass type. Seedlings were also grown in soil from a nearby monospecific plantation ofChamaecyparis obtusa. Ectomycorrhizas formed 13 to 26% of root length of seedlings grown in soil from the five different sites. The maximum percentage
of ectomycorrhizal formation was obtained from the grass-type forest. The dominant type of ectomycorrhiza in the two shrub-type
forest soils was the same as that in theSasa-type forest soil. The dominant types of ectomycorrhizas in the grass-type forest soil and in theC. obtusa plantation soil were different from that in the two shrub-type forest soils and in theSasa-type forest soil. The results of this investigation suggest that the type of forest floor vegetation, accompanied with changes
in thickness of the A0 horizon, might affect the ectomycorrhizal fungi in the soils ofB. platyphylla var.japonica forests. Establishment of artificial plantations ofC. obtusa might change the ectomycorrhizal fungi that could associate withB. platyphylla var.japonica seedlings in soil. 相似文献
12.
Katsumi Togashi Kaori Aida Katsunori Nakamura Takao Horikoshi Fumiki Takahashi 《Journal of Forest Research》1997,2(1):39-43
To evaluate the effect of adjacent tree species on the susceptibility of Japanese black pine (Pinus thunbergii) to pine wilt disease, an inoculation experiment was conducted usingP. thunbergii seedlings potted with seedlings of six tree species,i. e. Alnus sieboldiana, Eurya japonica, Lespedeza bicolor formacutifolia, Pinus thumbergii, Robinia pseudo-acacia andSarothamus scoparius. About ten months after planting, they were inoculated with the pinewood nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) in early July 1992. After that, the proportion of pine seedlings with completely discolored foliage increased more quickly
when the seedlings were potted withR. pseudo-acacia, S. scoparius orA. sieboldiana than when potted withP. thunbergii, L. bicolor orE. japonica. At the end of the study period, 17 weeks after inoculation, it reached 90.6%, 90.0%, 87.5%, 72.7%, 63.3%, and 59.4% when
the pine seedlings were potted withR. pseudo-acacia, S. scoparius, A. sieboldiana, P. thunbergii, L. bicolor andE. japonica, respectively. This indicated that the susceptibility ofP. thunbergii seedlings to pine wilt disease was influence by the species of adjacent trees. 相似文献
13.
Pinus densiflora f.umbraculifera, commonly known as utsukushimatsu, is a distinctively shaped form of Japanese red pine whose growth is restricted to a forest
stand in Shiga Prefecture, Japan. The inheritance mode of morphological characteristics of utsukushimatsu was studied to preserve
the genetic resource of this pine. As previously reported, F1 trees grown from open-pollinated seeds harvested from trees inhabiting the native stand showed two phenotypes: one resembling
utsukushimatsu, which produces multiple trunks, and the other resembling normalP. densiflora, which produces one or a few trunks. In the present study, controlled pollination was carried out using F1 and normalP. densiflora trees. Segregation ratios of the two phenotypes observed in the F2 population showed that the morphological characteristics of utsukushimatsu are inherited recessively. This suggests that
the mutation of one gene or a few closely linked genes controls the morphological characteristics of utsukushimatsu. Since
multiple trunk formation of utsukushimatsu might be related to a loss of lateral bud inhibition, it follows that a simple
gene mutation breaks apical dominance inP. densiflora. 相似文献
14.
Pinus densiflora and P. thunbergii, native to Japan, are highly susceptible to pine wilt disease caused by infection with a pine wood nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus). Trees of these susceptible species have occasionally been found surviving in forests that are extensively damaged by this disease. Seedlings from a part of surviving trees that were selected as resistant families indicate lower mortality rates after the infection. The factors that prevent the symptoms from developing in resistant families of a susceptible species, P. densiflora, as based on the analysis of the pathogens behavior in the tree tissue and the anatomy of the resistant families, are presented in this paper. Nematode populations remained lower in the stems of seedlings from resistant families of P. densiflora than in the stems of non-resistant families. Areas dysfunctional in water transport developed in the stems of resistant families, but did not reach a size large enough to seriously block the ascent of sap. These results suggest that there are systems within the seedlings that prevent nematode migration and reproduction. The 2-year-old seedlings from resistant families of P. densiflora, however, did not suppress the pathogen activity. Numerous branches are a visible characteristic in the seedlings of some resistant families. The arrangement of the resin canals, the only channels in the tree to the pathogen migration, was disoriented at the joints between the branches and the main stem. Such a structure may be effective as a barrier to nematode dispersal. 相似文献
15.
Hisashi Sugita Takashi Kunisaki Takeyasu Takahashi Ryoichi Takahashi 《Journal of Forest Research》2008,13(3):155-164
Naturally regenerated trees in young Cryptomeria japonica plantations were investigated in 141 quadrats of 10 × 50 m within a watershed of 1,000 ha, and factors affecting their composition
and abundance were examined. The species composition of naturally regenerated trees was classified into four types. Dominant
species were Swida controversa, Magnolia hypoleuca and Pterocarya rhoifolia in Type A1, Betula maximowicziana, M. hypoleuca, Quercus crispula and Castanea crenata in Type A2, Q. serrata and C. crenata in Type B1, and Pinus densiflora in Type B2. The results of path analysis showed significant influences of previous forest type and geology among the factors
that correlated with the species composition of naturally regenerated trees; previous forest type in particular showed a higher
absolute path coefficient value. Species composition types of naturally regenerated trees corresponded to the previous forest
types: Types (A1 and A2) corresponded to the natural forests composed of Thujopsis dolabrata var. hondai, Fagus crenata, Aesculus turbinata, etc., Type B1 corresponded to the secondary Q. crispula and Q. serrata forest, and Type B2 corresponded to the secondary P. densiflora forest, respectively. The abundance of naturally regenerated trees was strongly affected by geology; i.e., plantations on
soft-sedimentary dacitic tuff contained great amounts of colonizing P. densiflora trees. 相似文献
16.
17.
To confirm the pathogenicity of a blue stain fungus,Ceratocystis piceae (Münch) Bakshi to the Japanese red pine (Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc.), the responses of healthy young pine trees and stressed trees which were girdled by the half-circumferential
girdling technique were investigated by the fungal inoculation test. Although neither of the pine trees inoculated withC. piceae in the non-girdled treatment nor the controls died, mortality of the trees girdled and inoculated withC. piceae was 28.6%. In the pine trees inoculated withC. piceae, the mean area of the necrotic lesion of the sapwood was significantly larger than that of the controls, and the mean of
the water pressure potential of the xylem decreased, regardless of the girdling treatment. TheC. piceae was reisolated from the wood pieces near the inoculation points on the inoculated trees, but not from the controls. These
results suggest that under strongly stressed conditions, the Japanese red pine trees might have been killed by heavy infestations
ofC. piceae carried by bark beetles.
A part of this paper was presented at the 103rd Annual Meeting of the Japanese Forestry Society (1992). 相似文献
18.
Junichi Kikuchi Souichirou Iida Tamio Akema Kazuyoshi Futai 《Journal of Forest Research》1996,1(1):37-40
The process of decrease in seedlings of Japanese red pine (Pinus densiflora Sieb.et Zucc.) and the effect of litter and humus layers on the mortality were studied in their stand and adjacent bare land. After
the rainy season, only small number of individuals died in the bare land but more seedlings died in the forest. The number
of seedlings killed by drought was greater in the forest than in the bare land. The population of naturally occurring current
year seedlings was larger in the forest than in the bare land, but that of 1- to 5-year-old seedlings was smaller. Severe
summer drought exceeding the permanent wilting point was observed only in the forest F-H horizon where greater part of seedling
roots distributed, this may be one of major mortality factors. Inhibitory substances to seedling growth in fresh fallen pine
needles were also suggested. 相似文献
19.
The external morphology ofTricholoma matsutake/Pinus densiflora mycorrhizal lateral roots, collected from a Shiro in Tottori Prefecture, western Japan, was described in detail. Four distinct
stages within a progressive developmental continum were recognized and color illustrations of each stage were presented.
This research was supported by a grant from the Bio-oriented Technology Research Advancement Institution (BRAIN). 相似文献
20.
The fine root (diameter ≤2.0 mm) biomass and morphology of Japanese red pines (Pinus densiflora) grown under different aboveground conditions (i.e., high and low competitive environments) were examined in a pine–cypress
mixed forest. All P. densiflora subject trees were about 40 years old, and the aboveground condition (i.e., size) of red pines appeared to be influenced
by the surrounding Japanese cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa). Smaller P. densiflora exhibited lower fine root biomasses, shorter root lengths, and lower root tip densities, but longer specific root lengths
and higher specific root tip densities relative to larger pines. These results suggest that P. densiflora may adjust the morphological traits of fine roots to the different conditions in biomass allocation to fine roots of individuals
with different aboveground growth. 相似文献