我国甘蔗亲本遗传多样性的AFLP标记分析

采用15对多态性较好的AFLP引物对我国自育的78个甘蔗亲本材料遗传多样性进行分析,结果表明,每对引物的多态性位点平均为65．67,多态陆位点率为82．55％。78个甘蔗亲本的遗传相似系数在0．4535～0．8927之间,平均为0．6821。相同组合后代的遗传相似系数较高,平均为0．7656。以遗传相似系数阈值约为0．700划分,聚类分析把78个亲本分为7大类,系谱记录中亲缘关系密切的亲本品系,大多数都能归为同一类。遗传多样性指数分析显示,不同年代亲本多样性指数差异明显,20世纪80年代最高,为0-3185,70年代最低,为0．2645;不同省区的亲本遗传多样指数变化更显著,在0．1952～0．2999之间,广东最高,云南最低。     

利用RAPD和AFLP标记分析烟草种质资源的遗传多样性

从200条10 bp的RAPD引物中筛选获得28条多态性引物，对48份烟草材料的基因组DNA进行扩增。共获得184条DNA扩增片断带，其中多态性带86条，平均多态检出率为46.7%。用4对AFLP选择性扩增引物对48份烟草材料进行选择性扩增，共获得321条扩增带，其中174条具有多态性，平均多态检出率为54.2%。根据RAPD和AFLP标记的结果，采用UPGMA法进行聚类分析，两种方法获得了相似但不完全相同的结果，两者都可以将48份烟草资源分为两大类群，即黄花烟草(Nicotiana rustica)群和普通烟草(N.tobacum)群，普通烟草可进一步分为4组；48份材料的遗传距离变幅在1.4～11.0之间，其聚类结果与理论上所期望的结果基本一致，AFLP标记技术比RAPD标记技术能更好地从分子水平上揭示烟草种质资源的遗传背景、亲缘关系及演化规律。     

利用AFLP标记和形态性状检测皖北小麦主栽品种的遗传多样性

利用AFLP标记和2年田间试验对皖北地区小麦主栽品种的遗传多样性进行了研究。以AFLP标记在20个品种之间扩增的172条多态性位点数据,采用Nei和Li的方法,计算品种间的遗传距离;同时,以2年田间试验得到的品种株高、穗长、小穗数、小穗密度、千粒重、护颖长短、粒长和粒宽等表现型性状平均数经正态标准化后,采用欧氏距离计算品种间遗传距离。基于分子标记的聚类分析结果与系谱分析基本一致,把系谱来源不清的品种划分到相应的类群。若以整个遗传距离的总平均数作尺度对聚类图的结果进行分类,大致可分为6类。Mantel检测表明,AFLP标记数据计算的遗传距离矩阵和表现型计算的遗传距离矩阵存在极显著的相关性(r=0.8260,t=11.325),证明AFLP标记是检测品种间遗传差异的有效方法,可为小麦育种亲本选配提供理论依据。研究还证实,一个骨干亲本与由其衍生出来的品种(系)之间的遗传差异一般较小。     

四个鲤鱼种群遗传多样性的AFLP分析

本文采用AFLP技术对黑龙江野鲤、黄河鲤、建鲤和荷包红鲤4个鲤鱼种群共96个个体进行了遗传多样性分析。结果显示,8对选择性扩增引物共扩增得到502个位点,其中多态性位点273个,多态性比率为54．38％。同时对4个种群的Shannon多样性指数,Nei’s基因多样性等参数进行了分析,结果表明,4个种群的Shannon多样性指数分别为0．2114±0．2705,0．1825±0．2694,0．1888±0．2587和0．1600±0．2426,Nei’s基因多样性指数分别为0．1398±0．1872,0．1225±0．1863,0．1235±0．1774和0．1036±0．1636;总基因多样性（H4）平均值为0．1721±0．0350;种群内基因多样性（Hs）平均值为0．1224±0．0190;基因分化系数（Gst）为0．2892,种群内的基因多样性占总群体的71．08％,种群间为28．92％,而基因流系数（Nm）为1．2291。另一方面,分子方差分析（AMOVA）结果表明,种群平均近交系数（Fst）为0-31191,变异31．19％来自种群间,68．81％来自种群内。4个种群中黑龙江野鲤的种内多态性比例最高,而荷包红鲤种群最低,并且4个鲤鱼种群当前的种质资源良好,具有一定的种群稳定性;建鲤已经开始分化,与亲本荷包红鲤亲缘关系逐渐分化,逐步形成自己稳定的遗传结构。本研究为探讨鲤鱼种群的遗传特性和遗传分化提供参考,也为其种质资源的保护及合理利用提供科学依据。     

磨芋属（Amorphophallus）RAPD标记遗传多样性研究初报

本研究利用随机扩增多态性DNA（RAPD）技术对磨芋（魔芋）属内野生种和栽培种共20份材料进行基因组DNA多态性分析，用34个随机引物扩增，有23个扩增出的产物电泳图谱较清晰，共获得266个位点（DNA片段），其中259个具有多态性。供试材料所用23个的的扩增产物都存在种间多态性。7个引物扩增出的产物中有11条DNA片段在花磨芋种内样品（系统）间也存在多态性。以RAPD标记资料计算获得的传相似系数（Jaccard相似系数，Sj）进行UPGMA聚类分析，结果表明：花磨芋种内系统间差异最小，Sj系数在0.97-1.00间；两份甜磨芋材料间没有差异，Sj为1.00。在已知的种间，两个栽培种花磨芋和甜魔芋间亲缘关系最近，Sj在0.83-0.85间，与另一个栽培种白魔芋间亲缘关系都较远，Sj在0.62-0.66间，栽培种与野生种间亲缘关系都较远，Sj在0.48-0.64间。在野生种中，结节磨芋与栽培种系统间关系最远，Sj在0.48-0.54间，未定名4个野生种Sj在0.64-0.89间，系统A.sp05与A.sp06关系最近，Sj为0.89，其次是A.sp01与A.sp^*,Sj为0.73。根据亲缘关系树状图，当遗传相似系数Sj在0.55-0.60之间时，20份材料刚好划分为栽培种与野生种两个类群。     

小麦抗叶锈基因Lr44的AFLP分子标记

Lr44基因来源于小麦的一个近缘种一斯佩耳特小麦，与Lr33连锁，尚未在生产中广泛使用。该基因在我国小麦资源谱中苗期和成株期抗叶锈良好，具有较大的应用潜力。目前尚未见到关于Lr44基因分子标记的报道。     

紫茎泽兰群体遗传多样性及遗传结构的AFLP分析

紫茎泽兰是我国最为严重的入侵物种之一。本研究以中国境内的紫茎泽兰为材料，用AFLP方法研究了其群体遗传多样性及遗传分化。用筛选出的3对荧光引物，对5个地区62个群体进行AFLP分析，共扩增出490条带，其中多态性带328条，群体的遗传多样性较高(P = 66.9%，H = 0.171，I = 0.268)，主要存在于群体内，群体间的遗传分化系数Fst为0.287。AMOVA分析表明，在地区水平紫茎泽兰的遗传分化主要存地区内，群体内遗传分化占 70.25%，群体间遗传分化占21.71%，地区间的遗传分化仅占8.04%。UPGMA聚类分析结果表明，62个地理群体主要分为四大类群，并且有明显的地缘关系。Sigmaplot分析表明海拔是影响紫茎泽兰遗传多样性主要地理因子。Mantel检验表明遗传距离与地理距离成正相关(r = 0.34)，但也有例外。由此推断风媒传播可能是紫茎泽兰的主要传播方式，水媒传播可能是紫茎泽兰的另一主要传播途径；随着紫茎泽向东、向北扩散，新入侵地区的遗传多样性逐步降低。     

利用SSR标记对中国柚类资源及近缘种遗传多样性研究

利用SSR标记研究了122份我国柚(CitrusgrandisOsbesk)类资源及近缘种遗传多样性。31对SSR引物从供试材料中检测出335个等位基因变异,平均每个位点可检测到9.85个等位基因。位点多态信息量(PIC)变幅为0.1939!0.9073,平均为0.7085。用UPGMA方法将122份材料分成7个组群,110个柚类品种在相似系数0.712,可细分成18个亚组,主要由沙田柚品种群、文旦柚品种群及庞大的杂种柚品种群组成。     

应用RAMP标记研究黑麦属遗传多样性*

对黑麦属(Secale L．)10个野生居群和11个栽培居群共21份材料进行了RAMP(random amplified microsatellite polymorphism)标记分析，结果表明，被测材料间RAMP标记多态性较高。80个：RAMP引物中，有41个引物(占50．5％)可扩增出清晰且具多态性的条带。这41个引物共扩增出445条带，其中428条(占95．9％)具有多态性，每个引物可扩增出3—19条多态性带，平均10．4条。RAMP标记遗传相似性系数(GS)变异范围为0．266-0．658，平均值为0．449。RAMP标记可将所有21份黑麦材料完全区分开，聚类结果与材料的地理分布有一定关系，但与黑麦属传统的系统分类体系存在明显差异。据此认为，RAMP标记可以有效地评价黑麦属植物的遗传多样性，并为其物种亲缘关系的界定提供信息。     

利用SSR标记分析藜麦品种的遗传多样性

为了解藜麦种质资源的多样性,本研究利用SSR引物对所搜集的41个藜麦种质的多态性及其亲缘关系进行了分析。结果表明,从54对SSR引物中筛选出了16对能明显扩增出稳定的多态性条带的引物,共检测出139个等位基因条带,每一对引物的等位基因个数为3~13,平均为8.7;16对引物的多态信息含量(PIC)变幅为0.208~0.432,平均为0.366。UPGMA聚类分析显示,41份材料的遗传相似系数(GS)在0.374~0.906之间,平均相似系数为0.626。在阀值(GS)约为0.665时,41份材料可分为4大类。其中614929与B.B.Quinoa浙Ⅰ间的遗传相似系数最小,为0.374,表明来源于不同地区的遗传距离较远,遗传基础较广泛。藜麦品种资源间的亲缘关系的揭示为藜麦资源保存和新品种选育提供了理论依据。     

Genetic Diversity among Syrian Cultivated and Landraces Wheat Revealed by AFLP Markers

Genetic diversity among some important Syrian wheat cultivars was estimated using Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) markers. Five Triticum aestivum L. and 10 Triticum turgidum ssp. durum were analyzed with 11 EcoRI–MseI primer pair combinations. Of the approximately 525 detected AFLP markers, only 46.67% were polymorphic. Cluster analysis with the entire AFLP data divided all cultivars into two major groups reflecting their origins. The first one contained T. aestivum L. cultivars, and the T. turgidum ssp. durum cultivars and landraces were grouped in the second. Narrow genetic diversity among all cultivars was detected with an average genetic similarity of 0.884. The lowest similarity index (0.9) was found between Cham5 and Hamary (durum wheat), whereas this value was 0.93 between Salamony and Bouhouth 4 (T. aestivum L.). The narrow genetic diversity level indicates that these genotypes could be originated from the same source. AFLP analysis provides crucial information for studying genetic variation among wheat cultivars and provides important information for plant improvement.     

甘蔗重要种质的TRAP标记遗传多样性分析

分子标记辅助育种是提高育种效率的重要措施,但其在育种实践上的应用,依赖于甘蔗分子遗传多样性尤其是基于靶标基因标记的遗传多样性的研究以及与目标基因连锁标记的开发。糖分是甘蔗育种最重要的性状,蔗糖代谢基因与该性状的表现型密切相关。同时,甘蔗栽培上不时也遭受寒害胁迫。为此,本试验率先在国内应用TRAP标记,以5个蔗糖代谢关键酶基因及1个耐寒性相关基因为靶标基因,通过设计正向锚定引物和9个随机引物,采用其中34个多态性好的引物组合,对33份包括我国主栽品种、新选育品种（系）和新引进的重要种质,进行TRAP标记分析。共产生579个条带,其中多态性条带288条,占49.74%。基于靶标基因的遗传距离幅度为0.26~0.63,UPGMA 聚类分析显示,在GD为0.52水平上,可将33个样本分为4类,其中ROC系列品种靶标基因相异系数小。基于靶标基因TRAP标记的聚类结果,不能完全反映血缘关系的远近,但能揭示基于不同基因型蔗糖代谢关键酶家族基因多态性的差异程度。同时,也发现了一些较特异的种质,为应用分子标记数据指导甘蔗高糖及抗寒杂交育种的亲本选择与组合配置积累了基础资料。此外,本研究结果同样显示了TRAP标记具有稳定性、高效性和易操作性的特点,暗示其在甘蔗分类、重要性状标记等方面,具有很大的应用潜力。研究结果具有重要的理论意义和实践价值。     

烟草品种RAPD分子标记遗传差异研究

用２３５个随机引物对来源于中国,美国等国家的２３个烤烟和地方晒晾烟品种基因组ＤＮＡ进行了ＲＡＰＤ分析。结果表明：２５个引物可以扩增出多态性产物;利用其中１６个引物共扩增出１２８条带,其中４６条品种间表现多态性,这种多态性可以进行品种鉴定;根据多态性的带计算了品种间遗传距离,按类平均法可将２３个品种划分６类,各类内含不 地理来源和不同调制类型的品种,说明品种地理来源和调制类型差异与遗传差异没有必然的     

Genetic Diversity of Traditional Chinese Mustard Crops Brassica juncea as Revealed by Phenotypic differences and RAPD Markers

This investigation was aimed at exploring the genetic diversity among nine typical accessions of Chinese mustard crops using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers and morphological comparison. Totally, 111 reproducible DNA bands were generated by 16 arbitrary primers, of which 91 bands were proved to be polymorphic. Based on pair-wise comparisons of the amplified bands, genetic similarities were obtained using Nei & Li's similarity coefficients and a dendrogram reflecting their relationships was made using the unweighted pair–group method with arithmetic averages (UPGMA). The result of cluster analysis indicated that the nine accessions were capable of being classified into two primary groups, one including accession 2 with expanded root (root mustard), accession 3 with entirely expanded whole stem (long-stem mustard), accession 6 with edible leaves (leaf mustard), accession 8 with edible seed stalk (seed stalk mustard) and another one including accession 4 with expanded basal stem (short-stem mustard), accession 5 with bulgy petiole (leafy bulgy mustard), and accession 9 with mustard-rich seed (seed mustard). Besides, accession 1 with expanded root (root mustard) and accession 7 with edible leaves and seed stalk (seed stalk mustard) were independent of other accessions in the dendrogram. Additionally, by cluster analysis based on highly reproducible RAPD markers, the accessions with similar edible parts of leaves or roots were not actually in the same phylogenetic groups. This implied that they were probably derived from different geographical origins with dissimilar genetic background and possessed higher genetic diversification. Furthermore, the results indicated that the traditional method for classifying Chinese mustard crops was not much reliable as it was largely dependent on phenotypic behaviors. Meanwhile, the phenotypic differences among individuals did not necessarily mean they must have sharp difference in genetic background as they met in the same group. Undoubtedly, these results aforementioned make this crop quite interesting to researchers for further investigating the molecular evolution of this special AABB group.     

中华鳖5个群体遗传多样性的微卫星分析

利用微卫星分子标记技术对洞庭（DT）、黄河（HH）、黄沙（HS）、日本（RB）以及洞庭（DT）与黄河（HH）的杂交子代（DT♀×HH♂）绿卡（LK）5个中华鳖群体的150个个体进行遗传多样性分析。11对微卫星引物扩增出的等位基因数为3～6个,平均等位基因数为4.1818。5个种群相比,绿卡（LK）的平均有效等位基因数、平均期望杂合度、平均观测杂合度和平均多态信息含量最高,分别是2.3969、0.5274、0.5545和0.4660。对种群间的遗传分化分析表明,黄河（HH）和洞庭（DT）之间的遗传分化最小,为0.0233,而洞庭（DT）和日本（RB）之间的遗传分化最大,为0.0969。基于Nei＇s遗传距离构建的UPGMA系统进化树显示黄河（HH）和洞庭（DT）及其子代绿卡（LK）亲缘关系较近,而与黄沙（HS）和日本（RB）的亲缘关系较远,最远的为日本（RB）群体。     

华南沿海地区南方夏大豆遗传多样性的SSR分析

利用60个SSR位点对来自华南地区9个省份的191份南方夏大豆（Glycine max）进行分析，结果显示：在191份材料中共检测到663个等位变异，平均每个位点的等位变异数为11．05个；Shannon-Weaver指数平均值为1．67，材料的成对相似系数范围为0．19-0．95，平均相似系数为0．29，说明华南地区南方夏大豆材料间的相似程度高，与表型性状表现相一致；在聚类分析中，以相似系数0．26为划分标准，可将夏大豆分为4个类别，但9个省（市）之间并没有明显的界限，相近纬度和同一流域夏大豆趋向于聚在一起；通过等位变异数及遗传多样性指数分析发现，华南地区南方夏大豆分子遗传多样性中心可分成2个：一个以安徽省为中心的长江流域．另一个以广西壮族自治区为中心的珠江流域。由于多数相同来源的夏大豆分别聚在不同的类别中，为充分利用本地资源拓宽育种遗传基础提供了理论依据。     

Genetic Relationship and Diversity of Four MangiferaSpecies Revealed through AFLP Analysis

We used AFLP analysis to explore the genetic relationship and diversity between and within 4 Mangifera species. We analyzed 35 accessions comprising 8 cultivars and 3 landraces of M. indica L., 11 landraces of M. odorata Griff., 7 landraces of M. foetida Lour., and 6 landraces of M. caesia Jack. Using 8 primer combinations produced a total of 518 bands, 499 (96.3%) of which were polymorphic among the 35 accessions. Clustering analysis showed that all 35 accessions were basically classified into 4 groups corresponding to the 4 Mangifera species. Our results indicate that the genetic relationship of these 4 Mangifera species based on AFLP analysis is in good agreement with their classification by classic methods. In addition, it was clearly revealed the genetic diversity between and within 4 Mangifera species. The findings obtained in this study are useful for the breeding in Mangifera species.     

Genetic Diversity of the Vigna Germplasm from Thailand and Neighboring Regions Revealed by AFLP Analysis

Thailand is a center of diversity for section Angulares of the Asian Vigna (genus Vigna subgenus Ceratotropis) and 4 Vigna species are cultivated in Thailand. Using newly collected wild and cultivated germplasm of Vigna from Thailand and outgroup accessions AFLP analysis was conducted to clarify genetic diversity and relationships. The results suggest that cultivated V. umbellata and V. mungo evolved from wild relatives in a single domestication event. Vigna umbellata is poorly differentiated from its wild and weedy relatives compared to V. mungo. Results suggest northern Thailand and the neighboring Shan state, Myanmar, is the probable center of domestication for V. umbellata as wild accessions from this area and cultivated rice bean from a wide area in Asia are not greatly diverged. Vigna minima, V. tenuicaulis and V. exilis accessions in Thailand are well differentiated with considerable intra-specific variation. Vigna hirtella consists of two well differentiated subgroups, suggesting taxonomic revision may be necessary. Close genetic relationships between V. radiata and V. grandiflora, and between V. mungo and V. trinervia are confirmed. Naturally growing V. mungo populations in northern Thailand appear to be true wild species as they are well differentiated from Indian wild and Thai cultivated populations. The origin of naturally growing cowpea in Thailand needs to be further studied using a more comprehensive set of materials. This study clarifies inter and intra-specific genetic diversity and inter species relationships of Thai Vigna species.     

青钱柳种质资源多样性SRAP初步分析

为了利用分子标记方法评价青钱柳种质资源的遗传多样性,本文对青钱柳DNA的提取、SRAP扩增体系重要参数进行了优化,运用优化体系筛选多态性引物,并用1对引物对青钱柳9个种源进行了遗传多样性初步分析。研究结果建立了适于青钱柳SRAP的扩增体系;从110对SRAP引物中筛选出了13对多态性引物,运用1对引物组合Me7＋Em2扩增获得21个多态性位点,多态率达100%。遗传多样性分析表明有效等位基因数（Ne）为1.3429,平均Shannon＇s信息指数（I）为0.3687,Nei＇s基因多样性指数（H）为0.2267,种源的遗传分化指数Gst为0.1983;聚类分析结果表明9个种源在遗传距离0.100处聚为3类,聚类结果和地理距离之间呈现较高的相关性。本文的研究结果表明所建立的青钱柳种质资源库具有广泛的遗传多样性,为进一步的开发利用提供了条件。