吉林省人参土壤中重金属污染水平及生物有效性研究

人参(Panax Ginseng C.A.mey)属五加科多年生草本植物,是主要大宗道地中草药,人参产业作为吉林省东部山区及黑龙江、辽宁省山区的主要支柱产业,对地方经济发展具有极大的影响作用。自从1998年国家实行"天保工程"以来,传统的伐林栽参模式受到限制,农田栽参和林下参成为人参产业主要发展模式,农田栽参的发展避免了参林争地的矛盾,保护了生态环境,同时为市场提供了大量     

土壤中重金属的生物有效性研究进展

综述了年十年来国内及国际上研究土壤中重金属的生物有效性的态势，尤其是影响土壤中重金属生物有效性的诸多因素，以期进一步推动国内的土壤中重金属生物有效的研究工作和重金属污染土壤的生物治理工作。     

替代黑麦幼苗测定土壤中重金属生物有效性的研究

采用室内培养实验方法，对用于土壤中重金属生物有效性测定的黑麦的替代植物进行了研究，结果表明，小麦由于结果和黑麦比较接近，而且种子易于得到，因此是黑麦的较佳替代植物。经试验小麦幼苗的生长期为14d。     

淹水条件下生物炭对污染土壤重金属有效性及养分含量的影响

以生物炭为改良剂,采用淹水培养方法研究不同添加量生物炭(BC)处理(1%,3%和5%)对污染土壤Zn、Cd、Pb、Cu有效性及养分含量的影响,并用毒性淋出试验(TCLP)法对其生态风险进行评价。结果表明:与对照相比,添加生物炭土壤中交换态Zn、Cd、Pb、Cu分别降低0.15%～24.11%,1.22%～16.09%,0.47%～21.51%,3.05%～77.30%,且表现为随生物炭施用量的增加其降低程度增大。TCLP态Zn、Cd、Pb、Cu含量分别降低0.74%～21.47%,6.67%～47.62%,2.02%～16.74%,0.29%～21.20%,且表现为随生物炭施用量的增加其降低程度增大。与对照相比,添加生物炭后土壤pH上升(-0.01)～0.35个单位,有机质、铵态氮和硝态氮分别增加0.09%～20.02%,1.59%～38.28%和2.74%～90.14%。土壤pH值与土壤交换态Cu含量呈显著负相关,有机质含量与交换态Zn含量呈显著负相关。淹水条件下污染土壤中施用生物炭可降低重金属Zn、Cd、Pb和Cu的有效性和生态风险,提高土壤养分含量,起到改良土壤作用。     

新乡市寺庄顶污灌区土壤中重金属的形态分布及生物有效性研究

对长期电池废水灌溉的新乡市寺庄顶污灌区和对照区土壤重金属进行取样分析,结果表明,对照区土壤中Cd,Ni,Zn,Cu和Cr含量都能达标,污灌区土壤中Cr含量能达标,Cd,Ni,Zn和Cu的含量超标,其平均含量分别为65.31,1 196.64,2 799.25,145.78 mg/kg,是国家土壤环境质量二级标准的108.85,19.94,9.33和1.46倍。形态分析结果表明,污灌区污染最严重的Cd主要以铁-锰氧化物结合态存在,所占比例平均为56.84%;Ni主要以铁-锰氧化物结合态和残余态存在,所占比例平均为37.44%和39.55%;Zn主要以残余态存在,所占比例平均为78.24%;Cu主要以有机结合态存在,所占比例平均为57.70%;Cr主要以有机结合态和残余态存在,所占比例平均为45.55%和34.18%。与对照相比,污灌降低了Cd,Ni,Zn,Cu和Cr残余态所占比例,提高了重金属迁移能力和生物有效性。在4种超标重金属中Cd可交换态所占比例最高,平均为24.54%,由于其生物有效性最高,Cd迁移能力和植物毒性最值得关注。     

皖南茶园土壤重金属化学形态及其生物有效性

以皖南茶园为研究对象,通过Tessier连续提取分级法对茶园土壤重金属(Zn,Cu,Pb,Ni)全量及其化学形态进行了分析,利用活性态重金属占全量之比来评价其生物有效性。结果表明,皖南茶园土壤中Zn,Cu,Pb,Ni含量均未超过国家标准;除Zn外,其他元素均高出背景值,存在较明显的富集现象;土壤中4种重金属在5种形态上表现出不同的分布规律,Zn,Cu,Ni以残渣态为主,分别占总量的72.55%,90.00%和81.79%,而Pb以铁锰氧化物结合态为主,占总量的70.09%;Zn,Cu,Pb,Ni的活性态部分占全量比例分别为5.04%,1.51%,0.97%和0.23%,土壤重金属活性态部分与茶叶中重金属含量之间呈现正相关关系,且皖南茶区的茶叶重金属含量在限量值的安全范围内。     

不同树种下林下参土壤重金属含量差异分析

为解不同树种下林下参土壤中重金属含量的差异,以林下参护育中的胡桃楸、榆树、松树和杨树为研究对象,分析林下土壤中Al,Cd,Cr,Cu,Fe,Mn,Pb,V,Zn九种重金属含量。结果表明:不同树种下林下参土壤中重金属含量差别较大;重金属全量的变异系数以Cu最大,为0.33,而有效态含量的变异系数以Fe最大,达到了0.57;土壤中Cd的总量为0.390 mg/kg,大于国家土壤环境质量二级标准,值得引起注意;土壤中有效态Cd,Cu,Fe,Pb,V,Zn含量均以胡桃楸下为最高,有效态Al,Cr含量以松树下最高,杨树下有效态Cd,Cu,Fe的含量为各树种间最低;林下参重金属富集系数以Zn,Cu,Cr为最高,分别为0.445,0.473和0.279;林下参红皮病的发病指数以胡桃楸下最高而以杨树下最低,并与土壤中有效态铁含量呈显著正相关,与有效态锰含量呈显著负相关（p < 0.01）,相关系数分别为0.796和0.76。     

化肥施用对土壤中重金属生物有效性的影响研究

本研究综述了化学肥料施用对土壤中重金属生物有效性的影响,土壤施肥能改变土壤理化性质如pH、溶液中的离子组成、阳离子交换量等,或直接与重金属离子发生反应,影响重金属的生物有效性。故施用化肥时要考虑到所施化肥的种类和施用量可能会导致重金属的植物可利用性发生改变,从而对人体健康产生影响。     

长江三角洲地区土壤重金属生物有效性的研究——以江苏昆山市为例

土壤重金属的生物有效性是指土壤重金属在生物体内吸收、积累或毒性程度。以昆山市为典型区,对长江三角洲地区土壤重金属的生物有效性进行研究。结果表明,有效态Cd含量较高,生物有效性达63.8%。不同功能区重金属的生物有效性差异较大,Cd、Cu、Ni、Pb、Co以冶金电镀区最高,Cr以化工区最高,Zn以菜地区最高。不同土壤类型中Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn的生物有效性均表现为乌栅土>青泥土>黄泥土。不同母质发育的土壤上重金属生物有效性则表现为江海沉积物最高,湖相沉积物最低,且成土母质对土壤重金属的生物有效性的影响程度要大于土壤类型。随着剖面层次的下降,重金属有效态含量和生物有效性逐渐减小。植物中的重金属含量与土壤中相应的重金属的生物有效态含量显著正相关。Zn和Cd的富集系数最高,潜在风险最大。综合分析各重金属元素在土壤中的总量、生物有效性及植物中的含量,发现重金属Cd的污染最大,它将严重威胁农产品安全和地下水质量。     

沿海滩涂区土壤重金属含量分布及其有效态影响因素

为揭示沿海地区土壤重金属含量的空间分布特征及其与自然、人为因素的关联,以近年来围垦开发强度较大的江苏沿海某滩涂区为研究对象,采用经典统计与地统计相结合的方法研究了表层土壤主要重金属Pb、Cr、Cd、As全量与有效态含量状况及其空间分布,分析了沿海滩涂区土地利用方式对重金属含量的影响,探讨了重金属有效态含量与土壤理化性质的相关性。结果表明:目前研究区土壤环境质量状况良好,土壤Pb、Cr、Cd、As均呈累积趋势但基本都低于土壤环境质量一级标准值;土地利用方式不同程度地影响了Pb、Cr、Cd全量与有效态含量,As全量与有效态含量受土地利用方式影响较小;研究区土壤Pb、Cr、Cd全量与Pb、Cr有效态含量具有明显的趋势效应,且研究区土壤重金属全量与有效态含量的空间分布受大尺度的潮汐作用与小尺度的人为因素的共同控制;土壤Pb、Cr、Cd有效态含量与黏粒含量、阳离子交换量和p H显著负相关,与有机质呈显著正相关,土壤As有效态含量仅与土壤p H显著正相关。本研究为沿海滩涂区土壤重金属源头减量、活性钝化、污染消减与风险防范提供科学依据。     

Plant-induced changes in the bioavailability of heavy metals in soil and biosolids assessed by DGT measurements

Purpose  

This study investigated the effects of plants on the available pools of heavy metals and their re-supply potential in contaminated substrates in a short-term experiment using five metal-accumulating willow and poplar species/cultivars and in a longer-term experiment for Salix x reichardtii.     

Pollution assessment and spatial variation of soil heavy metals in Lixia River Region of Eastern China

Purpose

The effect of soil heavy metals on crops and human health is an important research topic in some fields (Agriculture, Ecology et al.). In this paper, the objective is to understand the pollution status and spatial variability of soil heavy metals in this study area. These results can help decision-makers apportion possible soil heavy metal sources and formulate pollution control policies, effective soil remediation, and management strategies.

Materials and methods

A total of 212 topsoil samples (0–20 cm) were collected and analyzed for eight heavy metals (Cd, Hg, As, Cu, Pb, Cr, Zn, and Ni) from agricultural areas of Yingbao County in Lixia River Region of Eastern China, by using four indices (pollution index (PI), Nemerow pollution index (PI_N), index of geo-accumulation (I _geo), E _i /risk index (RI)) and cluster analysis to assess pollution level and ecological risk level of soil heavy metals and combining with geostatistics to analyze the concentration change of heavy metals in soils. GS+ software was used to analyze the spatial variation of soil heavy metals, and the semi-variogram model is the main tool to calculate the spatial variability and provide the input parameters for the spatial interpolation of kriging. Arcgis software was used to draw the spatial distribution of soil heavy metals.

Results and discussion

The result indicated that the eight heavy metals in soils of this area had moderate variations, with CVs ranging from 23.51 to 64.37 %. Single pollution index and Nemerow pollution index showed that about 2.7 and 1.36 % of soil sampling sites were moderately polluted by Cd and Zn, respectively. The pollution level of soil heavy metals decreased in the order of Cd?>?Zn?>?Pb?>?As?>?Cu?>?Cr?>?Ni?>?Hg. The I _geo values of heavy metals in this area decreased in the order of Zn?>?Cd?>?As?>?Pb?>?Cu?>?Cr?>?Hg?>?Ni. According to the E _i index, except Cd that was in the moderate ecological risk status, other heavy metals in soils were in the light ecological risk status, and the level of potential ecological risk (RI) of soil sampling sites of the whole area was light.

Conclusions

The results of four indices and the analysis of spatial variation indicated that the contents of Cd and Zn were contributed mainly by anthropogenic activities and located in the south-east of this study area. However, the contents of Hg, As, Cu, Pb, Cr, and Ni in soils were primarily influenced by soil parent materials.

     

基于双层神经网络与GIS可视化的土壤重金属污染评价

针对土壤重金属污染进行评价,以四川省川芎主产区为例,对川芎主产区—都江堰、崇州、新都等15地土壤的重金属元素取样检测分析,采用双层组合神经网络和GIS空间分析技术综合评价川芎主产区土壤重金属污染。结果表明：研究区大部分区域处于轻度重金属污染状态,处于中度污染状态的区域为崇州、都江堰和彭州。基于双层组合BP神经网络和GIS的研究方法,可以在只具有少量数据的情况下对数据进行比较精确的空间分析,能够在满足一定精度分析的原则下适当的降低采样分析成本,得到比单因子指数评价准确度更高的空间分布图。     

Content of some heavy metals in soil and corn grain

Abstract

In an attempt to find causes for lower than expected corn (Zea mays L.) production along the bottomlands of the Green and Pond Rivers in western Kentucky, corn fields were sampled for soil and corn grain to determine heavy metal content. Samples from sixteen carefully selected fields were analyzed for Cd, Cr, Pb, and Ni content. Yield of corn was not related to either soil or grain content of these heavy metals. There was also no relationship between soil pH and heavy metal accumulation by grain or heavy metal accumulation by grain and soil content of heavy metals within the range of levels found. Soil contents of Cr, Pb, and Ni were within the range of values reported in the literature for uncontaminated soils. However, soil content of Cd was near or above the upper end of the ranges reported in the literature, even on control samples taken upstream from sites of potential heavy metal pollution. Karnak soils (fine, montmorillonitic, nonacid, mesic Vertic Haplaquepts), which are high in montmorillonitic clay content and have high cation exchange capacities, had higher Cd content than the other soils sampled. Except for two sites, grain Cd content was similar to values reported in the literature. Corn yields were found to be generally lower on Karnak soils than on other soils, raising the possibility that observed lower than expected yields are related to the poor physical characteristics of these soils rather than heavy metal pollutants in floodwaters.     

扬州市土壤重金属含量的调查

对全市385个土样分析结果表明,扬州市耕地土壤总体是清洁的,全市89 35%的土壤属于清洁地范围(综合污染指数≤0 7),7 53%的土壤属尚清洁范围(综合污染指数0 7～1 0之间),3 12%的土壤属轻度污染(综合污染指数1 0～2 0之间)。全市土壤重金属污染的顺序是Hg>Cr>As>Cu>Pb>Cd,各地区中,以邗江区土壤重金属含量相对较高。     

不同复垦时间的粉煤灰充填复垦土壤重金属污染与评价

为了解粉煤灰充填复垦土壤重金属污染情况，通过实地试验与现场采样化验相结合的方法，对复垦时间不同的粉煤灰复垦土壤里砷(As)、镉(Cd)、铬(Cr)、汞(Hg)、铅(Pb)、铜(Cu)、硒(Se)、锌(Zn)、、镍(Ni)和氟(F)等重金属和微量元素含量的时空变异性进行了研究。结果发现：以土壤本底值作为评价标准时，粉煤灰充填复垦土壤整体处于受污染状态。其中，表层复垦土壤受到Cd、Se、Zn、F 4种元素污染较重；粉煤灰充填复垦土壤适合旱作，不适合用作水田；随着复垦时间的增加，表层复垦土壤的污染指数呈递增趋势。