测土配方施肥重心转移2012年开始推广应用配方肥

5月19日。农业部在山东省烟台市召开全国测土配方施肥工作会议,全面总结近7年来测土配方施肥工作成绩,研究提出新形势下测土配方施肥工作措施,推动测土配方施肥工作进入新阶段。会议确定,从2012年开始,测土配方施肥工作要按照转变农业发展方式、促进节能减排的新要求,把工作重心转移到配方肥推广应用上来。     

关于测土配方施肥限制因素的探讨

测土配方施肥技术在实践和推广过程中存在很多问题，给土肥工作带来诸多不便，通过对测土配方施肥的限制因素的研究，只有根据土壤类型、地势、地力来确定土样代表面积，避免人为规定代表面积带来的误差；通过试验得到适应当地的土壤养分校正系数和不同作物的土壤有效养分的丰缺指标；统一土壤养分测试手段，提高测试人员的业务素质；完善配方体系的专家系统，这样才能使测土配方施肥工作畅通无阻。     

江西省棉花应用计算机辅助测土配方施肥概述

通过介绍江西省棉花施肥现状及测土配方施肥的意义,提出土壤养分检测、田间肥效试验是构建棉花测土配方施肥体系的理论基础，并研究出棉花测土配方计算机辅助施肥系统,以施肥建议卡的形式指导棉农科学施肥应用于棉花生产中。     

水稻测土配方施肥技术化验室建设及分析方法

水稻测土配方施肥技术化验室是实施水稻测土配方施肥项目的重要组成部分。辽宁省盐碱地利用研究所化验室经过自我完善,基本符合农业部《测土配方施肥技术规范》的要求,达到了水稻测土配方施肥项目的检测需要,并对基层检测部门进行示范、指导与帮助。为盘锦地区水稻测土配方施肥项目的进一步开展做出了应有的贡献。     

测土配方施肥对黑龙江省讷河市大豆生产的影响

本试验针对我市多数农民大豆生产施肥存在重氮、轻磷忽视钾的现状，结合测土配方项目工程进行大豆测土配方施肥研究。结果表明：与当地习惯施肥相比，应用测土配方施肥技术具有改善大豆主要经济性状、促进大豆健康生长、提高大豆产量和产值。扣除投入成本，测土配方施肥比当地习惯施肥净增产值76．8-118元／667m^2，平均98．65元／667m^2；较对照净增产值91．3-137．9元／667m^2，平均112．3元／667m^2。     

永定烟后稻测土配方施肥试验

在烟后稻上进行测土配方施肥试验。结果表明,测土配方施肥比习惯施肥每667m^2增产稻谷15．6kg,净增收47．06元;测土配方施肥比空白对照每667m^2增产稻谷145．1kg,净增收331．6元,烟后稻测土配方施肥能增产增效。     

甘蔗测土配方施肥的研究进展

综述了甘蔗的需肥规律、甘蔗最佳施肥配方、测土配方施肥在甘蔗生产上的应用效果及甘蔗专用复合肥的研究,并提出了甘蔗测土配方施肥中应遵循的原则及应注意的问题.     

建湖县测土配方施肥成效显著

在国家农业部财政补贴资金的支持下,建湖县2007年以来在全县全面开展了测土配方施肥工作,3年来,共完成测土配方施肥面积11．33万hm^2,覆盖行政村数201个,涉及农户30万户。施用配方肥总量5万t左右,施肥面积11．33万hm^2。全县测土配方施肥水稻平均单产达9．55t／hm^2,     

沈阳市测土配方施肥技术推广现状及改进措施展望

沈阳市测土配方施肥工作始于2005年末,至今全市共采集检测土样92 971个,土壤样品检测包括土壤碱解氮、硝态氮、有效磷、速效钾、有机质、pH值、有效锌、有效锰、有效铜、有效铁、缓效钾、有效硫、有效硼13项元素的检测,共获检测数据72.3万个.全市3年累计推广测土配方施肥面积113万hm2.项目覆盖了全市125个乡镇、 1 467个村、69.7万多农户的58.5万hm2耕地.落实"3414"试验点151个,肥料配方校验示范点127个.重点跟踪调查测土配方施肥典型户982户.建测土配方示范区88个,示范面积达0.7万hm2.测土数据通过计算机整理,利用测土配方施肥软件配方,全市共发放施肥卡183万张.项目区施肥卡发放率达100%.     

施肥与耕作技术集成对土壤理化、生物性状及木薯产量的影响

为了探讨施肥及耕作技术集成对木薯地土壤理化、生物性状及木薯产量的影响，本试验共设置5个处理，分别是生物有机肥＋测土配方肥＋盖膜集雨水＋深耕(处理1)、生物有机肥＋测土配方肥＋盖膜集雨水(处理2)、生物有机肥＋测土配方肥＋深耕(处理3)、生物有机肥＋测土配方肥(处理4)、施通用高浓度复合肥(处理5常规施肥及种植方式作为对照)，通过大田试验研究他们对木薯地土壤理化、生物性状及木薯产量的影响。结果表明：与常规施肥及种植方式相比，不同施肥及耕作栽培技术集成处理均可提高木薯地土壤养分含量和含水量，改善土壤理化性状和土壤微生物区系组成。处理1的木薯产量增幅达到35.81%，差异极显著。本试验条件下，木薯最优的施肥及耕作栽培模式是技术综合集成生物有机肥＋测土配方肥＋盖膜集雨水＋深耕(处理1)。     

稻麦双晚对病虫草发生的影响及解决措施

随着早熟晚粳、中熟晚粳广泛种植,水稻轻型省力栽培方式旱直播的推广,病虫也发生了变化,成熟期显著推迟,下茬无法在适宜播期种植,影响粮食丰产稳产。提出筛选早熟当家品种、大力推广机插秧、加大粮食烘干设备的投入、合理施肥、精准植保等对策。     

加强闽台科技合作交流发展我省甘蔗业

概述了海峡两岸农业交流与合作的现状,提出了应该共同呼吁尽快实现两岸“三通”,开放农业生物技术图书期刊资料交流以及开放生物学科方面网络的思路,以便为农业交流与合作的顺畅开展打好基础,并寄希望能够就糖蔗、果蔗以及甘蔗笋等方面的研究与开发到台湾学习取经,开展学术交流或与台湾同行共同开展研究,为我省甘蔗业的发展作出贡献。     

Sorghum and millet phenols and antioxidants

Sorghum is a good source of phenolic compounds with a variety of genetically dependent types and levels including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and condensed tannins. Most sorghums do not contain condensed tannins, but all contain phenolic acids. Pigmented sorghums contain unique anthocyanins that could be potential food colorants. Some sorghums have a prominent pigmented testa that contains condensed tannins composed of flavan-3-ols with variable length. Flavan-3-ols of up to 8–10 units have been separated and quantitatively analyzed. These tannin sorghums are excellent antioxidants, which slow hydrolysis in foods, produce naturally dark-colored products and increase the dietary fiber levels of food products. Sorghums have high concentration of 3-deoxyanthocyanins (i.e. luteolinidin and apigenidin) that give stable pigments at high pH. Pigmented and tannin sorghum varieties have high antioxidant levels that are comparable to fruits and vegetables. Finger millet has tannins in some varieties that contain a red testa. There are limited data on the phenolic compounds in millets; only phenolic acids and flavones have been identified.     

Sorghum and millet phenols and antioxidants

Sorghum is a good source of phenolic compounds with a variety of genetically dependent types and levels including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and condensed tannins. Most sorghums do not contain condensed tannins, but all contain phenolic acids. Pigmented sorghums contain unique anthocyanins that could be potential food colorants. Some sorghums have a prominent pigmented testa that contains condensed tannins composed of flavan-3-ols with variable length. Flavan-3-ols of up to 8–10 units have been separated and quantitatively analyzed. These tannin sorghums are excellent antioxidants, which slow hydrolysis in foods, produce naturally dark-colored products and increase the dietary fiber levels of food products. Sorghums have high concentration of 3-deoxyanthocyanins (i.e. luteolinidin and apigenidin) that give stable pigments at high pH. Pigmented and tannin sorghum varieties have high antioxidant levels that are comparable to fruits and vegetables. Finger millet has tannins in some varieties that contain a red testa. There are limited data on the phenolic compounds in millets; only phenolic acids and flavones have been identified.     

Tuber and starch quality of wild and cultivated potato species and cultivars

Summary Between 1993 and 1998 205 different potato cultivars and 1220 accessions/genotypes of wild and cultivated potato species from the IPK Genebank Gatersleben were evaluated. Parameters interesting for starch isolation and especially for the use of starch were determined. Altogether, there was a higher variability in wild potato species than in cultivated potatoes for all characteristics investigated: dry matter content, starch content, protein content, amylose content and mean particle diameter of starch granules.     

大豆几种常见病虫草害的诊断与防治

1大豆花叶病毒病 大豆病毒病（Soybean Mosaic Virus,SMV）是世界性病害之一。我国东北地区已鉴定的有5种,即大豆花叶病、顶枯病、蚕豆萎蔫病、南方菜豆花叶病、花生条纹病毒。其中大豆花叶病在全国大豆主要产区都有发生,十分常见。     

大豆根潜蝇及根腐病的发生与防治

近年来，随着大豆播种面积的增长，受病虫危害日趋严重。特别是大豆根潜蝇（又名根明）与根腐病共同发生危害，严重影响大豆的生产。综合防治技术主要手段是三年以上轮作，适时播种及种衣剂拌种等措施。     

Yield and quality of winter and spring triticales for forage and grain

In field experiments conducted over 2 years in Mediterranean conditions, five winter and five spring triticales were evaluated for forage and grain production in the same cropping season. The experiments had two treatments, namely harvesting for grain only, and dual-purpose forage and grain production. In the latter treatment, forage was cut when the first node was detectable (Zadoks' stage 31), without removing the apical meristems. Grain was harvested when ripe (Zadoks' stage 92) in both cut and uncut plots.
Environmental conditions affected grain production and protein content more than forage yield and quality. Winter triticales yielded about 43% more forage than spring types, but after forage removal the spring types yielded about 36% more grain than winter triticales.
Reductions in grain yield after clipping were more pronounced in winter (32%) than in spring (19%) types. Forage crude protein content was significantly higher in the spring types studied (24.6%) than in the winter types (23.5%), the opposite being true for fibre content (20.7 and 21.6% respectively). Grain crude protein content did not differ between grain and dual-purpose treatments, but was higher in the spring triticales (12.8%) than in the winter types (11.9%). There was more variability for the measured traits within the winter triticales studied than within the spring types.     

种子加工、检验理论与技术现状及思考

种子加工及检验是种子向市场流通的关键，是商业化育种中赋予种子商品属性不可或缺的环节。种子加工、检验理论与技术的研究是完善种业产业链、实现规模化商业育种、夯实“育繁推一体化”种业科学的重要一环。中国的种业科学技术体系正在形成与完善之中，受制于行业发展水平，种子加工及检验理论与技术相对薄弱。本文回顾了种子加工及检验理论与技术研究发展历程，提出了完善中国种业科学发展的策略与建议。围绕种业发展的需要，在做好品种优质化繁育的基础上，分析种子加工及检验理论与技术的新方向和新需求，加强种业应用性研究，建立先进的种子质量检验体系，研制适合现代种业发展需求的种子加工设备，打造种子加工产业标准化生产体系，完善种业科学技术学科建设，促进种业产业持续健康发展。     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.