海水养殖花鲈对几种饲料蛋白原料的表观消化率

测定了在室内海水流水系统中养殖的花鲈对7种常用饲料原料,宠物级鸡肉粉(P-PBM)、饲料级鸡肉粉(F-PBM)、血粉(BM)、羽毛粉(FEM)、蚕蛹粉(SWP)、豆粕(SBM)和菜粕(RSM)以及1种混合动物蛋白粉(MM=50%P-PBM+20%F-PBM+20%BM+10%FEM)的干物质、蛋白质和能量表观消化率(ADC)。实验饲料由70%基础饲料(蛋白质含量为42.0%,能量含量为18.9MJ/kg)和30%的待测原料组成。基础饲料和实验饲料中均添加1%(质量分数)的Cr2O3作为外源标记物。饲养实验共进行4周。实验期间每天投饵两次,采用虹吸方法收集粪便。实验结果显示:花鲈对P-PBM、F-PBM、BM、FEM、MM、SWP、SBM和RSM干物质ADC分别为61%～87%,蛋白质ADC为80%～96%,能量ADC为75%～93%。其中,花鲈对SBM的蛋白质ADC最高,对MM的蛋白质ADC最低,对BM的干物质和能量ADC最高,对RSM的干物质和能量ADC最低。     

花鲈对七种蛋白质原料的表观消化率

为了解花鲈(Lateolabrax maculatus)对水解羽毛粉、喷雾干燥血球蛋白粉、鸡肉粉、黄粉虫粉、大豆分离蛋白、大豆浓缩蛋白和脱酚棉籽蛋白等七种蛋白质原料的干物质、钙、磷、粗蛋白和氨基酸的表观消化率,实验选取平均体重为(54.3±1.5)g的花鲈240尾,随机分成8组,每组3个平行,对照组投喂基础饲料,试验组分别投喂试验饲料,试验饲料由70%基础饲料和30%实验原料组成,以0.1%的三氧化二钇(Y2O3)为外源指示剂。结果显示:花鲈对七种蛋白质原料的干物质和粗蛋白表观消化率以血球蛋白粉、鸡肉粉、大豆分离蛋白和大豆浓缩蛋白较高,脱酚棉籽蛋白和黄粉虫粉次之,水解羽毛粉最低。其中,花鲈对血球蛋白粉的粗蛋白消化率最高,为95.64%,显著高于其他六种原料;鸡肉粉次之,为90.61%,与大豆分离蛋白和大豆浓缩蛋白之间差异不显著;水解羽毛粉最低,为71.18%,与黄粉虫粉和脱酚棉籽蛋白之间差异不显著,与其他蛋白原料之间差异显著。花鲈对鸡肉粉和黄粉虫粉的总钙的表观消化率分别为30.39%和42.65%。花鲈对总磷的表观消化率从高到低依次为大豆分离蛋白(76.04%)、脱酚棉籽蛋白(67.49%)、大豆浓缩蛋白(51.24%)、鸡肉粉(42.88%)、黄粉虫粉(38.40%)。花鲈对各蛋白质原料中氨基酸的表观消化率与粗蛋白质的表观消化率变化趋势基本一致。结果表明,喷雾干燥血球蛋白粉、鸡肉粉、大豆分离蛋白和大豆浓缩蛋白可作为花鲈优质的蛋白源,脱酚棉籽蛋白、黄粉虫粉和水解羽毛粉在花鲈饲料中添加量不宜过高。     

两种水温条件下团头鲂对7种蛋白源饲料表观消化率的比较

采用由30%待测蛋白源饲料原料和70%基础饲料组成的试验饲料,以三氧化二钇(Y_2O_3)作外源指示剂,添加量为0.05%,以平均体重(34.38±1.06)g的团头鲂(Megalobrama amblycephala)幼鱼作研究对象,在30℃和25℃两种水温条件下比较研究其对鱼粉(FM)、豆粕(SBM)、菜粕(RSM)、棉粕(CSM)、酵母浸粉(YEF)、肉骨粉(MBM)和花生粕(PNM)7种蛋白源饲料原料的干物质(DM)、粗蛋白(CP)、总能(GE)、总氨基酸(TAA)及必需氨基酸(EAA)的表观消化率。结果显示:水温30℃时,酵母浸粉的干物质、总能、粗蛋白和必需氨基酸的表观消化率最高;水温25℃时,原料干物质和总能的表观消化率最高的为鱼粉,粗蛋白、必需氨基酸和总氨基酸的表观消化率最高的为豆粕。在两个水温下,原料干物质、粗蛋白、总氨基酸和必需氨基酸的表观消化率最低的均是肉骨粉,总能的表观消化率最低的是棉粕。在30℃时团头鲂对蛋白源饲料原料各营养成分的表观消化率高于25℃时,且酵母浸粉在两个水温下各营养成分的消化率差异显著(P0.05)。在30℃时,酵母浸粉的各养分表观消化率较高,但其氨基酸平衡性较差,需适量添加蛋氨酸,满足团头鲂对氨基酸的需求;在25℃时,豆粕和鱼粉各养分表观消化率较高,可作为团头鲂饲料的优质蛋白源饲料原料。肉骨粉在两个水温下均表现出最低表观消化率,需搭配其他饲料适量使用。     

大口黑鲈对四种蛋白质饲料原料的表观消化率研究

为大口黑鲈的营养研究和配合饲料研制提供理论依据,试验以Cr2O3为消化指示物,测定了大口黑鲈（Micropterus salmoides）对进口白鱼粉、国产鱼粉、普通豆粕和发酵豆粕的干物质、蛋白质和脂肪的表观消化率。试验饲料由基础饲料和试验原料以70：30的质量比混合挤压成软颗粒饲料。试验结果表明,大口黑鲈对动物性蛋白白鱼粉和红鱼粉的干物质表观消化率分别为78．56％和9．12％,高于植物性蛋白普通豆粕的68．28％和发酵豆粕的72．19％,而发酵豆粕的干物质表观消化率比普通豆粕要高一些。大口黑鲈对4种饲料原料的蛋白质表观消化率在80．21％～85．55％,对4种饲料原料的脂肪表观消化率为81．18％～91．06％。大口黑鲈可以很好地利用4种饲料原料中的蛋白质和脂肪。     

草鱼对17种饲料原料粗蛋白和粗脂肪的表观消化率

试验以Cr2O3为指示物，测定草鱼对进口鱼粉、国产鱼粉、蟹粉、肉粉、肠衣粉、酵母、菜饼、黄菜饼、黑菜饼、双低菜仔粕、豆粕、膨化大豆、芝麻饼、棉粕、玉米胚芽饼、玉米蛋白粉和酒糟粉17种试验原料中粗蛋白和粗脂肪的表观消化率。试验饲料由基础饲料和试验原料以70：30的比例（质量比）混合挤压成硬颗粒饲料。结果表明，草鱼对鱼粉、菜籽饼籽、豆粕和膨化大豆等质量好的蛋白饲料的表观消化率较高、其干物质、脂肪和蛋白质的表观消化率均在80％以上；草鱼对酵母、菜籽饼粕、豆粕和膨化大豆等饲料的干物质、脂肪和蛋白质的表观消化率均与鱼粉一致。     

草鱼对27种饲料原料中氨基酸的表观消化率

本试验以0.5％Cr2O3为指示物,按照“70％基础饲料 30％试验原料“的饲料配制方法,在可控条件的室内循环养殖系统中用2龄草鱼种（体重150-200g）对常用的饲料原料的氨基酸表观消化率进行测定。试验选用了进口鱼粉、国产鱼粉、蟹粉、肉粉、肠衣粉、酵母、菜饼、黄菜粕、菜粕、双低菜籽粕、豆粕、膨化大豆、芝麻饼、棉粕、玉米胚芽粕、玉米蛋白粉和酒糟粉共17种商品蛋白质饲料原料,玉米、麦麸、次粉、米糠、标粉、小麦、大麦、玉米糟、稻谷、药渣共10种能量饲料原料,得到了每种原料的16种氨基酸的表观消化率。表观消化率主要规律表现为：草鱼对原料蛋白质消化率高时对氨基酸的总消化率也高,如对鱼粉、豆粕的消化率高;对玉米类原料如玉米蛋白粉、玉米渣、玉米的氨基酸消化率较低,而对小麦类原料如小麦粉、麦麸、次粉等的消化率相对较高;在植物饼粕类中,草鱼对豆粕和菜粕的消化率较高,而对棉粕的消化率则相对较低;对同种原料的16种不同的氨基酸的表观消化率也有很大的差异,这种差异的规律性较差。     

团头鲂对8种非常规饲料原料中营养物质的表观消化率

以0.5%的三氧化二铬(Cr2O3)为指示剂,由70%基础日粮和30%试验原料组成试验日粮研究了团头鲂对膨化羽毛粉、酶解羽毛粉、血粉、蚕蛹粉、玉米蛋白粉、玉米、碎米和大麦8种饲料原料的干物质、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、氨基酸、总磷及总能的表观消化率。试验鱼［平均体质量(250.83±2.12) g ］养殖于室内水族箱中(3.0 m×0.8 m×0.8 m),分别投喂相应的试验饲料1周后采用自排法收粪。结果表明:8种饲料原料的干物质、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、总氨基酸、总磷及总能的表观消化率的范围分别是68.07%～92.69%、81.54%～92.75%、84.82%～103.44%、63.07%～95.56%、41.48%～97.55%、68.91%～97.81%。其中各项营养物质的表观消化率均以玉米蛋白粉最高;4种动物蛋白原料中以蚕蛹粉中营养物质表观消化率最高,血粉次之;除粗脂肪外,酶解羽毛粉的消化率均高于膨化羽毛粉;3种能量饲料中,以大麦的蛋白及氨基酸表观消化率最高,但干物质、粗脂肪及能量的表观消化率均显著低于玉米和碎米。由此可见,玉米蛋白粉和蚕蛹粉分别可作为团头鲂优质的植物蛋白源和动物蛋白源,血粉、羽毛粉可搭配其他饲料少量使用。玉米和碎米能值较高,可作为团头鲂的主要能量饲料,大麦由于氨基酸组成较好,也可适量使用。     

围网养殖中华鳖(日本品系)技术研究

利用茅潭江大水面资源,用抗风浪金属围网开展中华鳖(日本品系)的仿生态养殖试验,建设围网面积2.3 hm2,平均放养中华鳖鳖种4500只/hm2,平均放养规格400g/只,3个多月后,平均起捕规格达到850 g/只,只均增重450 g,鳖的外观、体色、口味接近野生鳖,实现销售收入111.3万元,利润60.33万元,投入产出比1∶2.18.     

红鳍东方鲀对8种饲料原料的表观消化率

本研究旨在探讨红鳍东方鲀(Takifugu rubripes)幼鱼对红鱼粉、白鱼粉、豆粕、菜粕、花生粕、棉粕、玉米酒糟蛋白(DDGS)和肉骨粉中干物质、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、氨基酸、总能和总磷的表观消化率.实验饲料由70％的基础饲料和30％的待测饲料原料组成,并添加0.1％的三氧化二钇(Y2O3)作为外源添加剂,选取平均体重...     

中华绒螫蟹对11种饲料原料蛋白质和氨基酸的表观消化率

以氧化钇（Y2O3）作为指示剂，按照“70％基础饲料＋30％试验原料”的原则配制饲料，测定了体重（97．34±7．36）g的中华绒螯蟹对不同饲料原料蛋白质和氨基酸的表观消化率。试验选取鱼粉、血粉、肉骨粉、乌贼内脏粉、虾壳粉、啤酒酵母、豆粕、棉籽粕、菜籽粕、花生粕、玉米蛋白粉共11种商品蛋白质饲料原料。试验结果表明，中华绒螯蟹对不同饲料蛋白源的粗蛋白表观消化率为40．62％～89．75％，其中，鱼粉和血粉组的粗蛋白表观消化率分别为86．07％和89．75％，显著高于其他原料组；而菜籽粕（42．41％）和玉米蛋白粉组（40．62％）的粗蛋白消化率则明显低于其他饲料蛋白源（P〈0．05）。其他蛋白源的消化率大小顺序依次为：豆粕（77．94％）〉啤酒酵母（76．90％）〉虾壳粉（74．02％）〉肉骨粉（73．78％）〉棉籽粕（71．63％）〉花生粕（65．90％）〉乌贼内脏粉（63．51％）。在动物性蛋白源中，中华绒螯蟹对血粉和鱼粉的氨基酸消化率较高，二者的总氨基酸消化率均高于90％，试验结果还显示，蟹对乌贼内脏粉的氨基酸消化率最低，仅为63．51％；单细胞蛋白源啤酒酵母的总氨基酸消化率（86．77％）高于其他植物性蛋白源；在植物性蛋白源中，对棉籽粕的总氨基酸消化率最高（85．37％），其次是豆粕（79．41％）。本研究结果对评价不同饲料蛋白源的营养价值，以及开发中华绒螯蟹氨基酸营养平衡的人工配合饲料提供了参考和依据。     

甲鱼对配合饲料中蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物的消化率

运用消化生理方法,测定甲鱼对配合饲料中蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物的消化率。结果表明,甲鱼对配合饲料中蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物的消化率分别为:86.99％、80.4％、65.30％。     

用两种粪便收集方法测定草鱼对九种饲料原料的表观消化率

在(21.5±1.0)℃水温下,以Cr2O3为指示物采用自排法和挤压法分别收集平均体重为65 g草鱼的粪便,测定草鱼对棉籽粕、花生粕、双低菜籽粕、秘鲁鱼粉、菜籽粕、小麦次粉、米糠、大豆粕和肉骨粉9种饲料原料主要营养成分的表观消化率。试验饲料以70%基础饲料和30%的待测饲料原料组成。结果表明:(1)草鱼对肉骨粉、秘鲁鱼粉、棉籽粕、大豆粕的干物质表观消化率较高,分别为60.69%、59.07%、61.08%、57.99%;(2)用自排法和挤压法测定草鱼对饲料原料的表观消化率时,干物质表观消化率有差异,而饲料原料粗蛋白质表观消化率基本保持一致;(3)草鱼对各种饲料原料的蛋白质表观消化率与氨基酸表观消化率的趋势基本一致。     

Apparent Digestibility Coefficients of Various Feed Ingredients for Grouper Epinephelus coioides

Apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of dry matter, crude protein, lipid, gross energy, amino acids, and fatty acids in white fish meal, brown fish meal, soybean meal, peanut meal, and yeast were determined for grouper Epinephelus coioides. Apparent digestibility was determined using a reference diet with 0.5% chromic oxide indicator and test diets that contained 70% reference diet and 30% of the feed ingredient being evaluated. The fish, averaging 12.0 g, were held in 250-L tanks at a density of 30 fish per tank. Feces were collected from three replicate groups-of fish. Apparent dry matter digestibility of ingredients was 78.85 ± 2.43, 79.11 ± 0.61, 69.85 ± 3.60, 73.67 ± 2.30 and 57.70 ± 4.69% for white fish meal, brown fish meal, soybean meal, peanut meal, and yeast, respectively. Apparent gross energy digestibility of ingredients was 93.27 ± 2.90, 89.48 ± 1.78, 70.52 ± 4.01, 73.13 ± 2.41 and 51.67 ± 2.01% for white fish meal, brown fish meal, soybean meal, peanut meal, and yeast, respectively. Apparent protein digestibility of ingredients was 89.82 ± 1.24, 87.34 ± 1.25, 83.97 ± 1.92, 80.79 ± 1.95, and 61.14 ± 0.54% for white fish meal, brown fish meal, soybean meal, peanut meal, and yeast, respectively. White fish meal and brown fish meal showed higher protein digestibility among ingredients tested (P ± 0.01). Lipid digestibility of ingredients was high (90.66-94.48%) and not significantly different except for yeast. Amino acid availability values for test ingredients were similar to values of protein digestibility. Amino acid availability values of white fish meal and brown fish meal were higher than other ingredients. Fatty acid availability values for test ingredients were similar to values of lipid digestibility. In general, the digestibility of most fatty acids was over 80% in all ingredients, except for 14:0 in yeast and 18:0 in peanut meal, PUFA + HUFA > MUFA > SFA. Longer-chain saturated fatty acids were less digestibility, except for 14:0, with digestibilities diminishing as fatty acid chain length increased. Apparent digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, lipid, gross energy, amino acids, and fatty acids in yeast was the lowest among the ingredients.     

Apparent Digestibility Coefficients of Selected Feed Ingredients for Yellowfin Seabream, Sparus latus

The apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), gross energy (GE), and amino acid in seven feed ingredients were determined with juvenile yellowfin seabream (initial body weight, 41 ± 2 g; means ± SD) through two digestibility trials. The ingredients consisted of white fish meal (WFM), Peruvian fish meal (PFM), brown fish meal (BFM), rapeseed meal (RM), soybean meal (SBM), extruded soybean meal (extruded SBM), and peanut meal (PM). In each of the two trials, a casein–gelatin reference diet was mixed with test ingredients in a ratio of 70:30 to produce a series of diets, and yttrium oxide was used as the inert marker. The reference and test diets were fed to yellowfin seabream reared at 27.5 ± 1 C, and fecal samples were collected by siphoning. The derived DM, CP, and GE ADCs (means ± SD) for the test ingredients were, respectively, WFM – 72.3 ± 3.87, 86.4 ± 1.06, and 93.6 ± 2.63; PFM – 54.1 ± 15.45, 80.5 ± 7.81, and 77.4 ± 11.9; BFM – 57.7 ± 2.34, 82.8 ± 3.07, and 84.5 ± 5.77; RM – 33.5 ± 5.50, 84.7 ± 2.83, and 56.3 ± 9.87; SBM – 58.7 ± 4.42, 92.6 ± 3.94, and 58.1 ± 2.91; extruded SBM – 65.1 ± 16.52, 89.7 ± 1.68, and 64.8 ± 6.23; and PM – 70.6 ± 1.43, 97.3 ± 3.52, and 59.8 ± 4.78. The ADC of CP of both plant and animal feed ingredients was high, whereas DM and GE values varied greatly. Apparent DM digestibility coefficients of ingredients decreased as ash or fiber contents of ingredients increased, and the variation of apparent GE digestibility coefficients of ingredients is similar to that in DM, with the exception of the value for PM.     

Apparent digestibility of selected feed ingredients in diets for juvenile hybrid tilapia,Oreochromis niloticus×Oreochromis aureus

The apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of dry matter, crude protein, crude lipid, ash, phosphorus, gross energy and amino acids of 10 selected ingredients for juvenile hybrid tilapia (7.05 ± 0.09 g) were determined using 0.5% Cr₂O₃ as an inert indicator. The feed ingredients tested in this study were corn gluten meal (CGM), corn byproduct, corn germ meal (CG), soybean meal (SBM), fermented soybean meal (FSM), soy protein concentrate (SPC), soy protein isolate, malt sprouts (MS), fish meal (FM) and earthworm meal (EM). The test diets were prepared by incorporation of 30% test ingredients into the reference diet. Reference and test diets were fed to the fish and the faecal samples were collected using a faecal collection column attached to the fish‐rearing tanks. The ADCs for dry matter, crude protein, crude lipid, ash, phosphorus and gross energy were 41.7–98.9%, 90.6–99.6%, 73.1–98.8%, 34.1–98.6%, 49.5–99.6% and 45.4–99.7% respectively. Soy protein isolate, FM and EM had higher dry matter, crude protein and gross energy ADCs. Corn byproduct and EM had higher crude lipid ADCs, and CG and EM had higher phosphorus ADCs. Corn germ meal had the highest ash ADC, while CGM had the highest value for gross energy. The lowest dry matter, crude protein, lipid and gross energy ADCs occurred in MS, while the lowest ash and phosphorus ADCs occurred in SPC. The amino acid ADCs ranged from 83.3% to 100%, exhibiting a positive correlation with crude protein digestibility for a given test ingredient. The feed ingredient digestibility of this study may provide useful information about nutrient and energy utilization to facilitate formulation of least‐cost practical diets for hybrid tilapia.     

中华鳖2个培育品系的16S rRNA基因多态性比较分析

以中华鳖(Pelodiscus sinensis)日本品系、清溪乌鳖两个国家水产新品种为研究对象, 并以中华鳖黄河群体和台湾群体为对照, 克隆测序获得了其16S rRNA基因全长序列1 606 bp, 并对群体遗传多样性进行比较分析。结果表明, 在4群体共80个个体中, 共检测到53个变异位点, 包括9个群体特异性位点, 其中清溪乌鳖3个, 中华鳖日本品系和黄河种群各1个, 台湾群体4个; 共发现16种单倍型, 其中清溪乌鳖8个、中华鳖日本品系2个、中华鳖黄河群体和台湾群体各3个, 群体间无共享单倍型。中华鳖不同群体的16S rRNA基因多样性从高到低依次为清溪乌鳖(0.821)、中华鳖台湾群体(0.484)、中华鳖黄河群体(0.195)、中华鳖日本品系(0.100)。中华鳖日本品系和黄河群体、清溪乌鳖和台湾群体的遗传距离相对较近, 分别为0.001和0.005。不同群体的单倍型各自聚为一支, 表明中华鳖群体分化较为明显, 不同群体的特异性位点可作为种质鉴别的依据。单倍型进化树显示, 中华鳖日本品系和黄河群体以很高的置信度聚为一支, 推测中华鳖日本品系起源于中国黄河流域。

     

Apparent digestibility coefficients of animal and plant feed ingredients for juvenile Pseudobagrus ussuriensis

A study was conducted to determine apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), lipid, gross energy, phosphorus and amino acids (AAs) from Peruvian fish meal (PFM), native fish meal (NFM), meat bone meal (MBM), dried daphnia meal (DDM), soybean meal (SBM), full‐fat soybean (FSBM), cottonseed meals (CSM), rapeseed meal (RSM) and corn gluten meal (CGM) for Pseudobagrus ussuriensis (7.8 ± 0.06 g). Test diets were formulated to contain a 70:30 mixture of reference diet to test ingredient with chromic oxide (5 g kg^–1) serving as the inert marker. ADCs of DM ranged from 49.94% (CGM) to 87.11% (PFM), the highest ADCs of DM were observed in PFM and the lowest was found in CGM. ADCs of CP in the test ingredients ranged from 74.92% (CGM) to 93.41% (SBM). ADCs of crude lipid ranged from 51.80% (CGM) to 94.07% (PFM) for fish. ADCs of energy ranged from 56.42% (CGM) to 90.09% (PFM). ADCs of phosphorus ranged from 21.81% (CSM) to 65.70% (PFM). AA availability for the test ingredients followed a similar pattern to ADCs of CP, in which values for PFM, NFM and MBM were generally higher (p < .05) than those of other protein ingredients. Among all plant meals, the AA availability values in SBM were higher (p < .05) than those in CGM, CSM and RSM. The availability of most AAs in CGM was the lowest (p < .05) among all tested ingredients. In conclusion, PFM and NFM are good sources of available protein and AAs. When fishmeal supply is limited, MBM and DDM are substitutes for fishmeal reduction in P. ussuriensis diets; at the same time, SBM and FSBM are also very acceptable protein feedstuffs. However, CSM, RSM and CGM could not be used at high levels in P. ussuriensis diets because of their inferior digestibilities.     

中华鳖与砂鳖线粒体DNA 12S rRNA基因序列的比较分析和分子鉴定标记

对中华鳖和砂鳖线粒体DNA 12S rRNA基因进行了引物设计、PCR扩增、序列测定和PCR-RbLP分析。研究结果表明：中华鳖、砂鳖线粒体DNA 12S rRNA基因片段的碱基序列长度相同,均为562bp,其A、T、C、G含量相似,分别为209个(37．2％)、121个(21．5％)、145个(25．8％)、87个(15．5％)和207个(36．8％)、120个(21．4％)、145个(25．8％)、90个(16％)。两序列间共有13处碱基不同,序列差异率为2．3l％,中华鳖与砂鳖各自个体间的平均核苷酸序列差异率分别为0．53％和0．36％,种间差异显著;用内切酶MspⅠ酶切两种鳖的12S rRNA基因片段,在砂鳖中可得到大小为519bp和43bp两个片段,而中华鳖无此酶切位点,这可作为准确鉴别中华鳖和砂鳖的分子鉴定标记。从两种鳖线粒体DNA 12S rRNA基因片段碱基的显著差异和MspⅠ酶切位点的变化,可以进一步证明砂鳖是不同于中华鳖的鳖属一新种。