红壤有机碳流失特征及其与泥沙径流流失量的定量关系

通过野外微型径流小区模拟降雨试验,对坡面小区尺度水力侵蚀过程中物理运移土壤有机碳的规律进行研究。结果表明:2 m×5 m径流小区持续降雨30 min后,大雨强(1.64 mm min-1)和小雨强(0.58 mm min-1)降雨条件下泥沙携带流失的有机碳总量分别为56.09 g和3.18 g,溶解于径流流失的有机碳总量分别为13.55 g和2.81 g。降雨强度和持续时间对有机碳流失的过程特征有显著影响。降雨强度越大,泥沙携带及溶解于径流的有机碳流失速率和总量也越大。大雨强泥沙有机碳富集比在产流发生后的18min内大于1,随后降至1以下。小雨强泥沙有机碳富集比始终小于1。大雨强径流有机碳浓度与径流量呈立方关系,小雨强有机碳流失量随径流量增加呈线性递增趋势;大雨强泥沙有机碳含量与泥沙量之间具有明显的立方关系。     

自然降雨条件下红壤坡面有机碳的选择性迁移

依托江西水土保持生态科技园,2015年3月―8月期间,对裸地、草地、果园和湿地松人工林四种类型径流小区自然降雨条件下侵蚀过程中径流泥沙和土壤有机碳的流失特征进行了原位监测。结果表明,监测期间24场降雨下,径流系数和侵蚀模数基本上均随雨型的增大而增加。随着土地利用类型由裸地向果园、草地和林地的转换,减流效益和减沙效益依次增大。径流量和泥沙流失量最主要的影响因素分别是降雨量和径流量。裸地、草地、果园和林地四种类型坡面上,自然降雨下土壤有机碳随泥沙迁移的比例分别为64.67%、47.38%、53.94%和36.03%,碳流失强度分别达到560.3、1.98、122.5和2.66 mg m-2。径流有机碳含量与径流量之间、泥沙含碳量与泥沙量之间均呈负相关关系。裸地、果园、草地和林地四种径流小区泥沙有机碳富集比分别为1.27、1.10、0.80和0.58,即随着土壤侵蚀模数的降低,有机碳富集比也减小。泥沙有机碳富集比均随雨强的增大而减小,有机碳的选择性迁移在低强度降雨条件下表现更为明显。     

贵州喀斯特地区降雨强度对土壤侵蚀特征的影响

降雨对坡面产流、侵蚀过程及养分流失有重要的影响,选取我国西南喀斯特地区作为研究区域,采用人工降雨方法,研究了不同降雨强度对贵州喀斯特地区(裸地和植被覆盖小区)与土壤侵蚀特征的影响。结果表明:(1)在不同降雨强度下,裸地和植被覆盖小区初始产流时间均随降雨强度的增大产流时间提前,并且裸地和植被覆盖小区初始产流时间在不同降雨强度下差异均显著(p0.05)。(2)裸地和植被覆盖小区径流速率在5~6min之后保持稳定,径流速率均随雨强的增大而增大;不同降雨强度下,径流速率均表现为裸地植被覆盖小区。(3)裸地和植被覆盖小区输沙率变化表现为快速增大、迅速减小、缓慢减小和趋于稳定4个阶段,不同降雨强度下,输沙率均表现为裸地植被覆盖小区。(4)裸地和植被覆盖小区总径流量和总侵蚀量随雨强的增大而增大,裸地坡面各降雨强度下坡面总径流量差异均显著(p0.05),25,50mm/h降雨强度下植被覆盖小区坡面总径流量差异不显著(p0.05),相同降雨强度时总径流量表现为裸地植被;25,50mm/h降雨强度下裸地和植被覆盖小区坡面总侵蚀量差异不显著(p0.05),相同降雨强度时总径流量和总侵蚀量均表现为裸地植被覆盖小区。(5)裸地坡面侵蚀养分中DP,K~+,SEP和SEK含量均高于植被覆盖小区,其中裸地坡面侵蚀养分DP,K~+和SEK含量均显著高于植被覆盖小区(p0.05),而SEP含量二者差异不显著(p0.05)。(6)相关性分析表明降雨强度为75,100mm/h时,裸地和植被覆盖小区侵烛泥沙养分含量与泥沙流失量间的相关性明显优于降雨强度为25,50mm/h时,相同降雨条件下裸地侵蚀量与养分含量的相关系数基本高于植被覆盖小区。以上研究结果表明植被覆盖具有减沙减流、减少土壤侵蚀及养分流失等作用。     

雨强对红壤坡耕地泥沙流失及有机碳富集的影响规律研究

在典型红壤丘陵区平均坡度为10?的坡耕地径流小区 (2 m?5 m) 上进行降雨强度为1.69 mm min-1（大雨强）、1.31 mm min-1（中雨强）和0.64 mm min-1（小雨强）的模拟降雨试验,并对模拟降雨过程中泥沙的迁移规律和泥沙有机碳的流失富集规律进行了研究。研究结果表明：侵蚀作用下泥沙流失量随着降雨强度的增大而增加,并与径流量呈显著的立方关系,径流量是坡耕地土壤流失的重要影响因素;土壤有机碳流失以泥沙结合态为主,泥沙态有机碳流失量占总有机碳流失量的84%以上,最高达到97.6%;泥沙中有机碳富集比随着降雨强度的增大而逐渐减小,有机碳的选择性迁移在低强度降雨条件下表现更为明显;中雨强和小雨强下有机碳的富集比与黏粒的富集比分别呈极显著和显著正相关,而大雨强泥沙有机碳富集比与黏粒富集比没有显著的线性关系。雨强是影响泥沙流失和泥沙有机碳迁移的重要因素。     

玉米苗期横垄坡面侵蚀产沙与有机碳流失特征

为揭示紫色土横垄坡面侵蚀产沙与有机碳流失对坡度的响应特征,通过人工模拟降雨和野外径流小区相结合的方法,探讨了不同坡度下玉米苗期径流、侵蚀泥沙及其有机碳流失特征。结果表明:玉米苗期不同坡度下地表径流量总体表现为降雨初期变化较为稳定,随降雨时间持续呈逐渐增加的趋势,而壤中流表现为10°坡度下,径流量在降雨初期变化不大,随降雨时间持续呈逐渐增大的趋势,15°和20°坡度下壤中流则表现为逐渐增加的变化趋势;不同坡度下侵蚀强度均表现为20°15°10°,且20°坡度下侵蚀强度显著高于10°和15°坡度;不同坡度下,地表径流总有机碳(TOC)和可溶性有机碳(DOC)质量浓度随降雨时间延长呈逐渐降低趋势,有机碳质量浓度均表现为20°15°10°,而壤中流表现为先升高后降低的趋势,质量浓度表现为10°15°20°,且地表径流、壤中流TOC和DOC质量浓度相差不大;不同坡度下TOC和DOC迁移通量总体表现为壤中流大于地表径流,地表径流有机碳迁移通量则表现为20°15°10°,而壤中流迁移通量表现为10°15°20°,且径流DOC迁移通量占TOC迁移通量百分比高达90%;不同坡度下侵蚀泥沙中有机碳含量随坡度增大均呈减小趋势,且同一坡度下,泥沙有机碳含量随降雨时间的延长呈降低的趋势;侵蚀泥沙中有机碳富集明显,随坡度的增大富集比减小。因此,紫色土区坡耕地径流中有机碳主要以DOC的形式流失,壤中流为DOC迁移的主要方式。     

模拟降雨下3种类型土壤坡面的泥沙流失特征及其养分富集效应

利用室内自动模拟降雨系统,以72mm/h的恒定雨强进行模拟降雨试验,并通过结合对模拟降雨后流失泥沙的养分进行定量分析,比较研究了降雨条件下3种发生类型土壤坡面上的泥沙流失特征及其养分富集效应,旨在揭示相同降雨条件下不同土壤类型坡面的泥沙流失规律以及其养分富集效应。结果表明:模拟降雨条件下,红壤坡面受降雨侵蚀最严重,产流排水率及径流泥沙浓度分别为棕壤与褐土坡面的1.21~1.61倍和1.02~8.90倍,泥沙流失量显著高于棕壤与褐土坡面;3种类型土壤坡面流失的泥沙均具氮、磷、钾富集效应,褐土坡面流失泥沙的氮、磷富集效应以及棕壤坡面流失泥沙的钾富集效应均大于其他土壤类型坡面,其中褐土坡面流失泥沙的氮、磷富集系数分别高出棕壤与红壤坡面14.27%~73.55%和6.56%~52.07%,棕壤坡面流失泥沙的钾富集系数高出褐土与红壤坡面55.83%~67.28%;棕壤坡面流失泥沙的氮富集系数与褐土坡面流失泥沙的磷、钾富集系数在整个模拟降雨过程中的变化幅度均显著高于其他2种类型土壤坡面;3种类型土壤坡面的泥沙流失量与其养分富集系数多呈显著(p0.05)到极显著(p0.01)负相关,通过对数方程可预测相同降雨条件下3种类型土壤坡面径流泥沙中的氮、磷、钾损失。     

土壤容重对草甸土坡面养分流失特征的影响

通过室内模拟降雨试验对不同土壤容重的草甸土坡面养分流失特征进行研究。结果表明:土壤容重是坡面草甸土养分流失的重要影响因子,土壤容重不同,降雨引起的坡面表土养分流失的程度不同。硝态氮主要随径流流失,占总流失量的55%～79%,70%～84%的有效磷和速效钾随泥沙流失。不同形态的养分在流失泥沙中有富集现象,但富集比各不相同。土壤容重在0.8～1.2g/cm3之间变化时,随土壤容重增加,土壤孔隙度减小,入渗能力减弱,土壤养分在降雨侵蚀力作用下流失量不断增加。但随容重的继续增大,土壤抗蚀性增大,产沙量减小,养分流失量也有减小的趋势。在降雨、坡度等一定的条件下,土壤最容易被侵蚀而发生养分流失的容重范围为1.2～13g/cm3。     

等高反坡阶对坡耕地土壤碳库的影响

[目的]研究坡耕地等高反坡阶措施的蓄水保土和固碳减排效应,为改善云南山区红壤坡耕地土壤侵蚀状况提供科学依据。[方法]自然降雨条件下,通过松花坝迤者小流域1a的野外径流小区定位观测,对有、无等高反坡阶措施条件下的坡面产流产沙和土壤有机碳流失进行对比分析。[结果](1)泥沙作为土壤有机碳流失的重要载体,因其流失所致的流失量占总有机碳流失量的85%以上,最高达95.38%;(2)等高反坡阶具有显著的蓄水减流和保土减沙效应,其减流率在5.56%~53.91%,减沙率在18.84%~83.11%,产沙调控作用更优;(3)雨季前后,原状坡面小区土壤碳储量减少率达9.90%,明显高于等高反坡阶小区土壤碳储量的减少率3.99%;(4)通过相关分析发现,2个小区土壤有机碳的流失率与降雨量均未达到显著相关,但与降雨侵蚀力显著相关(p0.05)。径流、泥沙与2个小区有机碳的流失率均达到了显著正相关(p0.05)。[结论]等高反坡阶通过改变地表微地形,减少了坡耕地有机碳的输出。     

甘蔗种植方式对蔗地土壤侵蚀及氮素流失特征的影响

[目的] 探讨自然降雨条件下甘蔗种植方式(宿根和新植)对坡地的土壤侵蚀及氮素流失特征的影响，为区域水土流失防治和甘蔗合理种植提供理论依据。 [方法] 基于径流小区原位观测试验，以10°赤红壤植蔗坡地为研究对象，设置甘蔗宿根和新植两种种植方式，测定自然降雨条件下坡面径流、侵蚀量及硝态氮和铵态氮流失量，获得自然降雨条件下宿根蔗和新植蔗坡地土壤侵蚀特征和氮素流失的特征。 [结果] ①2021年5-10月宿根蔗和新植蔗地分别发生侵蚀性降雨40场和43场，累计侵蚀性降雨981.8 mm和1 013.0 mm。蔗地径流、侵蚀量及氮素流失量均集中在6月，径流和侵蚀泥沙中硝态氮和铵态氮主要随地表径流流失，占径流侵蚀氮素流失总量的96.0%以上；径流中的氮流失以硝态氮为主(＞70.0%)，而侵蚀泥沙中则以铵态氮流失为主(＞80.0%)。宿根蔗坡面径流、侵蚀量较新植蔗减少了31.8%和83.5%，径流中硝态氮和铵态氮流失量减少了56.7%和51.9%，侵蚀泥沙中则减少了85.4%和60.2%。 ②次降雨条件下，蔗地坡面径流、侵蚀和氮素流失随降雨量波动变化，宿根蔗和新植蔗地的径流、侵蚀量及氮素流失量主要发生在2021年6月3-24日降雨中，且整体上均表现为宿根蔗小于新植蔗。随着甘蔗的生长，蔗地坡面径流、侵蚀及其携带氮素流失量均逐渐减小。 ③最大30 min降雨强度(I₃₀)和降雨量是影响蔗地径流中和侵蚀泥沙中氮素流失的主要因子；最大60 min降雨强度(I₆₀)和I₃₀分别是影响宿根蔗和新植蔗坡面径流侵蚀的最主要降雨因子。 [结论] 蔗地坡面土壤径流、侵蚀泥沙中的硝态氮和铵态氮流失以地表径流中的硝态氮流失为主；与新植蔗相比，宿根蔗在甘蔗苗期和分蘖期可以有效降低坡面径流侵蚀及氮素流失，伸长后期二者差异逐渐变小。     

黄土坡面细沟间和细沟侵蚀对有机碳流失贡献的定量分析

细沟间和细沟侵蚀剥离和输移土壤的机制不同导致有机碳输移存在差异,然而因研究手段限制,这两种侵蚀方式对有机碳输移的贡献、影响等研究有待深入。本文利用模拟降雨与7Be示踪技术,在定量化分析细沟间和细沟侵蚀对黄土坡面侵蚀产沙贡献的基础上,进一步分析其对有机碳输移的贡献及影响。结果表明5°小区以细沟间侵蚀为主,其产沙贡献率为86%,大于5°的小区以细沟侵蚀为主,其产沙贡献率介于61%～71%之间,在降雨过程中甚至可达96%。降雨过程中坡面侵蚀泥沙有机碳平均富集比为1.16±0.15,细沟间侵蚀泥沙有机碳平均富集比为1.50±0.50,富集可导致有机碳流失率增加0.008～0.028 g·m^-2·min^-1。坡度大于5°的小区细沟侵蚀对有机碳流失贡献率介于55%～62%之间,低于对侵蚀产沙的贡献,但仍占主导地位。坡面侵蚀产沙量可解释有机碳流失量变化的97%,细沟间侵蚀产沙可解释细沟间有机碳流失量变化的89%。侵蚀过程中剧烈的细沟侵蚀可导致细沟间侵蚀泥沙有机碳的富集比增大。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.