天山南坡台兰河上游草地土壤理化性质与海拔的关系研究

通过野外调查、土样采集及室内分析,对托木尔峰自然保护区台兰河上游河谷不同海拔草地表层土壤理化性质进行研究。结果表明:(1)研究区样地土壤含水量、饱和含水率、容重、非毛管孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、总孔隙度的范围分别为9.04%~44.7%,41.39%~114.9%,1.02~1.44 g cm~(-3),4.03%~7.45%,47.48%~58.53%,51.51%~65.85%,土壤含水量、饱和含水率、非毛管孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、总孔隙度随海拔上升而呈增加趋势;土壤容重则随海拔高度的增加而呈降低趋势。(2)草地表层土壤平均有机质含量、全N含量、全P含量、C/N、土壤p H的范围分别在3.64%~9.22%、0.23%~0.53%、0.13%~0.15%、9.00~14.10、7.91~8.20之间有机质含量、全N含量的最大值分别约为最小值的2.5倍和2.3倍;有机质含量、全N含量、全P含量、C/N的大小均随海拔高度增加而趋于增大;土壤p H则随海拔上升不断降低。台兰河上游河谷草地表层土壤理化性质受海拔高度这一重要环境因子的影响深远且规律性显著。     

尕海洪泛湿地退化过程中土壤理化性质的变化特征

以甘南尕海则岔自然保护区内的未退化、轻度退化、中度退化及重度退化的洪泛湿地为研究对象,采用恢复生态学原理和野外采样与室内分析相结合的方法,研究洪泛湿地退化过程中土壤理化性质的变化特征。结果表明:(1)随着洪泛湿地退化程度的加剧,土壤容重逐渐增加,土壤毛管孔隙度、总孔隙度和通气度均表现为未退化中度退化轻度退化重度退化,土壤非毛管孔隙度为重度退化中度退化未退化轻度退化;与未退化洪泛湿地相比,轻度、中度、重度退化洪泛湿地的平均土壤最小持水量、毛管蓄水量和饱和蓄水量较其分别降低19.20%,47.91%,55.11%;11.24%,5.16%,16.49%;11.61%,1.93%,11.84%,非毛管蓄水量表现为重度退化(431.01t/hm2)中度退化(393.01t/hm2)未退化(303.81t/hm2)轻度退化(255.22t/hm2)。(2)各洪泛湿地的土壤平均速效N、P、K、全量N、P、K和有机质(SOM)向表层聚集明显;与未退化洪泛湿地相比,轻度、中度、重度退化湿地的土壤速效N含量分别降低25.91%,34.40%,37.03%,速效P含量分别降低16.91%,32.96%,40.53%,速效K含量分别降低14.48%,33.96%,41.42%,有机质含量分别降低0.57%,22.01%,22.73%;各湿地的C/N比在17.11~20.69之间,未退化湿地最低;pH变动范围为7.76~7.92,未退化湿地最高。(3)随着湿地退化程度的加剧,容重逐渐增加,孔隙度逐渐减小,持水和蓄水性能逐渐降低,养分含量逐渐减少,土壤环境趋于恶化。     

露天煤矿排土场边坡表层土壤水分物理性质空间变异特征

为加快海州露天煤矿排土场边坡的水土流失治理进程,同时为同类矿山排土场边坡的有效治理提供理论依据与技术支持,基于GIS原理,采用地统计学与经典统计学相结合的方法开展对排土场边坡表层土壤水分物理性质的空间变异性及其分布特征的研究。结果表明:排土场边坡表层土壤容重表现为弱变异性,饱和导水率表现为强变异性,毛管孔隙度与砾石含量表现为中等变异;毛管孔隙度的相关距离大于容重、砾石含量和饱和导水率,其在坡面分布上的均一性高于其他土壤水分物理性质;土壤水分物理性质具有强烈的空间相关性,其Co/(Co+C)值介于4.88%~15.95%;在排土场边坡不同研究尺度下,同一土壤水分物理性质相关距离范围变化规律较为一致;容重和砾石含量沿坡长方向从上到下表现为先增大后减小的趋势,毛管孔隙度和饱和导水率则为先减小后增大的趋势,土壤水分物理性质在各个坡位的变异程度不一且差异显著。     

黄土丘陵区典型植被土壤物理性质差异及其对导水特性影响

选取黄土丘陵区12种典型植被样地,通过测定各样地不同土层植物残体生物量、土壤容重、毛管孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度及饱和导水率,研究各指标随土层深度和植被类型的变化规律及其对土壤饱和导水率的影响。结果表明:(1)除容重随土层深度增加外,植物残体、毛管孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度和饱和导水率均随土层深度减少,其中植物残体大多集中于表层土壤(0—10 cm),占总残体生物量的51.4%～85.7%。(2)不同植被类型其植物残体及土壤物理性质存在显著差异,乔木林地植物残体、农耕地土壤容重、灌木林地非毛管孔隙度及饱和导水率均最大,而毛管孔隙度与不同土地利用类型间无显著差异。(3)饱和导水率随植物残体生物量密度(0—10 cm)和土壤容重呈幂函数减小,随毛管孔隙度和非毛管孔隙度呈幂函数增大;土壤容重(BD)和非毛管孔隙度(NCP)是影响土壤饱和导水率(K_s)的主要因素,且土壤饱和导水率可表示为两者的综合非线性方程(K_s=0.6BD~(-4.717)NCP~(0.203),P0.01,R~2=0.63,NSE=0.50)。此外,沙棘灌木林地平均饱和导水率最大,有利于降雨过程中土壤水分入渗,具有较强的水土保持功能。本研究结果可为黄土高原植被恢复生态水文效益评价提供理论依据。     

退化第四纪红粘土重建森林模式及其土壤恢复研究

以江西严重退化第四纪红粘土为研究对象,选择其中9种模式重建的林龄10年的森林,调查土壤理化性状,结果表明:(1)土壤有机质、全N、速效N、全P、速效P明显增加,而且增加幅度最大的是有机质;土壤全钾、有效钾都较大程度提高。(2)土壤有机质、全氮浓度随土层深度明显下降,有效磷、有效钾、有效氮浓度则随土层深度平缓下降,全磷、全钾浓度随土层变化不明显。(3)各重建森林模式的土壤容重、非毛管孔隙度也呈较大幅度降低;毛管持水量、毛管孔隙度呈不同幅度增加;不同重建模式总孔隙度变化的差异较大。     

祁连山青海云杉林土壤有机质及氮素的空间分布特征

以祁连山不同海拔梯度及剖面不同层次土壤有机质和全氮为研究对象,分析两元素在海拔和剖面上的分异规律。结果表明:祁连山青海云杉分布带(海拔为2 500~3 300m)土壤有机质和全氮含量随海拔的升高而增大,分布带下限两者含量最低,分别为8.07%和0.32%,分布带上限两者含量最高,分别为18.487%和0.588%。剖面上土壤有机质和全氮含量均表现为在表层最高,分别为18.487%和0.588%,在40-60cm层含量均最低,分别为7.373%和0.243%,随取样深度的增加,两者在剖面上的含量均呈递减趋势。土壤碳氮比随海拔的升高有波动增大趋势,海拔2 800m时最小,海拔3 100m时最大,其碳氮比介于12.1~30.6之间,在剖面上表现为表层最高,10-20cm最低,其余各层随土壤深度增加而增大。土壤容重与土壤全氮、土壤有机质含量之间均存在负相关关系;土壤自然含水量与土壤全氮、土壤有机质含量之间均存在正相关关系。     

红松阔叶混交林不同演替阶段土壤肥力与林木生长的关系

运用对比和统计分析方法,研究小兴安岭红松阔叶混交林进展演替系列4个阶段（形成阶段、发展阶段、稳定阶段和顶级群落阶段）的土壤肥力、林木生长以及土壤肥力与主要树种生长的关系。结果表明：随着林分演替进展,林分中针叶树种（红松、云杉和冷杉）树高、胸径、蓄积量增加,白桦、山杨等阔叶树种蓄积量则不断减小;土壤物理性状得到改善,土壤渗透性、饱和持水量、毛管持水量、毛管孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度增大;土壤有机质、全氮、硝态氮和铵态氮含量逐渐增加;表层（0—10cm）土壤pH值逐渐减小。红松阔叶混交林各演替阶段土壤密度、pH值与林木树高、胸径呈负相关;土壤饱和持水量、毛管持水量、非毛管孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、有机质、铵态氮、硝态氮、全氮均与林木平均树高、平均胸径呈正相关。相关性因树种不同而有所差异。运用主成分分析方法证明。土壤饱和持水量、毛管孔隙度、有机质和硝态氮是影响林木生长和不同演替阶段土壤肥力的主要因子。不同演替阶段土壤肥力排序为原始林〉稳定阶段〉发展阶段〉形成阶段。土壤肥力向着良性发展。     

火力楠和红苞木幼林的土壤肥力研究

对选定的火力楠幼林和红苞木幼林的土壤物理性质、土壤养分特点、微生物和酶活性进行了对比研究.结果表明,火力楠林的土壤容重显著小于对照,土壤毛管孔隙和总孔隙的比例及土壤毛管持水量显著大于后者.红苞木林的土壤容重是火力楠林的115%,土壤毛管孔隙、总孔隙的比例及毛管持水量分别为后者85%,87%和76%,而二者的非毛管孔隙相近.2种林分的土壤有机质、全N、全K和水解N含量均显著大于对照,而全P、速效P和速效K含量显著小于后者.二者的土壤pH值相近,均呈强酸性.火力楠林的土壤有机质、全N、全P、全K、水解N、速效P和速效K含量分别为红苞木林的1.29,1.26,1.17,1.02,1.20,1.33和1.51倍.火力楠林的土壤细菌、真菌和放线菌数量及土壤脲酶、磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性分别为红苞木林的1.63,1.18,1.72,1.19,1.06和1.24倍;2种林分的3种微生物数量和3种酶活性显著大于对照.     

不同造林模式对铁尾矿地土壤性质的影响

为了了解不同造林模式对尾矿地物种多样性的影响以及对土壤物理、化学和生物性质的影响,采用空间替代时间的研究方式,分别调查未造林尾矿地、紫穗槐纯林、沙棘纯林以及沙棘—紫穗槐—桑树人工混交林下土壤的物理、化学及生物性质。结果表明:(1)与裸尾矿相比,紫穗槐纯林、沙棘纯林以及混交林林下土壤容重、田间持水量、毛管持水量以及毛管孔隙度均有不同程度的下降,土壤饱和持水量、总孔隙度及非毛管孔隙度有所上升,且混交林林下土壤物理性质的变化最大,土壤容重、田间持水量、毛管持水量与毛管孔隙度较裸尾矿分别下降了12.07%,3.49%,4.66%,3.67%,土壤饱和持水量、总孔隙度及非毛管孔隙度分别增加了6.44%,9.29%,12.96%;(2)与裸尾矿相比,紫穗槐纯林、沙棘纯林以及混交林林下土壤有机质含量及各种养分元素含量明显增加,土壤pH值下降,尤以混交林的变化最为明显;(3)造林后土壤主要微生物类群的数量及主要酶活性均有所上升,且以混交林上升最明显。由此可以看出,在尾矿地进行人工造林可以在一定程度上改善尾矿土壤的性质,且营造混交林模式对尾矿土壤的改良效果最佳。     

赣南飞播马尾松林林下植被盖度对土壤质量的影响

为了探明林下植被盖度对赣南飞播马尾松林土壤质量的影响,选取3种林下植被盖度（> 70%,30%～70%,< 30%）的林分,对其表层（0—10 cm）土壤理化性质的16个指标进行比较分析,筛选出土壤容重、田间持水量、土壤有机质、速效磷、pH值作为土壤质量评价指标,运用土壤理化综合指数评价不同林下植被盖度下土壤质量水平。结果表明:3种林下植被盖度间,土壤容重、土壤含水量、饱和持水量、毛管持水量、田间持水量、毛管孔隙度、总孔隙度、pH值存在显著差异（P < 0.05）;非毛管孔隙度、有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、速效氮、速效磷、速效钾不存在显著差异（P > 0.05）。不同林下植被盖度的土壤理化综合指数存在极显著差异（P < 0.01）,土壤质量随着林下植被盖度的增加而得到显著提高。     

Accumulation of copper in soils and leaves of tomato plants in greenhouses in Turkey

Copper (Cu)‐containing fertilizers, fungicides, and bactericides has been used extensively in the greenhouses in the Antalya province in recent decades with the use of such materials tending to increase year by year. The level of DTPA‐extractable Cu was determined in 210 soils (0–20 and 20–40 cm depth) and 105 leaf samples obtained from 105 tomato greenhouses. The DTPA‐extractable Cu contents of the soils taken from the 0–20 depth ranged between 0.76 and 88.03 mg kg^‐1 (mean 7.79 mg kg^‐1). The percentage of soils containing DTPA‐extractable Cu greater than the critical toxicity level (20 mg kg^‐1) was 8.1. The Cu content of tomato leaf samples ranged between 2.4 and 1,490 mg kg^‐1 (mean 166.5 mg kg^‐1). The Cu concentration in leaf samples was very high due to the intensive use of foliar applied Cu‐containing chemicals. As a consequence, 24.8% of the leaf tomato samples analyzed contained over 200 mg Cu kg^‐1, the maximum accepted tolerance level. Therefore, it may be necessary to reduce the use of Cu‐containing pesticides and fertilizers, or at least reduce the amount of Cu‐containing fertilizers being used in those greenhouses where Cu‐containing pesticides have been or are being used.     

Role of selenium in mitigation of cadmium toxicity in pepper grown in hydroponic condition

Selenium (Se) is an essential element for humans but is not considered as essential for plants. However, its beneficial role in improving plant growth and stress tolerances is well established. In order to study the role of Se in cadmium (Cd) toxicity in pepper (Capsicum frutescens cv. Suryankhi Cluster), this experiment was carried out in greenhouse conditions. Treatments comprised Cd [0, 0.25, and 0.5 mM cadmium chloride (CdCl₂)] and Se [0, 3, and 7 µM sodium selenite (Na₂SeO₃)] with three replications. The result showed that Cd decreased chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids, whereas Se supplementation diminished Cd toxicity on photosynthetic pigment. Selenium at 7 µM significantly increased the leaf area in the plants grown at 0.25 mM Cd. The application of Se at 3 µM with 0.25 mM Cd and Se at 3 µM and Se at 7 µM with 0.5 mM Cd increased the activity of catalase (CAT). Selenium at 7 µM decreased the proline content of pepper leaves exposed to Cd at 0.5 mM (30%). Selenium significantly enhanced the antioxidant activity of leaves, which was diminished by Cd toxicity. In general, Se has a beneficial effect on plant growth and is an antioxidant enzyme of pepper cv. Suryankhi Cluster under Cd stress and non-stress conditions.     

红壤区不同肥力水稻土根际硝化作用特征

通过根际培养箱(三室)——速冻切片技术研究了红壤地区高、低两种肥力下水稻苗期根表、根际和土体土壤矿质态氮含量和硝化强度,以及水稻生长、氮素积累的差异。结果表明,肥力水平对水稻根表和根际土壤铵态氮(NH4+-N)含量无显著影响,但高肥力显著提高土体土壤NH4+-N含量,以及根表、根际和土体土壤硝态氮(NO3--N)含量及硝化强度。两种肥力水稻土硝化强度最大值均出现在距根表2 mm处,分别为0.20和0.31μmol kg-1 h-1。土体土壤硝化强度随距根表距离增加而降低,低肥力土壤在距根表10～40mm处时硝化强度接近本底值,而高肥力土壤在距根表20～40 mm处时接近本底值。与不种水稻的CK相比,种植水稻显著提高根际土壤硝化强度。高肥力能显著改善水稻生长,增加植株氮素积累量,尤其显著促进根系生长及通气组织发育。由于红壤稻田肥力水平的差异造成水稻根际硝化强度以及水稻吸收NO3-的差异,导致高肥条件下水稻显示出更强的生长势和氮素吸收利用能力。因此,合理提高红壤稻田肥力水平对改善红壤区水稻根际土壤硝化作用及水稻氮素营养具有重要意义。     

自由基在鸡肾病发生中的作用研究

肾病即急性肾小管坏死.鸡肾病在养鸡生产中极为常见,尤其近年来,鸡肾病的发生日益增多,由于其发生机制不清楚,临床治疗鸡肾病的依据不足,致使治疗效果不佳,为此,提出本研究以探讨鸡肾病的发生机制,为本病防治提供理论依据.     

Occurrence of Sexual Hormones in Sediments of Mangrove in Brazil

The presence of sexual hormones (female estrogens) was assessed in sediments of a mangrove located in the urban region of southern Brazil. The estrogens are involved in human sexual reproduction. They act as the chemical messengers, and they are classified as natural and synthetic. The estrogens inputs in the environment are from treated and untreated sewage. The presence of estrogens in sewage is excretion from the female due to natural production and use of contraceptives (synthetic estrogens). With the indiscriminate release of sewage into the environment, estrogens can be found in rivers, lakes, and even in oceans. In this work, the presence of estrone (E1), 17-??-estradiol (E2), and 17-??-ethynilestradiol (EE2) in eight sedimentary stations in Itacorubi mangrove located on Santa Catarina Island, south Brazil, was investigated. Historically, the Itacorubi mangrove has been impacted by anthropogenic activities because the mangrove is inserted in the urban area of the Florianopolis. The estrogen EE2, used as contraceptive, had the highest concentration in mangrove sediment, 129.75?±?3.89 ng/g. E2 was also found, with its concentration ranging from 0.90?±?0.03 to 39.77?±?1.19 ng/g. Following the mechanism, under aerobic or anaerobic conditions, E2 will first be oxidized to E1, which is further oxidized to unknown metabolites and finally to CO₂ and water (mineralized). EE2 is oxidized to unknown metabolites and also finally mineralized. Theoretically, under anaerobic conditions, EE2 can be reduced to E1 even in environments such as mangrove which is essentially anaerobic.     

Meta-analysis in the Selection of Groups in Varieties of Citrus

Brazil is the largest producer of oranges (Citrus sinensis) in the world. The nutrient management of tree orchards is designed from experiments with a limited number of varieties. This knowledge is transferred to other varieties by diagnosing tissue nutrient composition and tree demand. Compositional data analysis has been first applied to tissue analysis of agricultural crops using centered log ratios with compositional nutrient diagnosis (CND-clr). The isometric log ratio (ilr) transformation is a new approach based on binary nutrient ratios and the principle of orthogonality (CND-ilr). We analyzed eleven nutrients: nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), boron (B), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and iron (Fe) in leaf tissue samples across 108 commercial plots (thirty-one grow Valencia, twenty-two Hamlim, twenty Pera, and thirty-five Natal). Nutrients were partitioned between macro- and micronutrients as well as anionic and cationic species. The effect size of varieties over Valencia was quantified by the mean and standard deviation of ilr values across ilr coordinates. Specific varietal nutrient profiles and ilr norms were defined. The nutrient profile of orange varieties could be classified into homogeneous groups to take advantage of fertilizer trials conducted on varieties of the same group. The Aitchison distance and a perturbation vector could be instrumental for diagnostic purposes and nutrient management.     

Effect of iron-quercetin complex on reduction of nitrite in in vitro and in vivo systems

This study investigated whether reducing agents such as quercetin and iron(II) facilitate formation of nitric oxide (NO) gas from orally ingested nitrite in an vivo study. When 3 mg/kg Na (15)NO2 was orally administered to rats with or without iron(II) or quercetin, Hb (15)NO, which is indicative of systemic (15)NO, was detected in the blood, with the maximum blood concentration of Hb (15)NO at 15 min after nitrite or nitrite plus quercetin treatment, whereas after administration of nitrite plus iron(II) or nitrite plus iron(II) and quercetin, the time was shortened to 10 min. Interestingly, iron(II), quercetin, or iron(II) plus quercetin did not affect the total amount of Hb (15)NO generated from orally administered Na (15)NO2. However, the systemic nitrite concentration was significantly decreased in the presence of iron(II) or iron(II) plus quercetin. These results may indicate that iron(II) is critical to the generation of NO gas from nitrite, whereas quercetin contributed little under the in vivo experimental conditions.     

旱地果园水肥管理模式研究进展

分析了旱地果园水肥管理模式的研究进展和存在问题,指出水肥胁迫尤其是水钾已成为旱区果树高产稳产优质化的主要限制因子。在系统探讨旱地果园水分管理、养分管理、综合管理以及果树叶营养综合诊断施肥标准的基础上,提出了旱地果园的高效水肥管理模式。     

Role of aldehyde oxidase in the hepatic in vitro metabolism of 3-methylindole in pigs

The metabolism of 3-hydroxy-3-methylindolenine (HMI), a recently discovered metabolite of 3-methylindole (3MI, skatole) produced by porcine liver microsomes, was investigated in vitro using porcine liver cytosol. HMI was rapidly metabolized to a single product, 3-hydroxy-3-methyloxindole (HMOI), by porcine cytosol. By the use of the selective inhibitors menadione and quinacrine, it was shown that the enzyme responsible for the oxidation of HMI into HMOI was aldehyde oxidase (AO; aldehyde:oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.2.3.1). The activity of AO in the conversion of HMI to HMOI was measured in a population of pigs (n = 30) with a wide range of 3MI levels in back fat (0.07-0.30 mg/kg). AO activity was found to be negatively correlated (r = -0.70; P < 0.001) with the level of 3MI in fat. The results of the present study suggest that AO plays an important role in the metabolism of 3MI in the pig and that its catalytic activity is related to an adequate 3MI clearance.     

北京市郊典型农田施肥研究与分析

通过问卷调查形式,对京郊粮田、菜田和果园3种农田施肥现状进行研究.结果表明,菜田和果园化肥施用量较高,氮、磷、钾肥均显著高于粮田.菜田和果园氮肥用量分别为1741.0和1172.8 kg/hm2,分别是粮田氮肥用量的4.5和3.0倍;磷肥用量分别为1375.1和996.4 kg/hm2,分别是粮田磷肥用量的15.5倍和11.2倍;钾肥用量分别为791.3和602.4 kg/hm2,分别是粮田钾肥用量的21.1和16.1倍.另外,3种利用方式的农田氮、磷和钾肥施用比例不同,粮田为75.4%、17.3%和7.3%;果园为42.3%、36.0%和21.7%;而菜田为44.6%、35.2%和20.3%.3种种植类型中均存在氮肥投入过量、钾肥不足的问题.