土壤紧实胁迫对黄瓜生长、产量及养分吸收的影响

用容重分别为1.2、1.4和1.6.g/cm3的土壤进行盆栽试验,研究了土壤紧实度对黄瓜生长、产量及养分吸收的影响。结果表明,当土壤紧实度增大时,黄瓜秧苗的株高在定植后的15.d后受到显著抑制;第4叶的叶宽和叶长在定植后9～17.d内增加;茎粗则是在稍紧的土壤中(R.1.4)最大,过紧的土壤中(R.1.6)最小;根系伸长生长受阻,干物质质量及活力显著下降,根冠比降低;生物学产量、经济产量、经济系数的变化情况及植株对氮、磷、钾吸收量的变化与茎粗的变化趋势相同。在本试验条件下,容重为1.2.g/cm3的土壤利于株高及根系的生长,容重1.4g/cm3的土壤则利于茎粗、根系养分的吸收及产量的增加。     

土壤紧实胁迫对黄芩生长、产量及品质的影响

探讨土壤紧实胁迫对黄芩生长的影响,为提高黄芩产量与品质提供科学依据。通过采用土壤容重分别为1.20、1.35和1.50 g/cm3的土壤模拟不同紧实度进行盆栽试验,研究土壤紧实胁迫对黄芩生长、产量及品质的影响。结果表明,当土壤容重增大时,黄芩的株高、茎粗、根系芦头、根长、地上部质量、根系质量呈现递减趋势,土壤容重1.35和1.50 g/cm3处理的黄芩地上部质量比1.20 g/cm3处理分别减少了5.88%、22.35%,黄芩的根系干根质量分别减小10.72%、18.76%,且均在土壤容重1.35和1.50 g/cm3处理之间表现差异极显著;土壤容重1.35 g/cm3处理和1.50 g/cm3处理的黄芩苷含量较1.20 g/cm3处理分别减少了23.95%、52.75%,且土壤容重1.35与1.50 g/cm3处理之间差异显著;黄芩的根系活力下降,叶片可溶性蛋白质、叶绿素含量降低,丙二醛(MDA)含量升高;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)及过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性增强。在本试验条件下,土壤容重为1.20 g/cm3时黄芩生长发育良好,生物产量、有效成分含量最高。     

紧实胁迫对土壤呼吸强度及黄瓜生长和品质的影响

用容重为1.2和1.5 g cm-3的土壤进行盆栽试验,研究了紧实胁迫对土壤剖面各层中呼吸强度及CO2浓度的影响,调查了黄瓜植株及果实品质对土壤紧实胁迫的反应。结果表明:紧实土壤(高容重)土面下CO2浓度及呼吸强度均大于疏松土壤(低容重)。紧实土壤中黄瓜根系伸长生长受到抑制,根系重量显著减小,根冠比(地下部干重/地上部干重)降低;地上部的鲜重及干重也减小,但干物质含量却有一定程度增加;展开的叶片数减小,黄叶数增加,植株衰老提早。果实增大速度受到抑制,糖/酸比大幅度下降,风味变差。     

河套地区覆膜与裸地玉米随地积温变化的生长动态模型

利用实测资料和Logistic方程,分覆膜和裸地两种情况建立玉米根系和地上部分干物质随地积温变化增长的动态模型,模型均通过了0.001水平的显著性检验。由模拟结果可见,覆膜玉米土壤耕层地温的增高,有效地促进了根系的生长,覆膜玉米根长、根干重、根数、根体积均比裸地玉米长（多）7.5cm、16.3g、17.5条、3.6cm^3;覆膜玉米株高、茎干重、叶干重、LAI、穗干重、地上部分干重也均比裸地玉米高（多）4.1cm、19.7g、3.2g、0.6、253.5g、455.4g。说明只要改善环境条件尤其是地温,就可以促进玉米生长和提高产量。     

不同种植模式对土壤质量及马铃薯生长的影响

为探究轮作藜麦、玉米及连作对马铃薯根系生理及根系发育的影响及其机制,比较了3种种植模式(轮作藜麦、轮作玉米及连作)对马铃薯根际土壤微环境、根系生理、根系发育及植株生长的影响,以期为减轻马铃薯连作障碍、筛选较好的轮作模式提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)轮作藜麦、玉米明显降低土壤pH,提高土壤中有机质、碱解氮和有效磷含量,增强土壤肥力相关酶的活性,增加土壤细菌、放线菌数量和细菌与真菌数量比值(B/F),降低真菌数量,改善马铃薯根际土壤微环境,对植株生长发育起到促进作用,表现在马铃薯的株高、茎粗、地上部干重、根干重、单株薯重均有一定程度的增加。(2)轮作藜麦、玉米使得马铃薯根系超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性上升,超氧阴离子产生速率下降,丙二醛(MDA)含量减少,渗透调节物质含量增加,表明通过轮作藜麦和玉米使得连作对马铃薯植株造成的胁迫得到了一定程度缓解。(3)轮作藜麦、玉米显著提高了马铃薯根系总根长、根表面积、根体积、根平均直径和根尖数,说明轮作藜麦及玉米促进了马铃薯根系的生长发育,这与轮作藜麦及玉米改善土壤理化性质、生物学性质及促进马铃薯地上部分的发育相对应。比较轮作藜麦及轮作玉米的整体表现,以轮作玉米调控马铃薯连作障碍的效果较好。     

水分和磷对苗期玉米根系形态和磷吸收的耦合效应

水分亏缺和土壤缺磷已经成为玉米(Zea mays L.)生产的主要限制性因素,但水分和磷如何调节玉米根系形态和磷吸收尚不完全清楚。本研究采用盆栽土培试验,设置4个水分梯度[田间持水量的35%(W1)、55%(W2)、75%(W3)和100%(W4)]和2个磷处理[高磷:205 mg(P)·kg~(-1);低磷:11 mg(P)·kg~(-1)],探究水分和磷对苗期玉米根系生长和磷吸收的耦合效应。结果表明:(1)不管土壤磷供应如何,玉米苗干重、根干重、总根长和根表面积随水分供应强度的增加呈现先增加后降低的趋势,土壤有效磷含量也表现出相似的变化趋势,根质量比和平均根直径随水分供应强度的增加呈现下降的趋势,植株磷含量和磷累积量随水分供应强度的增加呈现稳定增加的趋势;(2)水分亏缺(W1)和过量供应(W4)均不利于玉米根系生长和干物质累积,水分亏缺(W1)抑制玉米对土壤磷素的获取,水分过量供应(W4)引起土壤磷素的奢侈吸收(W4),轻度的水分胁迫(W2)能够促进玉米根系的生长和干物质累积,减少对土壤磷的奢侈吸收,充足的水分供应(W3)能够促进玉米根系的生长、干物质累积和土壤磷素的吸收;(3)磷供应显著增加了玉米苗干重、根干重(W4除外)、总根长、根表面积、植株磷含量(W4除外)和磷累积量,但降低了玉米的根质量比。(4)两因素方差分析结果表明,水分对苗干重、根干重、根质量比、总根长、根表面积、平均根直径、植株磷含量、植株磷累积量和土壤有效磷含量的相对贡献分别为45.94%、36.71%、67.95%、59.63%、58.34%、81.86%、24.75%、35.66%和3.00%,磷对这些参数的相对贡献分别为34.78%、21.19%、14.84%、9.22%、9.21%、1.56%、35.54%、49.75%和94.40%,可见水分是控制玉米根系形态和干物质累积的关键因子,磷是控制玉米地上磷吸收和土壤有效磷含量的关键因子。总体来说,低磷条件下玉米根系对土壤磷的获取偏向于以根形态为主导的适应策略,高磷条件下玉米根系对土壤磷的获取偏向于以根生理吸收为主导的适应策略。水分和磷之间较好的耦合能够促进玉米根系生长、干物质累积,减少对土壤磷素的奢侈吸收。     

生物质炭改善果园土壤理化性状并促进苹果植株氮素吸收

【目的】 探究生物质炭对苹果植株生长、土壤理化特性和氮素利用的影响,为生产上苹果园合理应用生物质炭提供依据。 【方法】 以两年生红富士/平邑甜茶为试材,以400℃亚高温热解木材产生的生物质炭为供试肥料,采用15N同位素示踪技术进行了盆栽试验。设底施生物质炭0、15、30、45和60 g/kg,分别以CK、T1、T2、T3和T4表示。调查了苹果植株生长发育、土壤理化性质、根际微生物数量及氮素的吸收、利用和损失。 【结果】 添加生物质炭的所有处理植株株高、茎粗和总干重均显著高于CK;T2、T3和T4处理的根系活力均显著高于T1和CK处理,但三个处理间差异不显著;随着生物质炭用量的增加,土壤容重逐渐降低,T3和T4处理的土壤容重分别为1.22和1.20 g/cm3,两者间差异不显著,但均显著高于CK、T1和T2处理;T3和T4处理的土壤有机质、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾和根际土细菌、放线菌、真菌数量均显著高于其他处理,两者间差异不显著;与CK相比,添加生物质炭显著增加了植株对肥料15N的吸收,T4和T3处理植株15N利用率分别为15.18%和15.63%,均显著高于其他处理;土壤15N残留率以T4处理最高,为38.16%,T3次之,T1最低,为30.02%;氮素损失以T1处理最高,为58.54%,T4处理最低,为45.66%,且T4与T3处理间差异不显著。通过对植株生物量和氮素利用效率与生物质炭施用量进行拟合分析,两者出现最大值时的生物质炭施用量分别为64 g/kg和55 g/kg。 【结论】 施用生物质炭降低了土壤容重,提高了土壤碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量及根际土壤细菌、放线菌和真菌数量,促进了苹果植株根系和地上部的生长及对肥料氮的吸收,增加了土壤对氮的固定,减少了氮的损失,提高了氮肥利用率,本试验条件下适宜的生物质炭施用量为55～64 g/kg土。      

饲用型牧草东科“巨谷”改土培肥效应研究

在河西走廊盐土上种植饲用型牧草东科"巨谷",改土培肥效果明显。种植巨谷3年与CK比较,0～20cm土层中自然含水量增加99.72g kg-1、土壤贮水量增加171.78m3 hm-2、>0.25mm团粒结构增加22.64%、总孔度增加13.64%、毛管孔度增加8.05%、土壤容重降低0.23g cm3;pH由8.03降到7.79,全盐含量降低3.70 g kg-1,脱盐率达到70.34%;土壤有机质增加2.98 g kg-1、速效N、P、K分别增加14.74mg kg-1、2.26mg kg-1、37.26 mg kg-1。种植巨谷3年,平均株高265.25cm,茎粗3.80cm,单株鲜重1165.62g,单株干重384.65g,鲜草产量78.68t hm-2,干草产量25.96t hm-2,产值7300元hm-2。     

不同磷肥施用量对油橄榄根际土壤微环境及生长发育的影响

探究不同磷肥施用量对油橄榄苗根系形态、根际土壤理化性质、土壤肥力相关酶活性、微生物数量、根系生理及生长发育的影响,以期确定油橄榄苗期最优的磷肥施用量,为油橄榄植株培育提供科学合理的施肥依据。结果显示:(1)增施适量磷肥可降低根际土壤pH值,提高根际土壤有机质、有效磷含量,根际土壤碱解氮含量有所下降;增施适量磷肥还可增强根际土壤碱性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶活性,而脲酶活性降低;增加根际土壤细菌、放线菌、解磷菌数量及细菌与真菌比值(B/F),降低真菌数量,改善油橄榄根际土壤性质;(2)增施适量磷肥可提高油橄榄根系中脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白及可溶性糖含量,增强根系活力,增加根系含水量、油橄榄根长、根表面积和根尖数,促进根系生长,优化根系空间分布;(3)增施适量磷肥使油橄榄株高、茎粗、地上部干重、根干重和根冠比均有一定程度的提高,对植株生长发育起到促进作用。比较6种不同磷肥施用量,以每株施用45 g磷肥对油橄榄幼苗根系生长发育和根际土壤微环境改善效果最佳。综上所述,增施适量磷肥可改善根际土壤理化性质和生物学特性,从而促进油橄榄根系及地上部分的生长发育。     

VA菌根菌丝对紧实土壤中磷的吸收

本文采用三室隔网盆栽试验方法,选择三种土壤容重(1.3;1.6;1.8g/cm3)来模拟自然条件下不同紧实度对植物根系生长的抑制情况,探讨了接种VA菌根真菌Gmosseae对三叶草植株生长和对土壤磷吸收的影响。结果表明随着土壤容重的增加,三叶草根系生长受到抑制的程度随之加重。当土壤容重为1.8g/cm3时,根系基本不能生长,而菌丝却能在其中伸展并吸收养分。表现为1.8土壤容重的处理菌根植物的含磷量明显高于无菌根植物。而在低容重的处理中两者却没有显著差异。说明VA菌根真菌能缓解甚至消除土壤机械阻力对植物生长的胁迫。     

Effect of tillage treatments upon soil tests for soil acidity,soil phosphorus and soil potassium at three soil depths

Abstract

Soil samples were obtained at 0–3, 3–6, 6–9 and 0–9 inch depths from experimental plots receiving five tillage treatments. Each of two samplers composited approximately six one‐inch cores from each plot. Soil samples were analyzed for acidity, P and K using routine analysis procedures in the University of Illinois Soil Testing Laboratory.

Few significant differences were attributed to sampler and it was concluded that samplers using similar sampling techniques were obtaining soil samples from the same population.

No significant differences in soil acidity at different depths were observed. The different tillage methods did significantly affect soil P at the 0–3 inch depth, but had no significant effect on soil P at deeper depths. Different tillage methods also significantly affected soil K values at different depths.     

Usability of soil survey soil texture data for soil health indicator scoring

Soil textural information is an important component underlying other soil health indicators. Soil texture analysis is a common procedure, but it can be labor intensive and expensive. Soil texture data typically are available from the Soil Survey Geographic (SSURGO) database, which may be an option for determining soil health texture groups (SHTG). The SSURGO database provides soil texture information in the soil map unit (SMU) name, taxonomic class category (family), and detailed values (≤ 2 mm soil fraction) of percent sand, silt and clay by soil horizon. The objective of this study was to examine the possibility of using SSURGO data for SHTG at the 147-ha Cornell University Willsboro Research Farm in New York state as an alternative for soil texture data determined manually on collected soil core samples. Comparative results revealed that representative values for soil texture from the SSURGO database generally matched measured mean values for all SMUs.     

土壤含水率与土壤碱度对土壤抗剪强度的影响

土壤含水率和土壤碱度是表征土壤物理化学性质的两个重要参数。通过室内三轴不固结不排水试验，研究了土壤含水率和土壤碱度对土壤抗剪强度的影响。试验处理采用5种土壤碱度(土壤可交换钠百分比ESP=0、5、10、20、40)和4种土壤质量含水率(0.05、0.10、0.20以及饱和含水率0.34)水平。试验结果显示，土壤黏聚力随着土壤含水率的增加基本上呈先增大后减小之趋势；当土壤含水率在0.10附近时黏聚力达到其最大值。土壤内摩擦角随着土壤含水率的增加而线性减小。土壤碱度对土壤黏聚力的影响机理较为复杂，其影响效果随土壤含水率的增加而减小；但土壤碱度对土壤内摩擦角的影响较小。土壤碱度对土壤抗剪强度的影响程度明显地小于土壤含水率对其的影响程度。     

黑土区土壤侵蚀厚度对土地生产力的影响及其评价

为了研究黑土区土壤侵蚀厚度对土地生产力的影响,采用盆栽试验,人为剥离黑土表层0、5、10、15、20、25和30 cm土壤以模拟侵蚀厚度不同的耕层土壤,分析土壤侵蚀厚度对土壤理化性质、大豆生物性状和水分利用效率等指标的影响。并对TOPSIS(technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution)模型进行改进,用于评价侵蚀厚度不同的土壤的土地生产力。结果表明:土壤全N、碱解N、全P、速效P、有机质含量和土壤田间持水率均随侵蚀厚度的增加而递减,土壤容重随侵蚀厚度的增加而递增。土壤侵蚀厚度对大豆生长有显著影响,随着侵蚀厚度的增加,大豆减产率呈"S型"曲线递增,产量、耗水量呈"Z型"曲线递减,水分利用效率呈指数曲线关系递减。改进的TOPSIS模型对不同侵蚀厚度下土地生产力的评价结果较为理想,计算的土地生产力指数随土壤侵蚀厚度的变化呈"Z型"曲线,与大豆产量的变化趋势相同,且二者呈指数函数关系,决定系数达0.996,均方根误差为0.65。研究结果可为黑土区土壤侵蚀防治提供理论依据。     

Nonisothermal nature of soil profiles and soil hydrophysics

The results of studies of thermal water transfer and the functional analysis of nonisothermal soil water exchange (summarizing the current concepts of its physical nature, value, relations to soil properties, contribution to heat conductivity, and use for determining other hydrophysical properties of soils) are presented without going into detail of the mathematical analysis.     

土壤调节剂对土壤物理性质的改善

Effects of non-ionic polyacrylamide(PAM),anionic polyacrylamide(PHP),cationic polyacrylamide(PCAM),non-ionic polyvinylalcohol(PVA),anionic hydrolyzed polyacrylonitrile(HPAN)and polyethleneoxide(PEO)on the physical properties of three different soil stpes were studied.content of water-stable aggregates larger than 0.25mm increased to varying extents for different soils and soil conditioners,Among the six kinds of condiftioners,non-ionic polyacrylamide(PAM) was the most effective for red soil while polyethyleneoxide(PEO)the least effective for Chao soil,red soil and yellow-brown soil.Water-stable aggregates with the molecular weight of PEO within a certain range.Only evaporation rate of Chao soil decreased after aplication of PAM and HPAN to Chao soil and red soil.     

Ecological standardization of soil and soil quality control

Theoretical bases are offered for the ecological soil standardization presuming the scientific substantiating of the allowable ecological state (quality) of the soil and the allowable anthropogenic impact on it. The modern experience of these bases’ application in regulatory-methodological, nature-control, and managerial practices is presented. The criteria are found for determining the levels of the allowable ecological quality of soil and the anthropogenic impact on it. The sources of the anthropogenic impact on the soil are characterized. A unified system of indices of soil quality and anthropogenic impacts and a mechanism for determining the range of the allowable values of these parameters have been developed taking into account the natural conditions and types of land use. Scientific-methodological approaches are proposed that support a certain balance between the allowable ecological status of the soil and the effects on it in connection with the mechanisms of the soil quality control in particular land plots.     

新造雅阳系土壤养分变化的研究

随着城乡建设和经济发展的需要,征用耕地面积不断扩大。通过新造农田复垦在较短的时间内能实现耕地面积总量的动态平衡,但新造农田复垦达到耕地质量标准尚需较长的时间。本文以新造雅阳系3个不同耕作年限耕层土壤养分变化的分析研究,其结果表明,耕作年限在15年后,土壤有机质、速效P、速效K含量才能达到老雅阳系耕层土壤养分水平,即耕地质量标准,而全N含量存在着一定的差异。     

Factors of soil formation in soil classification systems

The development of soil classification systems in Russia has been accompanied by certain changes in the attitude toward the factors of soil formation as criteria for separating soil units at the high taxonomic levels. The works of N.N. Rozov supported the traditional priority of the bioclimatic approach to the separation of soil types and subtypes in the classification systems of 1967 and 1977. In the new classification of Russian soils, the factors of soil formation are taken into account in a “hidden” form, through the diagnostic horizons and features reflecting the facial and zonal changes in the character of the pedogenesis and through the separation of several high-level soil taxa developing under specific combinations of lithological and geomorphic conditions. Ecological matrices illustrating the position of the soil types distinguished on the basis of substantive criteria in the field of soil-forming factors are included in the latest version of the new Russian soil classification system. The idea of these matrices fully corresponds to the logic of the factor-genetic soil classification system developed in the works of N.N. Rozov.