我国转基因生物安全调查Ⅰ.公众对转基因生物安全与风险的认知

为较为全面地了解当前我国公众对转基因生物风险与安全的认识水平,有针对性地有效开展转基因生物安全风险交流,本研究在全国30个省（市、区）进行了4 239份问卷调查。经过对问卷答案的整理与分析,结果表明：我国大多数公众目前对转基因等生物技术的相关知识了解甚少,但对转基因食品是否影响健康,对身体是否有害等方面却非常关注与小心,公众普遍最担心的是转基因生物可能带来的风险。政府和相关职能机构与科技研究部门,包括转基因生物制品的推广人员以及媒体与学界,通过对公众开展转基因等生物技术知识的教育宣传与普及并逐步建立方便公众交流的转基因风险交流平台,可以积极有效地进行转基因风险交流。其中要特别注重与青年等受教育程度较高的社会公众群体的交流。     

公众和科学家对GMF风险认知的比较研究

采用东中西部经济发达城市的调查数据,分析公众和科学家对GMF健康风险和生态环境风险的认知现状,并利用有序分类Logistic回归模型分析导致风险认知差异的主要因素。研究结果表明:公众认知的GMF健康风险和生态环境风险均高于科学家所认知的风险;导致公众与科学家风险认知差异的根源之一是公众缺乏GMF相关知识;在知识、信息不全的情况下,公众易于受到外在信息因素和内在心理因素的影响;信息来源于传统媒介、GMF争论了解越多的公众,其认知的GMF风险越大;而专家、政府、企业的可信度以及对食品安全的信心能够有效降低公众的认知风险;科学家因相关知识储备较多,受信息因素和心理因素的影响较小。此外,个体特征因素亦对公众和科学家的GMF风险认知有影响。     

在校大学生对食品安全卫生认知度的调查分析

通过对某高校大学生食品安全知识、态度和行为的状况调查,并进行数据分析,得知：在校大学生食品安全知识题平均得分3.359分（满分10分）,其中食品专业平均得分3.803分,非食品专业2.935分,得分差别具有统计性意义.在校大学生对食品安全知识知晓率较低,对食品安全问题关注度较高但不深入,在选择食品时更多根据饮食习惯和感官特征,而忽略食品的安全卫生以及营养状况.多数大学生有了解食品安全常识的需求,认为提高食品安全水平最应该做的是政府部门加强对生产厂家的监查力度.建议通过多种宣教形式加强对大学生的食品安全知识教育,改变不良的行为习惯,同时政府和消费者应加大对食品安全问题的监管力度,提升公众食品安全意识.     

Perception of risk

Studies of risk perception examine the judgements people make when they are asked to characterize and evaluate hazardous activities and technologies. This research aims to aid risk analysis and policy-making by providing a basis for understanding and anticipating public responses to hazards and improving the communication of risk information among lay people, technical experts, and decision-makers. This work assumes that those who promote and regulate health and safety need to understand how people think about and respond to risk. Without such understanding, well-intended policies may be ineffective.     

关于食品安全问题的研究综述

食品安全问题是人们普遍关心的重大问题,关系到社会经济的稳定发展。在国内外学者广泛研究的基础上,笔者主要从食品安全问题的认识过程、影响食品安全的因素、食品安全的消费者行为(包括认知、支付意愿和信息的影响)、食品安全的生产者行为以及食品安全的政府管理5个方面出发,对食品安全问题的研究进行回顾,总结并指出已有研究存在的不足,希望能够深化人们对食品安全问题的认识,对专家学者进一步研究食品安全问题有所借鉴。     

Gene technology,food production,and public opinion: A UK study

In this paper, dimensions of the debate surrounding the application of gene technology to food production are discussed and a study assessing perceptions of the technology among a sample of the UK public (n = 1499) is reported. The general picture that emerges from the study is one of people expressing low familiarity with the technology, with more people associating it with high risks than with low risks, and more people expecting it to provide low benefits than high benefits. Attitudes towards different applications vary significantly, as does trust in different potential sources of information about the technology. It is also shown that attitudes can be predicted not only by estimates of risks and benefits but also by perceptions of the involvement of ethical issues, by the perceived need for the technology, and by the perceived likelihood of improvements it is likely to bring to the quality of life in the UK. The results are discussed in the context of the need for greater public information about the technology and the realization that communication of risks takes place within a complex network of societal relationships.Paul Sparks is a social psychologist at the Institute of Food Research, Reading, UK. He has studied at the Universities of Kent (BA) and Oxford (DPhil). His research interests include attitude theory, social influences on food choice, and social and moral dimensions of attitudes towards food consumption and food production methods.     

Food safety management and regulation:International experiences and lessons for China

China is experiencing rapid urbanization,changes in diets,and modernization of food retailing and production. In this context,food safety can become a greater concern for a variety of reasons. The purpose of this article is to review the international experiences and lessons regarding food safety management,regulation,and consumer behavior,with the goal of identifying how to improve food safety in middle income countries such as China. International experience in addressing food safety provides two general kinds of lessons. First,a middle-income country such as China needs to develop the capacity to carry out risk analysis in order to better focus public resources on the most important risks. Second,it will be important to leverage market incentives so as to make the best use of limited public capacity to enforce standards. International experiences show that food safety management is feasible where market incentives exist,and that public-private partnerships can support the process of improving food safety management. Market incentives require effective consumer or buyer demand,mechanisms to identify and reward quality,and supply chain coordination. Public efforts can be targeted to supporting these market developments for the risks that are the greatest burden to public health.     

Ethical concerns and risk perceptions associated with different applications of genetic engineering: Interrelationships with the perceived need for regulation of the technology

The development of genetic engineering and its plausible consequences raises a level of controversy that can be identified at the level of public rather than scientific debate. Opposition to genetic engineering may manifest itself in rejection of the technology overall, or rejection of specific aspects of the technology, where public attitudes may be defined by a complex set of perceptions incorporating risk, benefit, control, and ethical concerns. One hundred and seventy six members of the public responded to questionnaires about genetic engineering that were framed in terms of either food production or medical application. The first section assessed perceived risks, benefits, and control of genetic engineering where the targets of the potential application and the location of control were varied. The second section assessed the relationship between objections to application of the technology to different types of organisms (plants, microorganisms, animals, or human genetic material). Questions were directed at either perceived risk or ethical objections. The applications of genetic engineering were seen as riskier and less beneficial when applied to food production than medicine, although perceived control was independent of application. Optimistic bias was observed. Ethical and risk related objections were greater for applications to food than to medicine, and again dependent on the type of organism manipulated. The transfer of genetic material between “dissimilar” types of organism (for example, between plants and animals) were not associated with greater risk or ethical concern than transfers between “similar” types of organism (for example, between animals and animals). The public requirement for legislative control was also dissociated into risk or ethical objections to the technology, and found to be greater for risk-related concerns, although ethical considerations were also important.     

我国转基因食品安全的伦理困境

随着转基因技术的发展,关于转基因食品安全性问题的争论越来越激烈.目前人们既不能确定转基因食品的安全性,又面对可能存在的粮食危机和潜在的经济风险.在对转基因食品安全的伦理问题进行阐述下,重点分析了我国转基因食品安全存在的伦理困境,试图找出我国转基因食品发展的出路.     

Agricultural biotechnology research: Practices,consequences, and policy recommendations

This paper reviews current trends in the development of agricultural biotechnology, including (1) the recent and potential biotechnology products and processes in the plant, animal and food sciences, and (2) the enormous increase in Federal and State government and industrial investments in biotechnology research. Next we analyze the impacts and possible consequences of agricultural biotechnology for public and private agricultural research and for the structure and nature of the food system in this country and around the world. We conclude with a range of proposals for agricultural research policies. Among the possible consequences we discuss are: (1) a shift in disciplinary emphasis in the research community to molecular biology, (2) reduction of research on systems, ecology, and the social sciences, (3) increased concentration of research funds at a small number of institutions, (4) reduction of long-term research in the public sector, (5) increased collaboration between industry, government and universities with a restriction of scientific communication, and a potential for conflict of interest, favoritism and increased scientific misconduct, (6) a change of the primary goals and agenda of the public sector research community, and (7) increased concentration in the agribusiness sector and the industrialization of the food system. Our policy suggestions include: (1) maintaining and strengthening an independent public research and teaching system, (2) striking a balance between short-term proprietary biotechnology and long-term nonproprietary research, (3) maintaining an extension system that delivers biotechnology information and products to all potential users, (4) developing a regulatory system that adequately protects the public and provides clear guidelines to industry. (5) assisting developing nations to reap the benefits of the biotechnology revolution, and (6) establishing mechanisms to foster broad-based understanding of the social and ethical issues relating to agricultural biotechnology and to promote research on the social and ethical impacts.     

浅析食品供应链风险管理

由于"市场失灵"和"政府失灵"的原因加剧了食品供应链的风险。以食品供应链的风险成因为基础,分析了食品质量安全风险、食品供应链的物流风险、食品供应链的信息风险及食品供应链的制度风险,给出了食品供应链风险评估的方法,提出了相应的风险防范措施。     

Risk assessment in environmental policy-making

Environmental policy-making has become more dependent on formal, quantitative risk assessment because of increasing attention to the prevention of human health damage from toxic chemicals. Risk assessment helps set priorities for regulation of the very large numbers of chemicals that are of potential concern and helps direct limited social and government resources against the most significant risks. Although the scientific basis for risk assessment is often uncertain and the public and its representatives have often been confused by its use in regulatory decisions, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency currently uses a variety of risk assessment techniques to set priorities, tailor regulations, and make decisions at particular sites. The Environmental Protection Agency also attempts to make the practice of risk assessment more consistent throughout the agency and to improve public understanding of the meaning of risk assessment and risk management.     

Utilizing a social ethic toward the environment in assessing genetically engineered insect-resistance in trees

Social policies are used to regulate how members of a society interact and share resources. If we expand our sense of community to include the ecosystem of which we are a part, we begin to develop an ethical obligation to this broader community. This ethic recognizes that the environment has intrinsic value, and each of us, as members of society, are ethically bound to preserve its sustainability. In assessing the environmental risks of new agricultural methods and technologies, society should not freely trade economic gains for ecological damage, but rather seek practices that are compatible with ecosystem health. This approach is used to evaluate the environmental risks associated with genetically engineered insect-resistant trees. The use of insect-resistant trees is a biologically based pest control strategy that has several advantages over pesticide use. However, the use of genetically engineered trees presents particular ecological concerns because the trees are long lived and often are not highly domesticated. The main environmental concerns reviewed include: (1) adaptation of pests to the trees, leading to a non-sustainable agricultural practice, (2) transgenic trees producing environmental toxins, (3) insect resistance enhancing the invasiveness of the tree, causing it to become weedy or invade wild habitats, and (4) transfer of the transgene to wild or feral relatives of the tree, possibly increasing the invasiveness of weeds or wild plants. Some methods are available to offset these risks; however, the environmental risks associated with this technology have been poorly researched and need to be more clearly identified so that when we evaluate the risks, it is based on the best information obtainable. To fulfil an ethical obligation to the environment, public policies and government regulations are needed to preserve the sustainability of both the environment and the future of our production systems. A better understanding of both the ecological issues and of genetic engineering in general are needed on the part of citizens and policy makers alike to ensure that sound environmental decisions are made. Otherwise, the environmental benefits of this technology, mainly decreasing the use of more toxic pesticides in tree crops and forests, will either be lost or traded for other environmental hazards.     

食品安全管理与科技研究进展

从全球食品安全事件出发,说明食品安全已成为全球的热点问题;针对新世纪食品安全管理部门面临的挑战,系统总结并分析了国际食品安全科技与管理研究的进展情况。强调了食品安全科学与技术研究在建立、强化或改进国家食品安全体系中的重要作用,指出以风险分析为核心,以风险评估为科学依据的食品安全体系已基本形成。阐明必须进行国家食品管理机构改革,通过实施国家食品安全战略,建立统一、连续、高效的国家食品安全管理体系来保障食品安全。文章还说明为应对全球食品安全紧急突发事件及公共健康必须建立有效的食品安全预警系统,应通过加强食品安全的公共教育和消费者参与来维护和保持消费者对食品安全的信心。     

基于混合策略纳什均衡的食品安全监管研究

食品安全问题是当今社会关注的焦点之一,它关系到我们的民生问题。近几年来食品安全问题屡见不鲜,这就警示食品生产企业必须高度重视食品安全,同时对政府监督部门也加大了压力。运用混合策略纳什均衡的方法,建立政府监督机构与食品生产企业对食品安全行为的博弈模型。讨论政府监督机构与食品生产企业在相互作用的过程中决策的选择,并提出关于食品安全方面的一些建议。     

Risk within reason

Advances in low-level risk detection threaten to engulf us with information. Regulators typically respond to each newly highlighted risk, whether painstakingly uncovered through scientific investigation or divulged with fanfare by the media, on an ad hoc basis. This response makes it hard to relate disparate risks to the overall risk level and impedes intelligent risk reduction, which must consider the costs and benefits involved. Efficient risk management requires decisions not only about what to regulate and how stringently, but also about the appropriate division of labor among the agents influencing risks. These agents include individuals, whose potential contributions too often are overlooked, corporations, and government.     

The third-party regulation on food safety in China:A review

Stakeholders in the field of food safety management in China can be classified into three categories,government,food producers(farmers and enterprises),and the third-party regulatory bodies. The third-party regulation has experienced rapid development in past twenty years,and recently received considerable attention from consumers and the central government. This paper provides a review about the development,problems and future trend of the third-party regulation on food safety in China. To be specific,five forms of the third-party regulation are assessed,including media exposure,the third-party certification,regulation by consumer associations,social movements promoted by non-governmental organizations(NGOs),and regulation by industry associations. The study concludes that media and consumer associations are the major players in the third-party regulation and are highly repudiated among customers. The food certification industry has developed rapidly,but is now facing crises of confidence among consumers because of its lack of self-regulation. NGOs and industry associations still remain in the early development stages of food safety management,and therefore,are of little importance in current regulatory bodies.     

Competing values and moral imperatives: An overview of ethical issues in biological control

This overview and synthesis of the papers presented in this Special Issue suggests that there is a remarkably rich set of ethical issues having direct relevance to the development and practice of biological control for the management of agricultural pests. The perception and resolution of ethical issues appear to emerge from a set of factors that includes one's ethical viewpoint (anthropocentric or biocentric), agricultural system (industrial or sustainable), economic context (rich or poor), and power structure (expert or public). From this set of parameters at least five major ethical questions can be formulated: (1) How should we regulate and apply biological control in the face of persistent ecological uncertainty regarding environmental impacts? (2) How ought we to balance the established and expected benefits of biological control to human and ecosystem well-being against the known and anticipated risks? (3) Who should be empowered to develop policies and make decisions regarding the study and practice of biological control? (4) How can we assure a more just distribution of benefits and costs associated with biological control technologies (e.g., sharing the costs of nonmarketable goods and services that benefit the public, and compensating people from whom biological control agents are acquired), and (5) Can biological control be justified as a resource substitution for pesticides or is its ethical application only possible as part of a reconceptualization of agricultural production? These central questions and possible answers are presented in a varied set of provocative analyses by some of the leading thinkers and authorities in their fields.     

Ruckelshaus on accountability

In an address to the American Chemlical Society on 13 Septemeber, Environmental Protection Agency Administrator William D. Ruckelshaus said that "Decisions such as the fate of DDT are not decisions solely within the purview of the scientist to make in his laboratory. Rather they are basic societal decisions about what kind of a life people want and about what risks they are willing to accept to achieve it." He went on to discuss in the following passage his own conception of the accountability of himself and of scientists to the public:     

水产品中食源性致病微生物风险评估研究现状

近年来,由于我国食品安全问题频发,使得食品安全风险评估技术的建立及发展越来越受到各界的关注。概述了近几年国内外水产品中食源性致病微生物风险评估研究现状,其中主要包括了食源性致病微生物风险评估技术在水产品贮藏、运输、销售等环节中的应用,以及在用于降低食源性致病微生物可能引起风险的杀菌新技术方面等相关领域中的应用。在比较分析了我国国内与国外风险评估研究差距的基础之上,对未来我国风险评估研究方向和内容提出了几点意见和建议。