丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)对沙棘抗旱性的影响

采用组织化学技术研究了水分胁迫条件下丛枝菌根真菌中碱性磷酸酶活性对宿主沙棘抗旱性的影响。结果表明,菌根内总菌丝量＞功能菌丝量＞活性菌丝量,总菌丝和功能菌丝是活性菌丝的基础,对宿主生物量积累起重要作用的是活性菌丝;具有磷酸酶活性的菌丝对沙棘生长和抗旱作用最强,随着碱性磷酸酶活性的提高,宿主林木鲜重增加,萎蔫系数降低。活性菌丝通过直接参与宿主林木磷素营养物质的交换,改善林木养分和水分状况,提高林木抗旱性。     

丛枝菌根真菌对重茬银杏生长及抗病性的影响

研究了 3种丛枝菌根真菌Glomusmosseae (Nicol.&Gerd .)Gerd .&Trappe ,Glomusin traradicesSchenck&Smith和Glomusversiforme (Karsten)Berch对银杏幼苗在重茬土中生长的影响。结果表明 :不论土壤消毒与否 ,重茬土中 3种丛枝菌根真菌均可促进银杏幼苗的生长 ,显著提高银杏的苗高、叶面积、叶绿素含量和叶片、茎、根的干重 ,极显著提高了根系活力。苗高比对照提高了 17 6 %～ 38 0 % ,叶片干重增加了 2 5 %～ 37 7% ,根系TTC还原量是对照的1 30～ 1 4 1倍 ;此外 ,接种 3种丛枝菌根真菌还可降低重茬银杏叶枯病 (Alternariaalternata(Fr.)Keissl;Glomerellacingulata (Stonem .)Spauld .etSchrenk ;PestalotiaginkgoHori)病情指数 ,消毒土上病情指数下降了 4 1 6 %～ 6 3 4 % ,未消毒土上下降了 6 3 9%～ 73 1%。     

接种丛枝菌根真菌对毛红椿幼苗生长及抗旱性的影响

为探究接种丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)促进毛红椿幼苗抗旱性机制,以毛红椿幼苗为材料,探究接种AMF对毛红椿幼苗在正常浇水(NW)、轻度干旱胁迫(LS)、中度干旱胁迫(MS)和重度干旱胁迫(SS)处理下的生长和光合生理影响。结果表明:在干旱胁迫下,毛红椿幼苗生长和生理均受到不同程度抑制,但接种AMF可缓解干旱胁迫对苗木生长的抑制,显著促进毛红椿幼苗苗高和地径的生长(P<0.05)。接种AMF与对照(CK)的毛红椿幼苗叶片除气孔导度(G_s)在中度干旱胁迫下差异不显著外,G_s在另外3个干旱胁迫处理下及蒸腾速率(T r)、胞间二氧化碳浓度(C_i)、净光合速率(P_n)在4个干旱胁迫处理下均达到显著差异(P<0.05)。在重度干旱胁迫下,接种AMF毛红椿幼苗叶片的脯氨酸(Pro)含量较CK提高了26.45%,其可溶性蛋白(Sp)含量与CK存在显著差异(P<0.05)。干旱胁迫下,与CK相比,接种AMF毛红椿幼苗叶片的丙二醛(MDA)含量较低,而超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢...     

5种丛枝菌根真菌对君迁子幼苗光合生长的影响

为了探明丛枝菌根真菌对君迁子生长及光合作用的影响,以分别接种了细凹无梗囊酶(Acaulospora scrobiculata,简称AS)、聚丛根孢囊酶(Rhizophagus aggregatus,简称RA)、扭形多样孢囊酶(Diversispora trotuosa,简称DT)、根内根孢囊酶(Rhizophagus intraradices,简称RI)、摩西斗管囊酶(Funneliformis mosseae,简称FM)等5种丛枝菌根真菌和未接种菌根真菌的君迁子幼苗为试材,对6种处理下君迁子幼苗的生长情况和叶片的主要光合指标进行了观测,并用双曲线修正模型对所测数据进行拟合,得到光合响应曲线及各处理下君迁子幼苗各光合特征参数。结果表明:1菌根化的君迁子幼苗其株高、地径、叶片数、植株鲜质量等指标值均有明显的提高,与未接种的对照组相比,接种AS、RA、DT、RI、FM使君迁子的株高分别提高了48.22%、62.01%、14.34%、14.66%、29.01%;其地径分别提高了22.81%、46.84%、21.19%、17.23%、14.72%;其植株鲜质量分别提高了93.69%、103.93%、53.98%、68.52%、84.44%;其单株叶片数比对照组多2~5片。2菌根化的君迁子幼苗其净光合速率、光饱和点均高于对照组,而其光补偿点则反之。3各接种处理的净光合速率的日变化趋势较为一致,均呈"双峰"曲线,12:00~14:00时均存在"午休"现象,但接种处理下君迁子幼苗叶片的净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、水分利用率的日均值均高于对照组。研究结果表明:接种丛枝菌根真菌能够显著提高君迁子幼苗的净光合速率,改善其对光的适应性,对植株的生长有显著的促进作用,但促进作用因菌种而异。     

丛枝菌根真菌和外生菌根真菌对凋落物分解的影响机制

丛枝菌根（AM）真菌和外生菌根（EM）真菌与约80%的维管植物可形成共生体,其共生体除了促进植物生长发育外,还具有调节凋落物和土壤有机质分解的重要生态功能。在AM和EM真菌主导的生态系统中,凋落物分解速率在不同的基质类型（AM树种凋落物、EM树种凋落物）、不同的分解阶段（早期阶段、后期阶段）和不同的环境条件（水分、温度等）下均存在显著差异。虽然部分菌根真菌缺乏腐生生物的直接作用于凋落物的能力,但它们通过其他方式影响分解。普遍认为,AM和EM真菌与腐生微生物的相互作用是影响分解速率的主要原因,二者互作机制主要表现为激发效应（向腐生微生物提供能量）和养分竞争效应（与腐生微生物竞争养分）。文中阐述AM和EM真菌对凋落物分解的影响及相关因素,剖析AM和EM真菌与腐生微生物分解凋落物的作用机制,旨在为全面分析AM和EM真菌在森林生态系统中的生态学功能提供参考。     

丛枝菌根真菌对牡丹根系构型的影响

本试验以分别接种AM真菌Glomus mosseae和G.versiforme的两年生盆栽‘凤丹’幼苗为材料,以不接种为对照,研究不同AM真菌对牡丹幼苗根系构型和生长的影响。结果表明:不同AM真菌的侵染率不同,G.mosseae的侵染率高于G.versiforme;接种G.mosseae的植株干重、根冠比和根系活力显著高于对照。接种不同AM真菌的牡丹幼苗的根系参数均比对照有不同程度的增加,其中对水平延伸根系所占比例和根系总体积的影响最为显著。相关性分析表明,水分饱和亏缺与植株干重、根冠比、根系活力等呈显著负相关;根系参数与牡丹生长呈显著正相关。不同AM真菌可通过影响牡丹幼苗的根系构型而影响其生长。G.mosseae是促进牡丹生长的高效菌种。     

铝胁迫对感染丛枝菌根真菌的樟树幼苗生长的影响

采用不同浓度的铝(Al)溶液胁迫接种和不接种丛枝菌根的香樟幼苗的方法,研究生长10周后的植株幼苗的形态、生物量以及不同器官的磷(P)含量和植物激素水平对环境胁迫的响应.结果表明:在Al3 浓度为0和0.5 mmol·L-1的轻度胁迫下,接种植株的形态、生物量、P和植物激素水平等大部分指标要显著好于不接种的植株;而在Al3 浓度为8和15 mmol·L-1的中、重度胁迫下,则略好或接近不接种的植株.菌根显著增加轻度和中度胁迫下植株叶片细胞分裂素(ZR)含量以及根部生长素(IAA)和ZR含量,降低叶片和根部脱落酸(ABA)含量;同时,樟树幼苗的形态、生长与P含量和不同器官植物激素含量之间显著相关.接种丛枝菌根给予植株一定的抗Al毒特性.     

接种丛枝菌根真菌对紫茎泽兰生长及氮磷营养的影响

利用西南喀斯特地区常见入侵植物紫茎泽兰进行丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)接种与对照处理试验,研究接种AMF对其形态分化、生物量、光合生理及氮磷营养的影响。结果表明:接种AMF显著提高了紫茎泽兰光合生理,显著影响了紫茎泽兰形态分化(地径、苗高、总叶面积、分蘖数)及生物量;接种AMF显著降低了紫茎泽兰氮浓度,提高了紫茎泽兰磷浓度,氮和磷摄取量均有所提高,磷摄取量达到显著水平;对照条件下紫茎泽兰叶片氮磷比为14.01,接种AMF后降低为8.52,接种AMF使紫茎泽兰的生长更大程度上受氮素限制,而不再受氮素和磷素的共同限制。     

丛枝菌根真菌对紫穗槐固氮能力的影响

通过对紫穗槐双接种丛枝菌根真菌和根瘤菌、单接种丛枝菌根真菌、单接种根瘤菌、非接种对照处理,研究丛枝菌根真菌时紫稳槐固氮能力的影响.结果表明:选用的丛枝菌根真菌(Glomus intraradices)能够与紫穗槐很好地形成共生复合体,双接种丛枝菌根真菌和根瘤菌处理的苗木根系结瘤数量显著提高,苗木根系土壤的脲酶活性、叶片硝酸还原酶活性显著提高;通过对紫稳槐植株和土壤氮素含量的测定,进一步证实丛枝菌根真菌能够增强豆科树种紫穗槐的固氮能力.     

丛枝菌根对大青杨苗木生长的影响

利用5种丛枝菌根真菌,在不同肥态、肥力水平下对大青杨实生苗进行接种。结果表明:5种真菌都与大青杨形成了菌根,在不施肥情况下Glomusintraradices、G mosseae、G versiforme3个菌种的苗木在苗高、地径、总干生物量上都与对照表现出差异极显著,与菌根侵染率呈正相关。丛枝菌根能增加苗木对难溶性P肥的吸收和利用,特别是G sinuosa与施过磷酸钙(Ca(H2PO4)2·H2O)在有效成分(P2O5)含量0 06g·kg-1土水平下的组合对苗木有良好的促生效果,生物量积累是对照处理的3 58倍;使用G mosseae或G intraradices与施可溶性P肥磷酸氢二钾(K2HPO4),在有效成分(P2O5)含量0 03g·kg-1土水平下的组合时对苗木的促生效果达到最佳,但随着可溶性P浓度增加,丛枝菌根对苗木生物量的积累却有抑制作用;丛枝菌根同样促进苗木对硝态N和铵态N的吸收、利用,G ver -)含量0 08g·kg-1土水平下和G mosseae、siforme、G intraradices与施硝酸钾(KNO3)在有效成分(NO3 )含量0 08g·kg-1土水平下,对苗木都有良G intraradices与施硫酸铵((NH4)2SO4)在有效成分(NH4好的促生效果,总干生物量是对照处理的2 91、2 56和2 70、2 40倍;试验结果同时也表明,根际营养状况是决定菌根侵染率的重要因素之一。     

Assessment of morphological and genetic diversity in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Gmelina arborea</Emphasis> Roxb.

Gmelina arborea is an important timber-yielding tree that grows naturally in the tropical and subtropical regions of Southeast Asia and has also been introduced as a plantation species outside these regions. Genetic diversity in this tree species was observed in stone/seed-related traits and in vitro responses of cultured nodal segments from plants of eight different populations representing natural forests, fragmented forests and plantations. Variance analysis showed significant differences between populations for these traits. However, it was not possible to separate the different populations using these traits by multivariate analysis, even after environmental variation was reduced over six subcultures. Genetic diversity was therefore analysed using molecular markers. Inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) primers yielded 95% polymorphic loci among the eight populations and UPGMA analysis enabled separation of these populations on the basis of their genetic distances. Diversity was also analyzed using population genetics parameters like Nei’s genetic diversity and gene differentiation. Nei’s genetic diversity was 0.29 between populations and 0.11 within populations. AMOVA analysis indicated 41 and 59% within- and between-population genetic diversity, respectively. Mantel test suggested that genetic differentiation between six Indian populations was positively correlated to geographic distance (r = 0.626, P = 0.029). Assessment of the genetic variation in G. arborea populations is an important step in selection of conservation strategies for this species since diversity forms the basis for species adaptation.     

Response of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Theobroma cacao</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Inga edulis</Emphasis> seedlings to cross-inoculated populations of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

Response of Theobroma cacao L. (cacao) and the shade tree Inga edulis Mart. (inga) seedlings from an organically-grown cacao plantation to inoculation with native arbuscular mycorrhizae forming fungi (AMF) was studied in a cross-inoculation assay under greenhouse conditions. Seedlings of inga and cacao were grown in pots filled with heat-treated soil from the plantation. Control was heat-treated soil without inoculum and roots of cacao and inga from the plantation were applied as AMF inocula. Undisturbed soil blocks were used as a “positive control” of the inoculation potential of untreated soil and roots combined. No AMF structures were observed in the roots of either species in the heat-treated control. All inocula were infective in both hosts and the differences in the total AMF colonization percentage between the hosts were not significant but inga had significantly higher colonization by hyphal coils and arbuscules. Cacao roots but neither inga roots nor soil block inocula stimulated cacao growth. All inocula significantly increased growth of inga, which had higher relative mycorrhizal responsiveness than cacao. Thus, in spite of the strong infectivity of the inocula in both hosts, cacao and inga responded differently to the same AMF populations. The strong conspecific preference of cacao suggests that attention must be paid to the AMF inoculum used for this species. However, the strong response of inga to cacao root inoculum indicates that the two species may share same AMF symbionts, thus enabling positive interactions between them, including formation of common mycelial networks.     

Effect of the arbuscular mycorrhizae <Emphasis Type="Italic">Glomus fasciculatum</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">G. macrocarpum</Emphasis> on the growth and nutrient content of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cassia siamea</Emphasis> in a semi-arid Indian wasteland soil

The effect of two arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, Glomus fasciculatum and G. macrocarpum on shoot and root dry weights and nutrient content of Cassia siamea in a semi-arid wasteland soil was evaluated. Under nursery conditions, mycorrhizal inoculation improved growth of seedlings. Root and shoot dry weights were higher in mycorrhizal than non-mycorrhizal plants. The concentration of P, K, Cu, Zn and Na was significantly higher in AM inoculated seedlings than in non-inoculated seedlings. Mycorrhization led to decrease in alkalinity of the rhizosphere soil from pH 8.5 to 7.4. Under nursery conditions, the degree of mycorrhizal dependency increased with age of C. siamea seedling. On transplantation to the field, the survival rate of mycorrhizal seedlings (75%–90%) was higher than that of non-mycorrhizal seedlings (40%). Besides better survival rate, AM inoculation improved the growth performance of seedlings in terms of height and stem diameter. Among the two AM fungi used, the efficiency of Glomus macrocarpum was higher than that of G. fasciculatum under both nursery and field conditions.This revised version was published online in May 2005 with corrected page numbers.     

Biodiversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Amygdalus scoparia</Emphasis> Spach plantations and a natural stand

The biodiversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) was surveyed in the Kolm region of Iran in three adjacent sites, a natural stand, a 10-year-old and a 15-year-old plantation of Amygdalus scoparia. To date, there have been few studies of AMF biodiversity in Iran, especially in the western forests of the country. For this study, soil and root samples were taken from A. scoparia rhizosphere soil in spring and autumn. Almost half of the root length was colonized by AMF. We identified 13 AMF species belonging to Glomeraceae, Claroideoglomeraceae or Diversisporaceae. The three plantations differed in terms of soil electrical conductivity, organic C and P. Spore density was significant correlated with P concentration. Root length colonization was correlated only with soil Ca. Species diversity and richness were significantly correlated with soil N, P, organic C and spore density. AMF diversity in 15-year-old plantations was more similar to that in the natural stand than in the 10-year-old plantation. We confirmed that a 15-year-old plantation is not similar in terms of AMF colonization to natural stands. We conclude that more than 15 years are required for AMF colonization of plantations to resemble that of natural stands.     

Inoculation with the ectomycorrhizal fungi <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pisolithus arhizus</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Scleroderma</Emphasis> sp. improves early growth of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Shorea pinanga</Emphasis> nursery seedlings

Trees of the family Dipterocarpaceae are the dominant trees in Southeast Asian tropical forests where they play an important ecological role and are also important commercially. An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of ectomycorrhizal fungi on the growth of dipterocarp species in peat soils. Seedlings of Shorea pinanga were inoculated with spores of two ectomycorrhizal fungi, Pisolithus arhizus and Scleroderma sp. were grown in pots containing sterilized peat soil for 7 months. The percentage of ectomycorrhizal colonization on S. pinanga exceeded 86%. Colonization of S. pinanga roots by ectomycorrhizal fungi resulted in increased shoot height, stem diameter, number of leaves, and shoot fresh and dry weight. Survival rates of S. pinanga were greater for inoculated seedlings than control seedlings. These results suggest that inoculation of ectomycorrhizal fungi can improve the early growth of S. pinanga grown in tropical forests and that this technique will accelerate the rehabilitation of degraded dipterocarp forests.     

Bioremediation of CCA-treated wood by brown-rot fungi <Emphasis Type="Italic">Fomitopsis palustris</Emphasis>, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Coniophora puteana</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Laetiporus sulphureus</Emphasis>

This study evaluated oxalic acid accumulation and bioremediation of chromated copper arsenate (CCA)-treated wood by three brown-rot fungi Fomitopsis palustris, Coniophora puteana, and Laetiporus sulphureus. The fungi were first cultivated in a fermentation broth to accumulate oxalic acid. Bioremediation of CCA-treated wood was then carried out by leaching of heavy metals with oxalic acid over a 10-day fermentation period. Higher amounts of oxalic acid were produced by F. palustris and L. sulphureus compared with C. puteana. After 10-day fermentation, oxalic acid accumulation reached 4.2 g/l and 3.2 g/l for these fungi, respectively. Fomitopsis palustris and L. sulphureus exposed to CCA-treated sawdust for 10 days showed a decrease in arsenic of 100% and 85%, respectively; however, C. puteana remediation removed only 18% arsenic from CCA-treated sawdust. Likewise, chromium removal in F. palustris and L. sulphureus remediation processes was higher than those for C. puteana. This was attributed to low oxalic acid accumulation. These results suggest that F. palustris and L. sulphureus remediation processes can remove inorganic metal compounds via oxalic acid production by increasing the acidity of the substrate and increasing the solubility of the metals.An erratum to this article can be found at     

The influence of Desert False Indigo, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Amorpha fruticosa</Emphasis>, and three arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi on the growth of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Populus ussuriensis</Emphasis> seedlings

The influence of Desert False Indigo, Amorpha fruticosa, on the growth of Populus ussuriensis seedlings inoculated with three arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM) fungi (Glomus mosseae, Glomus intraradices, Glomus sinuosa) was studied using the nylon net method. The results showed that all three AM fungi infected P. ussuriensis seedlings and G. intraradices and also G. mosseae infected A. fruticosa. The AM fungi promoted growth of P. ussuriensis and Desert False indigo seedlings. Moreover, under co-cultivation with A. fruticosa, the biomass of P. ussuriensis increased significantly. The concentration of nitrogen in P. ussuriensis grown with A. fruticosa and the concentration of soluble nitrogen in the rhizosphere were also higher than when grown alone. Hypha were found on the two plant seedlings inoculated with G. mosseae and G. intraradices, suggesting that AM fungi may transport nutrients from seedlings of A. fruticosa to the rhizosphere of P. ussuriensis seedlings, which may have promoted the growth of P. ussuriensis. The AM fungi played a critical role on the effect of A. fruticosa on growth of P. ussuriensis.     

Effects of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Eucalypt</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Acacia</Emphasis> plantations on soil water in Sumatra

Indonesia’s pulp and paper industry needs a large area of sustainably grown plantations to support its continued development. Acacia mangium has been the key species underpinning the pulp and paper industries in Sumatra, however increased disease pressure on A. mangium is expected to require large-scale conversion of Acacia plantations to Eucalyptus in the near future. The effect of such a large scale change in plantation species on soil moisture, for both tree production, and catchment hydrology is unknown. In this study we sought to characterize the impacts of plantation species (Acacia or Eucalyptus) and nitrogen management, on soil moisture, soil water depletion and depth to groundwater under stands of Acacia mangium and Eucalyptus pellita over the first 2–3 years after establishment. The study was conducted in experiments at four sites in Sumatra, Indonesia. Soil moisture and soil water depletion were not influenced by plantation species or fertilizer treatment. Soil moisture content and soil water depletion were strongly influenced by shallow groundwater at two of the four sites, however depth to groundwater did not influence stem growth. Results from the field trials cautiously suggest that large scale conversion of Acacia mangium to Eucalypt species in these regions is unlikely to result in increased moisture stress, nor is conversion of plantation species likely to lead to substantial differences in catchment hydrology. This study demonstrated the importance of conducting multi-site studies when investigating biophysical relationships in forest/plantation systems.     

Successful <Emphasis Type="Italic">Agrobacterium</Emphasis>-mediated transformation of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Populus tomentosa</Emphasis> with apple <Emphasis Type="Italic">SPDS</Emphasis> gene

The problem of salinized soils has become one of the most serious constraints to agricultural and forest productivity. With the purpose of enhancing salt stress tolerance of Populus tomentosa, we transformed this tree species with spermidine synthase （SPDS） genes derived from an apple by an Agrobacterium-mediated method. Four transgenic clones were confu＇med by PCR and Southern blot analysis. As well, the expression of introduced SPDS genes was analyzed by real-time quantitative PCR.     

Moisture content variability in kiln-dried <Emphasis Type="Italic">Gmelina arborea</Emphasis> wood: effect of radial position and anatomical features

Gmelina arborea is one of the most important species for plantation in tropical areas. However, high variability in final moisture content (MC_f) is a problem in the drying process. This study sought to determine the variability in MC_f in relation to distance from the pith (DP), and anatomic elements. Boards of 1.2 cm in thickness obtained from bark to the pith from 15-year-old plantation trees were dried in a pilot kiln. Anatomical characteristics, initial moisture content (MC_i), and specific gravity (SG) were also determined. Pearson correlation matrix was conducted between MC_f and the other variables. DP, fiber length, and ray width were correlated negatively with MC_f, while fiber diameter was positively correlated. Other studied anatomical properties showed no statistical correlations. Other wood properties such as SG and MC_i showed some influence on MC_f. DP can be considered as a good practical predictor for MC_f in G. arborea because some wood properties are related to MC_f. However, other wood characteristics that are not related with DP also influence MC_f, such as the presence of sapwood, MC_i variation between and within trees, fiber diameter, and ray width. These results suggest that MC_f variation in G. arborea is difficult to determine.