茶园病虫害绿色防控技术

华安县是漳州市的茶叶主产区,有"明前茶"、"冬片茶"两大优势.至2008年底茶叶种植总面积已达1万hm2,总产1.4万t,产值达12多亿元,已成为我国第2大铁观音茶生产基地.本县茶园的主要病虫害有假眼小绿叶蝉、黑刺粉虱、茶橙瘿螨、茶黄蓟马、茶圆赤星病、茶炭疽病、茶根结线虫等.病虫整体发生趋势是虫害重于病害,小虫重于大虫.     

荔波县茶园病虫害发生种类及防治对策

茶叶是荔波县重要的经济作物之一,茶园病虫害直接影响茶叶产量和质量。为了解茶叶病虫害的发生种类,通过3年对荔波县茶园主要病虫害的普查结果表明,害虫有11个科29种,病害有3种,其中假眼小绿叶蝉、黑刺粉虱、茶黄蓟马、茶煤病这4种病虫害发生重。病虫害发生总体趋势是病害发生轻于虫害。     

茶园刺吸类害虫发生特点及防治对策

２０世纪９０年代中期以来，假眼小绿叶蝉、黑刺粉虱、茶橙瘿螨、茶蚜等刺吸类害虫，上升为浙南缙云茶区的主要害虫。该类害虫发生隐蔽，虫体小，世代重叠，繁殖速度快，受害茶树光合效率降低，萌芽力下降，萌芽迟，茶树生长停滞。黑刺粉虱和蚜虫还排泄蜜露，诱发煤烟病，致使小虫成大灾，严重影响茶叶的优质高产。为此，作者对茶园刺吸类害虫发生特点与无害化治理技术进行了多年的调查与探索。１主要刺吸类害虫发生特点１．１假眼小绿叶蝉该虫是本县茶树的主要害虫。成、若虫有明显的趋嫩性，畏光、怕湿，多栖于嫩叶背面吸汁为害。阴雨天及…     

茶树主要害虫的发生与防治

茶叶主要害虫有茶小绿叶蝉、茶尺蠖、茶橙瘿螨和茶黑刺粉虱等,影响茶叶生长,造成茶叶减产。为了有效地防治茶树虫害,笔者介绍茶叶主要害虫的防治方法。
　　1茶小绿叶蝉
　　1.1形态特征
　　成虫体长3～4 mm,黄绿色或绿色,头顶中央有一个白纹,两侧各有一个不明显的黑点。前翅绿色半透明,后翅无色透明。雌成虫腹面草绿色,雄成虫腹面黄绿色。     

山东茶树害虫的综合治理

山东省自1958年冬开始“南茶北引”迄今茶园面积已达10万余亩.特别是近年大棚菜的开发,带来较高经济效益,茶园面积稳中有升,茶树长势喜人.然而,由于茶树引种时将单食性的茶细蛾,寡食性的茶叶瘿螨等带入,本地的茶尺蠖、大豆尺蠖(Bormia selenaria Hubner)、小绿叶蝉(Empoasca vitis(Gothe))、苹小卷叶蛾(AdoxophyeS orana Fisher von Roslertamm)、刺蛾类、蓑蛾类、蓟马类、潜蝇类等,也逐渐适应茶园生态环境而为害,造成虫害逐年加重的趋势.山东茶树主要害虫有小绿叶蝉、茶叶瘿螨、茶橙瘿螨、茶蚜、绿盲蝽、大蓑蛾、茶褐蓑蛾、茶尺蠖、黑刺粉虱等.对茶园害虫采取综合治理措施如下:     

黔南地区茶树主要害虫发生与防治调查研究

通过调查,贵州南部茶树主要害虫种类有假眼小绿叶蝉、黑刺粉虱、茶蚜、螨类、蚧类等十余种,其中以假眼小绿叶蝉、黑翅粉虱为优势种类。研究分析茶树主要害虫的发生规律和为害状况,提出以农业防治为基础、以物理防治和生物防治为主要手段、无公害农药防治为补充的防治策略,以保障茶叶生产安全和食用安全。     

茶叶主要刺吸性害虫的科学防治

<正>据调查,目前为害永泰县茶叶的刺吸性害虫有假眼小绿叶蝉、茶叶螨类(茶橙瘿螨、茶叶瘿螨、茶短须螨、茶跗线螨、咖啡小爪螨)、茶黑刺粉虱、茶蚜等。由于刺吸性害虫发生隐蔽、虫体小、世代重叠、繁殖速度快,无论是成虫或若虫均能刺吸茶叶汁液,阻碍茶叶营养物质的正常输送,使受害茶叶光合效率降低,发芽密度下降,育芽能力差,萌芽迟,芽梢生长停止。黑刺粉虱和茶蚜还排泄蜜露,诱发煤烟病,致使小虫成了大灾,严重影响茶叶的产量和品质。     

恩施自治州无公害茶叶病虫害综合防治技术

1恩施州茶园主要病虫害 虫害主要有：茶小绿叶蝉、茶毛虫、茶蓑蛾、茶丽纹象甲、茶黑毒蛾、茶尺蠖、茶黑刺粉虱、茶蚜、茶螨等。病害主要有：茶饼病、赤星病、白绢病、炭疽病等。     

黎平县茶园主要病虫害发生与防治措施

黎平县位于贵州省东南部,湘、桂、黔三省(区)交界处,平均海拔550m左右,属于亚热带季风湿润气候,适宜茶叶生长发育,并有悠久的茶叶栽培历史。黎平县现有茶园面积1666.7hm2,其中龙井43、龙井长叶、福鼎大白茶等名优品种为486.7hm2,年产干茶1100t,创产值1400万元,成为黎平一大支柱产业。但由于茶树是多年生常绿植物,适宜多种病虫害的繁殖和栖息,茶树受害严重,致使茶园减产,茶叶品质下降。经调查,黎平县茶树上主要病虫害有茶云纹叶枯病、茶赤星病、茶饼病、茶毛虫、茶尺蠖、茶刺蛾、茶小绿叶蝉、茶蚜虫、茶黑刺粉虱、茶螨等。     

茶树病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合示范效果

2018年在福建省福安市开展茶树病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合示范,综合应用以农业防治、理化诱控、生态调控、生物防治为主,高效低毒化学农药统防统治为辅的技术措施。结果表明,融合示范措施对茶假眼小绿叶蝉、黑刺粉虱、茶橙瘿螨、茶尺蠖、茶煤烟病等主要病虫害均有较好的防治效果,且持续控害效果优于常规防治对照。融合示范茶园虫口基数及病害率均较低,较常规防治对照区农药制剂使用量减少70.24%、天敌种群数量增加262.68%,纯收入增加21.44%,取得了较好的经济效益、生态效益和社会效益。     

新疆奇台县近42a气候变化特征分析

根据新疆奇台县气象站的气温及降水资料,利用线性趋势函数及M ann-kendall突变检测法分析了该地区近42年的气候变化。结果表明:年平均气温与极端最低气温均呈上升趋势,而极端最高气温呈下降趋势;年降水量呈上升趋势。从季节变化来看,除夏季平均气温呈下降趋势,其它各季平均气温均呈上升趋势,其中以冬季增幅最大,秋季次之;各季降水均呈上升趋势,其中以夏季增幅最大,冬季次之。年平均气温未发生突变,而年降水量在1984年发生由少向多的突变。对气温和降水的异常分析得出,暖温年多发生在上世纪80年代后,冷温年多发生在上世纪60、70年代;多雨年主要在近20年,少雨年则多在上世纪60、70年代。此外,该县近42 a来增暖幅度小于全疆和北疆;增湿幅度大于全疆,小于北疆。     

我国苜蓿病害研究进展

综述了我国苜蓿主要病害的分布和危害、病原学、发生规律、抗性种质材料的遗传筛选和鉴定及综合防治等方面的主要研究进展,并提出了今后的研究方向和发展目标。     

昆虫组蛋白修饰的研究进展

组蛋白修饰作为表观遗传修饰的一种主要形式,对基因表达和表型调控具有重要作用。组蛋白修饰的N端尾区可通过乙酰化、甲基化、磷酸化等修饰来改变染色质的状态以及调控基因的表达。与脊椎动物相比,昆虫种类繁多,且有变态发育、表型复杂等特征,可以成为探索动物社会行为、发育调控和毒理作用等表观遗传基础的模型。本文总结了昆虫组蛋白修饰的主要类型(乙酰化和甲基化修饰)及修饰酶的研究进展,对染色质免疫共沉淀测序技术(chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by sequencing,ChIP-seq)、染色质转座酶可及性测序技术(assay for transposase-accessible chromatin with high-throughput sequencing,ATAC-seq)、转录组测序技术(RNA-seq)、组蛋白修饰酶功能验证以及Western blot、免疫细胞化学(immunocytochemistry,ICC)、免疫组织化学(immunohistochemistry,IHC)、酶联免疫吸附测定(enzyme linked immunosor...     

Major Changes in Fusarium spp. in Wheat in the Netherlands

The re-emergence of fusarium head blight throughout the world and especially in Western Europe prompted a survey of the situation in the Netherlands. To allow for a high throughput screening of large numbers of samples, a diagnostic PCR method was developed to detect the most common species of Fusarium occurring on wheat. Seven primer pairs were tested for their ability to identify isolates of Fusarium avenaceum, F. culmorum, F. graminearum, F. poae, F. proliferatum and Microdochium nivale var. majus and M. nivale var. nivale. Each primer pair only generated a PCR product with the corresponding Fusarium species and all PCR fragments had different molecular sizes. This allowed the generation of these amplicons using a mixture of all seven primer pairs. The robustness of this multiplex PCR encouraged us to screen a large series of isolates collected in 2000 and 2001. In both years 40 fields were sampled leading to a collection of 209 isolates from 2000 and 145 isolates from 2001. The results of the multiplex PCR demonstrated that F. graminearum was the most abundant species in the Fusarium complex on wheat in both years. This is in sharp contrast to reports from the 1980s and early 1990s, which found F. culmorum as the predominant species. Primers derived from the tri7 and tri13 genes, which are implicated in the acetylation and oxygenation of the C-4 atom of the backbone of the trichothecene molecule, were used to discriminate between deoxynivalenol and nivalenol (NIV) producers. The populations of F. culmorum and F. graminearum both showed a slight increase in NIV-producers in 2001.     

真菌甲硫氨酸生物合成途径研究进展

 甲硫氨酸是蛋白质的重要组分,同时还可通过生成S-腺苷甲硫氨酸（SAM）调控细胞内多种生理过程。本文根据酿酒酵母、粗糙脉孢菌和构巢曲霉3种模式真菌中甲硫氨酸生物合成的最新研究进展,勾画出真菌的甲硫氨酸合成途径,综述了该途径中关键酶的生物学功能,探讨了该途径的调控机制,为病原真菌甲硫氨酸合成的研究提供理论基础,同时为新杀菌剂的研发提供新思路。     

中国植物弹状病毒研究进展

弹状病毒含有单链负义RNA基因组,寄主范围比较广泛,能侵染无脊椎动物、脊椎动物以及植物等寄主,对人类的健康、农作物产量和自然生态系统造成严重威胁。植物弹状病毒主要根据复制场所分为细胞质弹状病毒属Cytorhabdovirus和细胞核弹状病毒属Nucleorhabdovirus,其基因组由单股负链RNA组成。此外,Dichorhavirus和Varicosavirus病毒属是两个新鉴定的植物弹状病毒属,其特征是具有二分体基因组。本文着重介绍危害我国农作物的几类植物弹状病毒,对它们的病理学、病害流行、基因组信息以及传播媒介进行概述,为中国植物弹状病毒病害的研究提供理论依据。     

Variability in initial spray deposit in apple trees in space and time

Variation in pesticide residues in space and time has not been investigated systematically in spite of the large variability found at single scales (e.g. between trees or orchards). Information on variability at different scales will support the development of sampling methods and more reliable prediction of residues. Experiments were conducted to quantify the spatiotemporal variability in initial spray deposit on apple leaves and fruit using a substitute tracer (zinc EDTA chelate). Five hierarchical spatial scales were defined as (1) between orchards, (2) between plots within an orchard, (3) between trees within a plot, (4) between zones within a tree and (5) between leaves/fruit within a zone. Similarly, two temporal scales were defined as (1) between applications within a single year and (2) between years. The initial zinc concentration was approximately log-normally distributed; the variability in initial deposit concentration was greater on leaves than on fruit. The average initial zinc deposition was significantly greater in the top and outside zones than in the middle zones within individual trees. The most important scale for driving residue variability is the within-zone unit-to-unit variation, contributing to 71 and 49% of the observed variability for leaf and fruit samples respectively. Variability at other scales was related to the variation in the tree architecture. The results indicated that stratified sampling on the basis of within-tree zone structures, with the effort focused on within-zone sampling, should be used for the determination of pesticide residues.