农田杂草抗药性及其检测鉴定方法

杂草的抗药性是杂草综合治理中存在的重大难题之一,本文根据国内外已报道的文献,对农田杂草抗药性的现状与发展,抗药性杂草产生的原因和机理以及抗药性杂草的检测鉴定方法作一综述。     

几种抗药性杂草的检测方法

农田化学除草已成为全球性现代化农业生产的重要组成部分。除草剂的长期和大面积使用给农民带来巨大好处,但杂草抗药性问题逐渐突出。为解决抗性杂草,国际上专门成立了治理除草剂抗性的组织,如除草剂抗性治理委员会（ＨＲＡＣ）等。７０年代末８０年代初,我国除草剂应...     

农田杂草抗药性研究方法简介

近20年来,抗除草剂的杂草生物型迅速增加,而且蔓延很快,目前已经明确获得抗药性的杂草生物型已近100种,对某些国家和地区的农业生产已构成威胁。我国发展农田化学除草已有30多年历史,近年来在一些长期使用单一除草剂的农田,由于多次用药或     

氟乐灵抗药性杂草研究进展

氟乐灵抗药性杂草研究进展黄建中，孙丙耀，李扬汉（南京农业大学杂草研究室２１００９５）Ｒａｎ于１９７０年首次公开报道欧洲千里光（Ｓｅｎｅｃｉｏｖｕｌｇａｒｉｓ）对三氮苯类除草剂西玛津和阿特拉津产生抗性以来，不断有杂草对除草剂产生抗性的报道。杂草抗药性问...     

杂草抗药性生物测定方法概述

综述了国内外除草剂抗性杂草的生物测定方法,阐述了抗药性杂草的检测鉴定体系的发展趋势,并指出我国在抗药性杂草监测等方面存在的不足.     

抗草甘膦杂草检测方法的研究进展

目前,抗草甘膦杂草问题日趋严重。通过检索国内外抗草甘膦杂草的检测方法,总结出常用检测方法和其他检测方法,进行了简单概述,为抗草甘膦杂草检测体系的发展提供依据。     

杂草抗药性及其治理策略研究进展

综述了杂草抗药性产生机理、杂草抗药性演化影响因素,并对其治理途径进行阐述,为杂草抗药性治理提供参考。除草剂抗药机制分为靶标抗性、非靶标抗性,其中靶标抗性包括除草剂作用位点改变、基因倍增及过量表达;非靶标抗性主要包括代谢解毒能力增强、屏蔽作用或与作用位点的隔离作用等。杂草抗药性演化受多种因素共同影响,不仅包括抗药性突变频率、除草剂选择压、杂草适合度及杂草种子库寿命四大因素,还与基因突变和遗传特征直接相关。在未来的杂草治理中,要经常进行田间杂草调查与鉴定,正确使用除草剂(交替使用、混用),并辅以合理的农艺管理措施来减缓杂草抗药性的演化速度。同时,应加强植物间化感作用的基础研究。     

我国水稻田杂草抗药性研究进展

水稻是我国最主要的粮食作物之一,杂草的危害严重影响了水稻的产量与品质。化学防除仍然是治理水稻田杂草最有效的途径。目前我国水稻田稗属杂草、千金子、马唐、雨久花、野慈姑、异型莎草、耳叶水苋、眼子菜、节节菜、萤蔺等多种杂草对二氯喹啉酸、五氟磺草胺、氰氟草酯、噁唑酰草胺、苄嘧磺隆、吡嘧磺隆、双草醚、噁草酮、乙氧氟草醚等多种常用除草剂产生了抗药性。面对日趋严重的水稻田抗药性杂草的危害,对抗药性杂草进行深入系统的研究以达到科学防治的目的显得尤为重要。本文总结了我国水稻田抗药性杂草的抗药性水平、靶标酶抗药性机理、代谢酶抗药性机理和其他抗药性机理,归纳了抗药性杂草的交互抗性、多抗性发生情况以及抗药性治理现状,分析了我们在杂草抗药性研究与治理方面面临的问题。     

抗药性杂草的管理

抗药性杂草的管理黄建中，褚建君，叶建强（南京农业大学杂草研究室２１００９５）自Ｒｙｕａｎ于１９６８年发现，１９７０年报道了均三氮苯类除草剂抗药性杂草以来，在世界范围内发现了多种抗药性杂草。ＬｅＢａｒｏｎ（１９９１，１９９２）报道全世界共有１１３种抗药...     

农田杂草抗药性的发生为害、原因与治理

抗药性是杂草防除最大难题之一。杂草抗药性演化速度由抗药性突变起始频度、除草剂选择压、杂草适合度及杂草种子库寿命四个因素控制。治理抗药性杂草必须进行综合治理：在农业防治基础上根据除草剂发生抗药性的风险大小，采取合理轮用、混用等措施可延缓、预防抗药性；抗性杂草发生后及早发现，控制抗性中心以防止其蔓延。     

杂草对乙酰乳酸合成酶抑制剂类除草剂抗药性的研究进展

本文针对杂草对乙酰乳酸合成酶(ALS)抑制剂类除草剂抗药性的产生历史与发展现状、抗药性机理以及抗性基因的利用进行了综述,并讨论了该类除草剂在我国应用过程中应该注意的问题以及今后的发展方向。     

不同耕作方式对小麦田杂草的发生及小麦产量的影响

探讨四川省小麦田免耕不覆盖稻草、免耕覆盖稻草、翻耕3种不同耕作方式下杂草发生规律以及小麦生长差异,结果表明,免耕处理可减少杂草的发生,免耕加5 000 kg/hm2稻草覆盖量可有效控制小麦田杂草的发生;免耕不覆盖稻草和翻耕处理在小麦播后2周左右杂草有1个出苗高峰,因此应在小麦播种后第2周对杂草进行化学防除.3种不同耕作方式下对小麦生长发育影响较大的杂草为禾本科杂草和繁缕;覆盖稻草可在一定程度上促进小麦出苗后的生长,产量也较未覆盖处理和翻耕处理高.     

烟田杂草防除研究进展

烟草在我国已有超过400年的种植历史,是我国重要的经济作物.烟田杂草与烟草争光、争水、争肥,阻碍作物的生长,给烟草生产带来巨大的损失.本文对烟田杂草的种类、分布以及防除研究的现状进行了综述,并讨论了烟田杂草综合防治中存在的问题以及今后的发展方向.     

Weed biology serves practical weed management

Weed science is an applied science that serves practical weed management. Traditionally, effective weed management has been dependent upon farmers gaining knowledge of the characteristics of the weeds they were managing. The advent of herbicides has not made this knowledge-based approach redundant and problems, including herbicide resistant weeds, have made weed biology studies necessary even in the herbicide era. Weed populations continue to evolve and weed problems persist, sustaining a requirement for effective management strategies. In this paper, we exhibit several approaches to linking weed biology studies to practical weed management. These approaches demonstrate both the value of and synergy between an in-depth knowledge of weed biology and weed management practices to provide practical solutions in the field.     

Weed seed germination and the light environment: Implications for weed management

Light regulates dormancy termination and the subsequent germination in many weed species. Under field conditions, the light environment of the seeds, which is perceived mainly by photoreceptors of the phytochrome family, provides essential information for cueing germination in the proper environmental situation. The light environment's spectral composition and irradiance allow weed seeds to sense their position in the soil profile, the presence of a leaf canopy capturing light and other resources and the occurrence of soil cultivation. From an agronomical point of view, the control of germination by light represents a potentially useful step in the life cycle of weeds for developing effective control practices. The goal of this article is to place current knowledge regarding photoreceptors, physiological and molecular bases of seed responses to light and their ecological implications within the context of weed management in agricultural systems. With that final objective, the authors intend to show how a better understanding of the way in which the light environment regulates dormancy termination and the subsequent germination of weed seeds could be used to develop more accurate control practices and to improve weed management strategies.     

南京市小麦田杂草调查及其防除对策

通过对南京市各县区麦田杂草的系统调查,探讨本地小麦田杂草群落结构及发生规律,调查发现目前南京市小麦田间常见杂草有11科26种,主要杂草有猪殃殃、播娘蒿、看麦娘、荠菜、大巢菜、牛繁缕、婆婆纳、麦家公、野燕麦、泽漆等。并对已有小麦田杂草农业防除配套技术进行了充实和完善。     

Weed occurrence on pavements in five North European towns

Weeds on pavements in urban areas are unwanted mainly because they cause an untidy appearance or sometimes structural damage. Glyphosate has been the principal weed control method for years, but policies in several European towns have changed to lower dependence on herbicides. Instead, less effective and more species-dependent non-chemical methods are used, but little is known about the pavement flora. Consequently, we surveyed the flora on pavements in five North European towns [Braunschweig (DE), Malmö (SE), Næstved (DK), Royal Leamington Spa (UK) and Wageningen (NL)] by recording weed species and their coverage in 56 recording points randomly placed in each town. Weeds were recorded at several dates in 2005 and 2006 and no weed control was applied apart from sweeping. Weed coverage increased during the survey (averaging 1.4% in late 2006) and was highest in the towns having the strictest policies limiting herbicide use. Most coverage (averaging 2%) was found along the pavement edge away from the road. Poa annua was the most frequently recorded species, followed by bryophytes (mainly mosses), Sagina procumbens and perennial grasses. Grasses and some other species frequently found, notably Taraxacum officinale , should receive particular attention when planning a non-chemical weed control campaign on pavements.     

施肥对农田杂草生理生态及群落形成的影响综述

本文综述了施肥对农田杂草群落及土壤杂草种子库的影响,并探讨施肥可显著改变农田杂草发生的原因,论证合理的施肥能改善作物与杂草之间的关系,有效控制一些恶性杂草的发生,保持生物多样性。梳理了农田杂草研究的一些新的发展方向,并认为农业生态系统中施肥对杂草群落的演替、优势杂草种群的确定及其生理生态和遗传进化规律的影响是今后研究的重点和难点。