锌铁微肥对冬小麦籽粒产量及其微量元素含量的影响

为了明确锌铁微肥对冬小麦籽粒产量及其微量元素含量的影响,在西北农林科技大学斗口试验站以西农805为试验材料进行田间试验,采用二因素裂区设计,3种锌铁肥施肥量为主区,4种锌铁肥施肥比例为副区。结果表明,在施肥量15.0kg·hm~(-2)、施肥比例4Zn∶1Fe下,小麦的产量及成穗数最高,产量提高了19.6%,穗粒数显著增加;锌铁微肥的配施有利于籽粒对Zn的累积,提高籽粒中锌含量,在施肥量45.0kg·hm~(-2)、施肥比例1Zn∶4Fe下达到最大含量,较对照提高43.8%,但铁含量低于对照。获得最高产量的锌铁微肥施用量低于籽粒最高锌含量时的锌铁微肥施用量。     

花后叶面喷施氮肥和锌肥对小麦粒重及营养品质的影响

为了解小麦花后叶面喷施氮、锌肥对粒重及营养品质的改善作用及品种间的响应差异,以黄淮麦区20个小麦品种为材料,分析了花后喷施氮肥或锌肥后小麦粒重、植酸含量、Fe、Zn、Mg元素含量及其生物有效性的变化.结果表明,花后喷锌、氮均可增加小麦千粒重和籽粒蛋白质含量,其中喷氮对籽粒蛋白质含量的提高效果大于锌肥.喷锌可使小麦籽粒植酸含量下降,其中品种955159降幅达27.95％;而喷氮对籽粒植酸含量影响较小.喷锌显著提高籽粒中Zn含量,平均增幅54.38％;喷氮则可以显著提高籽粒中Fe和Zn含量,平均增幅分别为36.88％和11.25％,但降低了籽粒中Mg含量.喷锌可提高籽粒Zn的生物有效性,而喷氮可提高籽粒Fe的生物有效性.说明在小麦生育后期合理喷施氮肥和锌肥可以同时提高粒重及矿质元素含量和有效性,从而改善籽粒营养品质.     

叶面喷施不同营养元素对冬小麦产量和品质的影响

为给叶面施肥在小麦生产中的应用提供技术参考,以不同品质类型的2个小麦品种为试验材料,采用二因素随机区组设计,研究了品种和叶面喷施不同营养元素（硼、锌、锰、铁、磷、钾、氮）对小麦产量和品质的影响。结果表明,在底肥和追肥相同的条件下,品种间产量和品质差异显著。喷施不同营养元素处理的千粒重均比对照有所提高,喷施营养元素处理间产量差异显著,其中叶面喷施硼肥产量最高。叶面喷施营养元素对面团吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、面包体积、面包评分有显著影响,对籽粒蛋白质含量影响不显著,但对不同蛋白组分有显著影响。叶面喷施铁和锌分别提高了籽粒中铁和锌的含量,但喷锰并未增加籽粒中锰的含量。     

小麦开花后不同光合器官对籽粒品质的影响

为探讨不同光合器官对小麦籽粒品质的作用,以永良4号为供试品种,在开花后通过剪叶遮光(包括剪旗叶、剪旗叶+倒二叶、包旗叶鞘、包穗、包穗+穗下节间)等处理,研究了叶器官和非叶器官对小麦籽粒营养物质含量及单穗生产量的影响.结果表明,剪叶遮光后小麦籽粒中淀粉、脂肪、铁含量比正常生长降低,灰分、磷、钾、锌、钙含量提高,而对蛋白质含量影响很小;剪叶遮光后小麦籽粒淀粉、脂肪、蛋白质、灰分、磷、钾、锌、铁、钙筚穗产量均比正常生长降低.非叶器官对籽粒营齐物质含量以及生产量的影响均大于叶器官.     

叶面喷施富硒植物营养素对小麦产量及品质的效应

为了解外源硒对小麦产量及品质的影响,在不同小麦品种开花期叶面喷施富硒植物营养素,研究其对小麦籽粒产量、籽粒硒含量及品质指标的影响.结果表明,不同小麦品种开花期叶面喷施富硒植物营养素后,籽粒产量均增加,中麦895、登峰168和小偃22的产量依次较对照增加了5.9％、2.9％、4.6％;小麦籽粒有机硒和总硒含量均极显著增高,中麦895、登峰168和小偃22的有机硒含量较对照依次提高了537.3％、622.6％、5323.2％;总硒含量较对照依次增加了524.4％、757.8％、5 306.4％.开花期叶面喷富硒植物营养素对小麦籽粒的容重、蛋白质含量和面团的湿面筋含量、吸水率和最大拉伸阻力没有显著影响,但对小麦籽粒的硬度和面团沉降值、稳定时间、拉伸面积和延展性有一定影响,其效应在小麦品种间存在一定差异.     

小麦光合器官对不同穗位和粒位粒重及蛋白质含量的影响

为探明小麦叶片与非叶光合器官对不同穗位和粒位籽粒发育的影响,以济麦22为试验材料,开花期设置剪叶、包穗、包茎等7种处理,分析了不同处理下不同穗位和粒位粒数、粒重和蛋白质含量的差异。结果表明,小麦穗对穗上部和下部弱势粒数影响显著,与叶片共同作用对穗上部强势粒数及穗中部和下部粒数,以及与茎和叶片共同作用对穗上部粒数、穗中部和下部弱势粒数均影响显著;穗对不同穗位强势粒重和穗上部弱势粒重影响显著,旗叶对穗中部和下部强势粒重、穗上部和中部强势粒重及穗下部粒重影响显著;包穗、剪旗叶和剪倒二叶处理显著提高穗上部强势粒及穗中部和下部籽粒蛋白质含量;剪倒三叶和剪倒四叶+剪倒五叶处理显著提高穗下部强势粒蛋白质含量;同一穗位的强势粒蛋白质含量大于弱势粒,不同穗位籽粒的平均蛋白质含量表现为穗下部穗中部穗上部;同一穗位的弱势粒蛋白质含量变异系数大于强势粒,穗上部的籽粒蛋白质含量变异系数大于穗中部和下部。因此,建议小麦育种中应注重穗光合选择,适当增加小穗排数,减少高穗位粒数,可能是提高小麦产量潜力和改善品质的重要途径。     

河南省洛阳市小麦籽粒中元素富集特征研究

为了解洛阳市小麦籽粒元素富集特征基于土壤元素含量的关系,对洛阳市土壤硒高背景区种植的小麦和土壤进行了系统采集,测定了土壤25项全量指标、6种元素的有效态指标、7种元素的形态指标及小麦籽粒12种微量元素含量,分析了土壤和小麦籽粒中有益元素和重金属元素的含量特征、富集规律以及小麦籽粒微量元素与土壤元素的相关性。结果表明,研究区土壤富集硒和钼,小麦籽粒中钼、锌、硒、铜的富集系数均大于15%,富硒小麦的比例为69.11%,籽粒镉、砷、铅、汞、铬含量均低于全国平均值。小麦籽粒中硒、钼、砷含量与土壤pH值均呈显著正相关,镉、铬、镍含量与土壤pH值均呈显著负相关,锗含量与土壤pH值呈正相关,铜、锌含量与土壤pH值呈负相关,汞、铅、氟含量与土壤pH值均无相关性。研究区小麦籽粒具有有益元素丰富、有害元素含量低的特征,因而该地区是富硒富钼同时锌铜丰富的特色小麦有利地区。     

氮磷钾肥对小麦产量及主茎维管束的影响

为给小麦高产调优栽培提供理论依据,以小麦品种农麦2号和永良4号为材料,通过盆栽试验,研究了不同氮磷钾肥处理对小麦籽粒产量、蛋白质含量和主茎维管束数目的影响。结果表明,不同品种籽粒产量、蛋白质含量和主茎维管束数目对氮肥的反应一致;施氮显著提高籽粒产量和蛋白质含量,改善主茎维管束结构,且效果优于施磷、钾及不施肥处理;两个品种主茎的倒二节间维管束数均多于穗下节间维管束数,且主茎穗下节间维管束数均与籽粒产量、蛋白质含量呈正相关,其中农麦2号的维管束数与籽粒蛋白质含量相关显著(r=0.65,P<0.05)。     

超高产冬小麦四种微量元素的积累及其与产量性状的关系

为了明确超高产冬小麦锰、锌、铜、硼的吸收积累特点及与产量相关性状的关系,于2005-2006年冬小麦成熟期测定了不同小麦品种产量相关性状及植株和籽粒中锰、锌、铜、硼的含量与积累量。结果表明,成熟期不同冬小麦品种植株和籽粒中4种元素的含量和积累量存在不同程度的差异,但都表现为锰>锌>铜>硼。植株锰积累量与穗粒数呈显著正相关,植株锰含量和积累量与单株成穗数呈显著负相关。植株和籽粒锌含量和积累量与每穗小穗数、结实小穗数和穗粒数呈正相关,与不孕小穗数呈负相关,但相关均未达到显著水平。植株铜含量与每穗小穂数、结实小穗数、穗粒数和产量均为正相关,且相关达到显著或极显著水平。植株铜积累量与总小穗数、结实小穗数呈显著正相关,与不孕小穗数呈显著负相关。植株硼积累量与产量达到显著正相关水平。综合分析可知,4种微量元素在增加产量和优化产量构成因素中起着不同的作用,在小麦生产中应针对具体的限制因素确定不同微量元素肥料的施用技术。     

不同年代冬小麦品种籽粒产量与品质的演变及其对氮肥的响应

为给小麦高产优质品种的选育及调优栽培提供理论依据,以20世纪50至90年代育成的32个代表性冬小麦品种为材料,研究了小麦籽粒产量与品质的演变规律及其对氮肥响应的变化。结果表明,小麦穗粒数、千粒重和产量均随品种育成年代的推进呈增加趋势;施氮增加了不同年代小麦穗数、穗粒数和产量,但降低了千粒重。其中,20世纪90年代的小麦品种穗粒数对氮肥响应最敏感,千粒重最不敏感,因此该时期小麦的产量在施氮条件下增产显著。籽粒蛋白质含量和湿面筋含量均随年代的推进呈降低趋势,但蛋白质积累量呈增加趋势。淀粉含量和沉降值随年代先降后升,而降落值先升后降。除直链淀粉和支链淀粉含量外,氮肥对其他品质指标的影响均达到显著水平。不同年代小麦品种的各品质指标对氮素响应不同,早期品种的籽粒蛋白质含量和淀粉含量对氮肥响应较现代品种敏感。氮肥对20世纪70年代品种的湿面筋含量、80年代品种的沉降值和90年代品种的降落值影响显著。相关性分析表明,产量与蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、沉降值呈负相关,与淀粉含量呈正相关;蛋白质含量与湿面筋含量、沉降值呈正相关。说明品种改良提高了冬小麦产量,但对小麦不同品质性状有不同的影响,增施氮肥可提高小麦产量和蛋白质含量。在保证小麦高产的前提下,稳定小麦品质是今后品种改良与合理施肥的重要目标。     

Variation in mineral micronutrient concentrations in grain of wheat lines of diverse origin

150 lines of bread wheat representing diverse origin and 25 lines of durum, spelt, einkorn and emmer wheat species were analysed for variation in micronutrient concentrations in grain. A subset of 26 bread wheat lines was grown at six sites or seasons to identify genetically determined differences in micronutrient concentrations. Substantial variation among the 175 lines existed in grain Fe, Zn and Se concentrations. Spelt, einkorn and emmer wheats appeared to contain higher Se concentration in grain than bread and durum wheats. Significant differences between bread wheat genotypes were found for grain Fe and Zn, but not Se concentration; the latter was influenced more by the soil supply. Grain Zn, but not Fe, concentration correlated negatively with grain yield, and there was a significant decreasing trend in grain Zn concentration with the date of variety release, suggesting that genetic improvement in yield has resulted in a dilution of Zn concentration in grain. Both grain Zn and Fe concentrations also correlated positively and significantly with grain protein content and P concentration, but the correlations with kernel size, kernel weight or bran yield were weak. The results from this study are useful for developing micronutrient biofortification strategies.     

泰国罗勇府蔬果减产

Fe、Se、Zn等微量元素均为小麦正常生长发育的必须微量元素,在相对缺乏的条件下,补充相应元素可起到较好的增产效果。试验表明,Fe、Se、Zn均为小麦正常生长发育不可缺少的微量元素,且为砂姜黑土比较缺乏的元素,在小麦高产栽培中补施上述元素是满足小麦生长发育、进一步提高产量的重要措施。     

不同品种枇杷果实微量元素分析及综合评价

本研究采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法（ICP-MS）测定23种枇杷果实中9种微量元素含量,并对果实的外观品质指标进行测定,运用主成分分析、聚类分析方法及结合SPSS 19.0统计软件对测定结果进行综合评价。结果表明：（1）不同品种枇杷果实中微量元素含量顺序均为：Mn>Zn>Fe>Cu>Ni>Co>Mo>Se>V。其中Mn、Fe和Zn 3种微量元素是枇杷果实中主要微量元素,主成分分析筛选出4个主因子,枇杷果肉中Mn、Co、Cu和Se是枇杷的特征微量元素,综合得分较高的前3个品种依次是‘新霄’、‘卓南1号’和‘少核大红袍’。（2）根据微量元素含量将枇杷分为3个类型,即高Zn、Fe含量类型,包括‘木鱼种’、‘小毛枇杷’等共计19个品种;高Cu含量类型,包括‘少核大红袍’和‘湖北二六’;高Mn、Co含量类型,包括‘卓南1号’和‘新霄’。（3）对果实中微量元素之间相关性分析发现,元素Mn和Co、Cu之间表现为极显著性相关,相关系数分别为0.852和0.538;此外元素V和Fe、Zn,元素Co和Cu之间表现出显著相关,元素Ni和Se表现为显著相关。同时对微量元素与果实品质之间做相关性分析表明,Fe与果肉中的可溶性固形物呈极显著相关;元素Cu与果实横径表现为极显著相关。综合分析表明,枇杷中富含Fe、Zn、Mn等有益微量元素,且含有特征微量元素Se。‘新霄’是23个品种中营养价值最高的品种。     

锌、硒种肥配施对裸燕麦产量及矿质元素含量的影响

为了明确锌、硒种肥配施对裸燕麦产量及矿质元素含量的影响,以裸燕麦品种燕科1号为材料,田间试验设置锌肥、硒肥、锌肥和硒肥配施及对照4个处理,分析了燕麦籽粒产量及其构成因素、籽粒中矿质元素Ca、Mg、Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn、Se的含量以及Zn、Se的累积量。结果表明,与对照相比,种施锌肥、硒肥以及锌肥和硒肥配施可以显著提高燕麦生物学产量。锌肥和硒肥配施时,燕麦籽粒比对照增产2.8%,但不同处理间差异不显著。随着生育进程的推进,不同处理Zn、Se累积量均呈现逐渐增加的变化趋势。与对照相比,单独施用锌肥、锌硒肥配施可以显著提高燕麦全株Zn的积累量,分别提高了30.2%和37.1%;单独施用硒肥、锌硒肥配施可以显著提高全株Se的积累量,分别提高了95.3%和110.6%。不同施肥处理均可提高成熟期籽粒中Zn、Se含量,锌肥、硒肥、锌肥和硒肥配施时籽粒中Zn含量分别比对照提高了30.5%、13.9%和31.5%,Se含量分别提高了41.7%、175.6%和239.4%。不同处理间成熟期籽粒中Ca、Mg、Fe、Mn、Cu含量的差异不显著。说明通过种施锌肥、硒肥、以及锌肥和硒配施在不影响产量的条件下可以达到提高燕麦籽粒中Zn、Se含量的目的。     

施用大、中、微量元素对大豆品质及其它性状的影响

试验以3种大量元素(N、P、K)、3种中量元素(Ca、Mg、S)及6种微量元素(B、Mo、Zn、Fe、Na、Cl)及其组舍对高蛋白大豆品种东农42和高脂肪大豆品种东农163的蛋白质和脂肪含量进行了研究。结果表明，施S可增加高蛋白大豆品种蛋白质含量1．34个百分点，增加高脂肪品种的蛋白质含量1．44个百分点；施Zn可增加高蛋白大豆品种蛋白质含量1．07个百分点，B、Mo、Zn同时施用可增加高脂肪品种大豆的蛋白质含量2．19个百分点。Na、C1、Fe的施用似乎对大豆蛋白质含量均具有正向作用。以Na元素的作用最大，二个供试品种分别增加2．08和1．85个百分点；Fe分别增加1．11和1．43个百分点；Cl分别增加1．26和1．65个百分点。N、P、K对大豆脂肪含量具有显著影响，在高脂肪品种中，K单独处理在1％的水平上显著高于对照，增加脂肪含量1．57个百分点，P—K配合施用增加1．2个百分点，N—K配合施用增加1．52个百分点，N—P配合施用增加1．11个百分点。适量的施用Ca、Mo具有增加大豆中脂肪含量的趋势。肥料的施用具有降低株高，增加收获重、荚数、粒数的作用。特别是N—K配合施用对大豆的株高、收获重及产量的影响效果显著。     

Effects of Different Nitrogen Fertilizer Levels and Native Soil Properties on Rice Grain Fe, Zn and Protein Contents

Deposition of protein and metal ions (Fe, Zn) in rice grains is a complex polygenic trait showing considerable environmental effect. To analyze the effect of nitrogen application levels and native soil properties on rice grain protein, iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) contents, 32 rice genotypes were grown at three different locations each under 80 and 120 kg/hm2 nitrogen fertilizer applications. In treatments with nitrogen fertilizer application, the brown rice grain protein content (GPC) increased significantly (1.1% to 7.0%) under higher nitrogen fertilizer application (120 kg/hm2) whereas grain Fe/Zn contents showed non-significant effect of nitrogen application level, thus suggesting that the rate of uptake and translocation of macro-elements does not influence the uptake and translocation of micro-elements. The pH, organic matter content and inherent Fe/Zn levels of native soil showed significant effects on grain Fe and Zn contents of all the rice genotypes. Grain Zn content of almost all the tested rice genotypes was found to increase at Location III having loamy soil texture, neutral pH value (pH 6.83) and higher organic matter content than the other two locations (Locations I and II), indicating significant influence of native soil properties on brown rice grain Zn content while grain Fe content showed significant genotype × environment interaction effect. Genotypic difference was found to be the most significant factor to affect grain Fe/Zn contents in all the tested rice genotypes, indicating that although native soil properties influence phyto-availability of micronutrients and consequently influencing absorption, translocation and grain deposition of Fe/Zn ions, yet genetic makeup of a plant determines its response to varied soil conditions and other external factors. Two indica rice genotypes R-RF-31 (27.62 μg/g grain Zn content and 7.80% GPC) and R1033-968-2-1 (30.05 μg/g grain Zn content and 8.47% GPC) were identified as high grain Zn and moderate GPC rice genotypes. These results indicate that soil property and organic matter content increase the availability of Fe and Zn in rhizosphere, which in turn enhances the uptake, translocation and redistribution of Fe/Zn into rice grains.     

Mineral and protein content,test weight,and yield variations of hard red spring wheat grain as influenced by fertilization and cultivar

Among the complex factors affecting grain nutritional quality, protein and mineral content are highly important. A two-year study was conducted in eastern North Dakota to determine the influence of fertility on the protein and mineral content, test weight, and yield of two hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars. Zero, medium (56, 12, and 47 kg/ha), and high (280, 122, and 465 kg/ha) rates of N, P, and K, respectively, were applied in a complete factorial arrangement to ‘Era’ (a semi-dwarf) and ‘Waldron’ wheat (a tall type) in 1977. Seven of these treatments were repeated in 1978. Micronutrients and S were also applied to most treatments in 1977, and micronutrients but no S to all treatments in 1978. In 1977 on a site with high residual NO₃-N, additions of N reduced yields and test weight but increased protein, P, Ca, Zn, Mn, and Fe content. At this site application of P increased grain yield, P, K, and Mg contents but reduced protein and Zn; fertilizer K increased Mn and Fe content and reduced yield, P, K, and Mg. In 1978, N additions increased grain yield, protein, Ca, and Fe but reduced Zn. The application of P and K had little influence on the composition of the grain in 1978. The two cultivars acted the same both years, with Waldron exceeding Era grain in protein (15%), P (12%), Mg (12%), Mg (12%), Zn (17%), Mn (30%), and Fe (12%). Era surpassed Waldron in test weight (2%), K (2%), and Ca (27%). Era proved to be more responsive to fertilizer additions for most grain parameters. Drier weather conditions and lower soil N status for the 1978 experiment produced grain higher in test weight and P, K, Ca, Mg, and Fe content but lower in yield, protein, and Zn. Many highly significant fertilizer-grain and grain-grain interactions were observed. Since wheat grain composition may often be altered by fertilizers and cultivars, the range of these changes should become known through investigations by soil scientists, agronomists, and nutritionists; additional research should be conducted to determine if their changes are of nutritional significance.     

Effect of drought and elevated temperature on grain zinc and iron concentrations in CIMMYT spring wheat

Abiotic stress caused by increasing temperature and drought is a major limiting factor for wheat productivity around the world. Wheat plays an important role in feeding the world, but climate change threatens its future harvest and nutritional quality. In this study, grain iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) concentrations of 54 wheat varieties, including CIMMYT derived historic and modern wheat varieties grown in six different environmental conditions, were analyzed. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of water and heat stress on the nutritional value of wheat grains with a main emphasis on grain protein content, Zn and Fe concentrations. Significant effects of environment on protein content and grain micronutrients concentration were observed. The protein and Zn concentrations increased in the water and heat stressed environments, whereas Zn and Fe yield per unit area was higher in non-stress conditions. The results suggest that genetic gains in the yield potential of CIMMYT derived wheat varieties have tended to reduce grain Zn, in some instances; however, environmental variability might influence the extent to which this effect manifests itself.     

供氮水平对稻株铁、锰、铜、锌含量和稻米品质的影响

采用室内盆栽试验,研究了不同氮肥施用量对水稻铁、锰、铜、锌含量和稻米品质的影响。 随着氮肥使用量的增加,与对照相比,4种微量元素在稻株地上部组织中的含量增加。施氮水平对两个品种徽量元素含量的总体影响趋势一致,只是在稻株中含量不同,表明施氮量对品种的特性表达没有影响。糙米中微量元素含量随着施氮量的增加表现出先升高后降低的趋势,其中以氮肥使用量在160 kg/hm2时增幅最大。此时,IR64的糙米中的铁、锰、铜、锌含量分别比对照增加28.96%、41.34%、58.31%和16.0%,而IR68144的糙米铁、锰、铜、锌含量分别比对照增加2216%、13.75%、8.75%和2021%。同时,随着氮肥使用量的增加,籽粒蛋白质含量增加,直链淀粉含量降低,糙米的胶稠度变大。说明合理的氮肥管理措施可在一定程度上调控籽粒微量元素积累,改善稻米营养品质。     

碳氮供给对小麦离体穗培养粒重、微量元素及蛋白质含量的影响

为了解碳氮供给与小麦粒重、Fe、Zn、Mn、Cu等微量元素以及蛋白质含量的关系,在离体穗培养条件下研究了灌浆初期和灌浆中期不同浓度C(蔗糖)、N(硝酸铵)供给对小麦粒重、微量元素(Fe、Zn、Mn、Cu)和蛋白质含量的影响.结果表明,随着培养基糖浓度的增大,粒重和Fe、Mn含量都表现为先升高后降低的趋势,在4%糖浓度时,均达到最高值;籽粒Zn、Cu和蛋白质含量表现为随糖浓度增大而持续降低.随着培养基N浓度的增加,粒重和Fe、Zn、Mn、Cu含量多表现为先升高后降低的趋势,且多在N浓度为0.07%时达到最高值,尤以灌浆中期开始的培养表现明显;籽粒蛋白质含量表现为随N浓度增大而持续增加.由此可见,外源C、N供给对粒重、微量元素和蛋白质含量有明显的调控效应.一定的糖供给可同时提高粒重和Fe、Mn含量,一定的N供给可同时提高粒重及微量元素和蛋白质含量.