茶籽象危害与不同品种油茶果实物理性状的关系

[目的]揭示茶籽象危害与不同品种油茶果实物理性状间的关系,揭示不同品种油茶的物理特性对茶籽象寄主选择的影响。[方法]调查茶籽象对相同种植条件下的不同油茶品种的危害情况,通过聚类分析评价抗虫性,同时测定茶果质量、果皮厚度及果实大小等物理性状,分析两者间的关系。[结果]茶籽象对不同油茶品种的危害率存在显著差异,危害率在12.4%49.7%之间,而落果中茶籽象的危害率在13.23%91.83%之间,茶籽象是造成落果的主要因素。11个油茶品种分为抗性较高、抗性中等、抗性较差3个类群,3个类群的油茶品种受害率存在极显著性差异(P0.01),抗性较高类群平均抗虫率达82.23%±5.00%,而抗性较差类群仅为52.47%±6.00%。茶籽象危害与茶果质量、果皮厚度及果实大小密切相关,茶果质量越大、越薄,果径越大,危害越严重。[结论]茶果质量越大,越薄,果径越大,受到茶籽象的危害越大。选育抗性品种是控制茶籽象危害的重要手段。     

油茶果形果色分类及经济性状

以油茶成林的成熟果实为材料,对果形果色进行了分类并研究了相关经济性状.结果表明:油茶果形可分为桔形、球形、卵形、橄榄形4大类,果色可分为红色、红黄色、青黄色、青色4种基本颜色;果径是果实形态中最重要的指标,它与果高、鲜果质量、心室数、籽数均存在极显著正相关关系,与果形指数、干籽含油率存在极显著负相关关系,其中果径与鲜果质量的相关系数达到0.946,建立了果径-鲜果质量回归方程为y=19.529-1.591x 0.049x2,干籽含油率与果形指数和果实颜色变化一致;从各个经济性状指标值来看,球形与卵形,红色与红黄色,青色与青黄色之间基本接近,差异不显著.     

铜仁地区野生油茶果实性状变异研究

野生油茶存在极大的潜在变异价值.以贵州铜仁地区野生油茶果实作为研究对象,利用相关性分析和主成分分析方法,分析了8个果实性状.结果表明:1)各果实性状分布范围为鲜果重23.7～171.6 g,鲜籽重8.8～73.1 g,籽数8～52粒,干籽重5.1～36.4 g,皮厚1.5～5.98 mm,果形指数0.77～1.58,干仁出油率9.29％～58.63％,鲜果含油率0.46％～15％;变异系数最大为鲜果含油率,最小为果形指数.2)各果实性状在地区间存在差异,其中合朋溪镇的鲜果重、鲜籽重和干籽重均显著大于其余地区,籽数、皮厚、籽数、干仁出油率和鲜果出油率显著大于部分地区.3)大多数性状之间存在相关性,其中鲜果含油率与干籽重和干仁出油率存在极显著正相关,而果形指数与鲜果重、鲜籽重、籽数、干籽重存在负相关关系.4)主成分分析结果有3个主成分,累计贡献率达72.9％.本研究结果表明,铜仁地区野生油茶果实性状存在很大变异,具有较大的选择潜力和丰富的遗传力,可为油茶良种选育提供基础研究数据.     

梅州不同区域油茶表型性状分析

对梅州地区梅江区(MJ)、梅县区(MX)和平远县(PY)、大埔县(DB)、丰顺县(FS)、五华县(WH)等6个不同区域的油茶花、叶及果3种器官的17个表型性状进行差异性分析。结果表明:梅州地区油茶的表型性状多样性均较丰富,其中花的表型多样性最为丰富。6个不同区域之间油茶的花、叶、果的17个表型性状的差异均达到极显著。表型性状最优的2个居群是FS和PY,其中FS的花冠直径最大,达59.16mm;柱头裂数最多,约8个;油茶鲜籽质量最大,达8.71 g;鲜果出籽率最高,达40.85%。PY的萼片数最多,约4片;花瓣数最多,约4片;叶宽最大,达27.79 mm;侧脉对数最多,约8对;单果质量最大,达22.22 g;平均果径最大,达33.76 mm;籽数最多,约5粒。聚类分析将梅州地区油茶表型性状分为大叶、小花、大果及出籽率低与小叶、大花、小果及出籽率高2种类型。     

不同品种（种）油茶果径、籽径测定及机械脱蒲性能研究

对浙江主栽的11个油茶Camellia oleifera良种与3个浙江本土油茶品种（种）分别测定果径和籽径及其直径分布,并选取其中6个长林系列品种的油茶果进行混合测验机械脱蒲效果,分析油茶果的脱蒲率、油茶籽破损率和蒲籽分离率,研究果径、籽径对油茶机械化脱蒲的影响,为油茶果机械化脱蒲及加工机械开发提供理论依据与数据支撑。结果表明,果径分布区间在<19 mm、19～31 mm、31～43 mm、>43 mm的油茶果实比例分别为0.67%、35.55%、54.65%、9.13%;不同品种（种）油茶籽径分布有一定的差异,油茶籽径分布区间在<9 mm、9～15 mm、15～21 mm、>21 mm的油茶籽比例分别为1.79%、31.45%、57.80%、8.96%。机械化脱蒲试验结果表明,油茶果的脱蒲率为92.78%,油茶籽的破损率为2.34%,蒲籽分离率为87.20%,油茶籽径大于30mm的油茶籽易受损,果径在19.58～21.22 mm的油茶果不易脱蒲和分离。可依据试验结果对油茶果脱蒲机械的辊子的尺寸、辊子运动的速度、筛选器的间隙等关键零部件进行设计与分析,同时可对不...     

高州油茶果实性状变异分析

为选育适应广东省种植的高州油茶优良品种,对高州油茶实生后代果实的19个性状的变异规律进行研究。结果表明:高州油茶果实的各个性状在单株间、单果间、样地间均有不同程度的差异。在样地内单株间果实各性状的变异均达到了极显著水平;在样地间有15个果实性状的变异达到显著水平或极显著水平;综合单果间、样地内单株间及总体株间的变异规律,各果实性状根据其变异程度由高到低排列基本遵循如下规律:烘干种仁质量、晒干种仁质量,烘干籽质量、晒干籽质量、鲜籽质量,鲜果含油率、鲜果质量、单果籽粒数、果皮厚度,鲜果出籽率、烘干果出籽率、晒干果出籽率,晒干籽出仁率、烘干籽出仁率,种仁含油率、纵径、横径、果径均值,果形指数。     

浙江红花油茶果实形态变异研究

在浙江红花油茶主要分布区广泛设点采样,对其果实的形态变异及其性状之间的相关性进行了研究.结果表明:浙江红花油茶果实在产地间及产地内均存在着显著的差异,6个产地果实总体变异幅度最大的是果实质量(变异系数CV为42.07%),其次是果高(变异系数CV为15.79%)和果径(变异系数CV为14.77%),果实的高径比的变异幅度最小(变异系数CV为10.14%),产地内变异幅度较大的仍是果实质量,变异幅度较小的是高径比;不同产地果实果高与果径呈紧密线性相关,即随着果实果高的增大果径也随之增大,各个产地果实的果高和果径与果实质量均达到极显著线性相关关系,果实的高径比与单果质量则没有一致的相关关系.     

大果油茶良种‘华硕’

‘华硕’是从普通油茶实生林分中选育的大果高产油茶新品种,属霜降籽类型,鲜果平均单果质量68.75 g,最大单果99.20 g,鲜果出籽率45.51％,出仁率69.28％,干籽含油率41.71％,盛果期产茶油975 kg·hm-2以上,具有果实大、产量高、抗性强、高光效等特点.     

岑溪软枝油茶油脂积累过程产量性状动态分析

以岑溪软枝油茶优良无性系岑软2号为材料,研究果实油脂积累过程中主要产量性状的动态变化,并分析其相关性。结果表明:在整个测定周期内,鲜出籽率无显著变化;干籽出仁率在9月20日之后快速上升,10月25日之后速度逐渐减慢,11月15日之后达到最高水平;种仁含油率和干出籽率均呈上升趋势,10月25日前上升幅度较大,此后速度减慢,并在11月8日之后达到最高水平;果油率9月27日前缓慢升高,之后进入积累高峰期,11月8日后达到最高水平。果油率、干出籽率、干籽出仁率和种仁含油率4个性状指标,两两之间均呈极显著正相关,鲜出籽率仅与干出籽率呈极显著正相关。建立了以果油率为因变量,干出籽率、干籽出仁率和种仁含油率为自变量的回归模型:y=-6.402+0.225x1+0.104x2+0.025x3,3个自变量的重要程度为干出籽率干籽出仁率种仁含油率。在广西不同生态区域,针对岑溪软枝油茶栽培品种,11月中旬至12月上旬为果实的适宜采收期。     

施用钾肥对油茶果实性状的影响

为了明确钾肥对油茶(Camellia oleifera Abel.)果实性状的影响,本文以长林27号为材料开展试验。结果表明,钾肥用量对油茶果茎和单果质量有提高但是影响不显著。钾肥有利于油茶出籽率和出仁率的提高,180g/株钾肥处理下出籽率和出仁率均达到了最高,分别比对照提高了16.5%、15.2%。钾肥处理对种仁含油率影响不显著,但是能够显著提高鲜果的含油率。180g/株钾肥处理下,鲜果含油率达到最高。综合考虑钾肥对油茶果实性状等指标的影响,最适合油茶果实生长的钾肥用量为180g/株。     

青钱柳红豆杉混交造林技术试验

进行了青钱柳红豆杉混交林、纯林造林技术试验。经过3年经营管理,对林木生长量进行了调查,幼林林木生长良好。结果显示:青钱柳红豆杉混交林幼林林木生长量,比青钱柳、红豆杉纯林幼林林木树高大于2.89%、29.66%,平均胸径粗于17.07%、23.08%,平均树冠宽于6.02%、19.72%。     

北京居住区乔木数量结构特征与空间三维绿化结构研究

通过对北京城区3种类型居住区树木数量结构、径级结构和立木层次结构的分析发现:毛白杨、国槐、泡桐、侧柏、臭椿、白蜡等6个树种是居住区中的主要树种,其累计数量占到了居住区树木总株的48.5%,相对覆盖度累计达到0.651;居住区树木平均胸径23.88 cm,平均株高11.74 m,树木水平胸径等级结构分布相对合理,而在垂直高度空间小乔木植株比例过大;从3类不同类型居住区的比较来看,专属单位附属居住区的绿化效果较好,其树木平均胸径和平均株高水平都要明显高于胡同居住区和普通居住区。       

Insect (Salebria sp.) infestation and impact on Vitellaria paradoxa C.F. Gaertn. fruit production in agroforestry parklands

Vitellaria paradoxa, known as Shea tree or karité, is one of the dominant trees of agroforestry parklands in Sahelian region with an immense commercial value. In this study, we examined infestation of fruit-bearing shoots and fruits on two sites in western Burkina Faso across different reproductive phenophases, crown heights and aspects. The number of infested and healthy shoots and fruits were counted on 60 reproductively active trees randomly selected from on-year shea trees in each site, using a metal frame (0.5 × 0.5 m) to mark a fixed area of the canopy for sampling. The shoot and fruit borer was identified as Salebria sp. (Lepidoptera:Pyralidae), which was not reported earlier. The proportion of infested trees and shoots varied significantly between sites and among reproductive phenophases (P < 0.0001). The site close to the natural forest had the highest infestation rate than distantly located site. Among reproductive phenophases, the proportions of infested trees and shoots were the highest during flowering and fruit set, respectively. Fruit infestation also varied significantly between sites, crown heights and aspects (P < 0.001). The site close to the natural forest and the crown with north-east aspect were heavily infested while the bottom part of the crown had the lowest infestation. As a whole, 49–80% of trees, 24–31% of shoots and 4–15% of fruits were found infested, depending on the site. These infestation levels combined with precocious flower and fruit abscissions would pose serious economic losses that justify a call for immediate pest control initiatives.     

根外追肥对南方红豆杉一年生苗木生长的影响

对南方红豆杉1年生实生苗进行根外追肥,试验结果表明:根外追肥对苗木的高、径生长均有明显的促进作用,追肥后平均高达26~30 cm,地径为0.42~0.52 cm,而对照则分别为22.9 cm,地径0.36 cm,这表明根外追肥能促进红豆杉速生丰产,而且可以缓解红豆杉苗6~7月间的生长暂停状态。不同肥料对苗木高、地径生长的促进作用呈显著差异,其中大肥王、复合肥对苗高、地径的增长效果较大,其苗高分别比对照增加72.88%、108.50%,地径分别比对照增加92.3%、76.9%。在南方红豆杉实生苗培育生产上可推广应用复合肥进行根外追肥。     

冀北山地华北落叶松人工林林隙对边界木生长的影响研究

通过标准地与林隙调查,研究冀北山地华北落叶松人工林林隙对边界木生长的影响,结果表明:边界木的平均胸径比标准地的平均胸径平均大1.19倍,最大达1.50倍;边界木直径生长率平均值比林分标准木高0.15%,边界木材积平均值比林分标准木大0.004 3 m3。边界木的生长空间指数比标准木高,林隙促进了边界木的生长。     

稀土对尾叶桉幼林生长及土壤化学性质的影响

通过对稀土不同施用方式(稀土加入基肥、稀土溶液浸根和稀土溶液叶面喷施)对尾叶桉幼林的影响研究,结果表明:3种使用方法都对2.5 a生尾叶按幼林的生长起促进作用,在稀土加入基肥中,使用7.5 g/株效果最好;在稀土溶液浸根中,使用500 mg/kg效果最好;在稀土溶液叶面喷施中,使用200 mg/kg效果最好.从1.5 a生桉树幼林的单株生物量看,稀土加入基肥、稀土溶液浸根和稀土溶液叶面喷施3种施用稀土方式均使桉树幼林生物量得到不同程度的提高.稀土的3种施用方式均能使桉树幼林林地土壤养分含量得到不同程度的提高.影响程度的大小顺序为稀土加入基肥>稀土溶液浸根>稀土溶液叶面喷施.     

汪清地区4种林分经营模式效果分析

本研究在汪清林业局选定4块样板林,分别对采育林后续经营、低质低效林改造、红松果材林培育、珍贵树种大径级材林培育4种经营模式进行检测和分析.结果表明:采育林后续经营样地平均胸径增长量比对照高0.23 cm,公顷蓄积增长量高3.70 m3,平均年生长量高1.85 m3;低质低效林改造经营样地平均胸径增长量比对照高0.20 ...     

Stand characteristics and downed woody debris accumulations associated with a mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) outbreak in Colorado

Lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.)-dominated ecosystems in north-central Colorado are undergoing rapid and drastic changes associated with overstory tree mortality from a current mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) outbreak. To characterize stand characteristics and downed woody debris loads during the first 7 years of the outbreak, 221 plots (0.02 ha) were randomly established in infested and uninfested stands distributed across the Arapaho National Forest, Colorado. Mountain pine beetle initially attacked stands with higher lodgepole pine basal area, and lower density and basal area of Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii [Parry]), and subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. var. lasiocarpa) compared to uninfested plots. Mountain pine beetle-affected stands had reduced total and lodgepole pine stocking and quadratic mean diameter. The density and basal area of live overstory lodgepole declined by 62% and 71% in infested plots, respectively. The mean diameter of live lodgepole pine was 53% lower than pre-outbreak in infested plots. Downed woody debris loads did not differ between uninfested plots and plots currently infested at the time of sampling to 3 or 4–7 years after initial infestation, but the projected downed coarse wood accumulations when 80% of the mountain pine beetle-killed trees fall indicated a fourfold increase. Depth of the litter layer and maximum height of grass and herbaceous vegetation were greater 4–7 years after initial infestation compared to uninfested plots, though understory plant percent cover was not different. Seedling and sapling density of all species combined was higher in uninfested plots but there was no difference between infested and uninfested plots for lodgepole pine alone. For trees ≥2.5 cm in diameter at breast height, the density of live lodgepole pine trees in mountain pine beetle-affected stands was higher than Engelmann spruce, subalpine fir, and aspen, (Populus tremuloides Michx.), in diameter classes comprised of trees from 2.5 cm to 30 cm in diameter, suggesting that lodgepole pine will remain as a dominant overstory tree after the bark beetle outbreak.     

北京城区银杏行道树生长现状与健康状况研究

The planting site, size, and health condition of street tree Ginkgo biloba in Beijing urban area were investigated and the influence factors were analyzed based on filed survey. The results showed that G. biloba were mainly planted in tree pit within strip planting median. The average height, diameter at breast height and canopy diameter were 8.11 m, 13.22 cm and 4.07 m, respectively, 82.9% trees were less than 10 m in height, and most G. biloba trees were still in the initial stage of height and diameter increment. The tree health status was described with three classes: class I (healthy), class II (fair) and class III (unhealthy). The percentage of class I, II and III for G. biloba trees in Beijing urban area accounted for 16.0%, 37.2% and 42.9% respectively. The results of analysis showed that the health status of G. biloba was associated with the site condition, tree size and management practices. The trees planted in urban forest patch grew better than the trees planted in green belts and tree pits; meanwhile, the bigger trees were healthier than the smaller ones. In addition, the effects of urban heterogeneous environment and human activities on the health of Ginkgo biloba were analyzed and the suggestions on management were launched.     

抚育间伐对栓皮栎人工林直径和树高分布的影响

[目的]以河南登封林场栓皮栎人工林为研究对象,研究抚育间伐对林分不同生长阶段林木株数、林木直径分布和树高分布的影响,为制定科学合理的抚育经营措施奠定理论和技术基础.[方法]在株数强度为31.55％的间伐林分和条件基本一致的未间伐林分内,分别设置1个1 hm2样地,间伐作业2 a后获取每木检尺数据,分别利用Normal分...