关于渔业权法律制度的探讨

2003年3月1日生效的《中华人民共和国农村承包经营法》赋予了农民自主的土地承包经营权,使农民的权利有了民事法律的切实保障。但是,到目前为止,国家还没有规范渔民权利义务的民事法律,使得渔民利益在受到侵害时得不到法律的有力救济。适应实践的需要,研究制定渔业权法律制度已成为目前解决渔民和渔业问题的当务之急。本文通过对物权特征的论述,对渔业权法律性质进行了阐释:渔业权是用益物权。从而使渔业权成为渔民的一种民事权利。在此基础上,本文论述了渔业权与海域使用权、土地承包经营权的关系以及渔业权法律制度应规范的具体内容。     

基于《物权法》的中国捕捞权保护制度的探索

《物权法》明确了捕捞权和养殖权的用益物权属性,并规定其受法律保护。但依据我国现有渔业法律制度,实施《物权法》有关保护捕捞权的法律规定还存在一定困难。通过比较分析《物权法》和《渔业法》及相关法规对捕捞权的规定,考察造成捕捞权损害的主要原因,提出了我国捕捞权保护制度的路径选择:(1) 将近岸海洋渔场和内陆水域渔场按县级或县级以下基层行政区域进行划分,确定给所属区域内的传统捕捞渔民专属使用,从而明确捕捞权主体和客体,为建立捕捞权保护制度提供基础。(2) 建立捕捞权损害评估体系,制定捕捞权损害赔偿、补偿标准,规范捕捞权损害赔偿、补偿程序,健全和完善捕捞权损害赔偿、补偿制度。     

试析我国的渔业捕捞许可制度

<正> 改革开放20年来,我国的渔业发展取得了巨大的成就。然而,当前渔业发展却面临着资源不断衰退的问题,其中主要原因有两个,一是渔业环境污染严重,渔业环境质量不断恶化;二是渔业捕捞强度失控,酷渔滥捕现象严重,国家下达的捕捞渔船控制指标难以实现。这与现行的渔业捕捞许可制度不完善有着直接关系。 一、渔业捕捞许可制度     

试论我国渔业权制度的建立

我国《宪法》、《民法通则》等规定，包括渔业资源在内的自然资源在所有制形式上属于公在制，包括国家所有和集体所有两种具体形式。《渔业法》中主要从行政管理的角度对渔业进行了规定，重点在于保护渔业资源，依法治渔，依法兴渔。作为民事权利的渔业权，在我国现行法律上尚未得到确认。     

我国海洋捕捞能力管理模式研究

粮农组织渔业委员会通过了一个关于渔业捕捞能力管理的国际行动计划,该计划要求所有成员国截止2005年都达到效率、公平和透明的捕捞能力管理。以捕捞能力管理的理论观点为基础,文章调查了我国政府管理海洋渔业捕捞能力的主要实践措施,对主要实践措施进行了分类,并分析和评估其绩效。     

我国南海区海洋捕捞现状分析

拖网是南海区海洋渔业生产最重要的渔具,拖网渔业在南海区海洋渔业生产中占主导地位。南海区拖网渔船数量从1986年的6 730艘增长至2003年的14 599艘,随后减少,2010年后基本维持在9 000艘左右;其总吨位在212 864~876 045 t波动,呈显著上升趋势;而总功率从1986年的440 438 kW上升至2005年的1 735 173 kW,之后呈下降趋势。1986—2020年单船平均吨位和功率均呈显著上升趋势。拖网渔船产量在59.24×10⁴~181.66×10⁴ t之间波动,占南海区总捕捞产量的38.35%~62.96%,呈逐年下降趋势;单位功率和单位吨位的产量分别在0.72~1.40 t和1.18~3.90 t之间波动,1999年最高,之后呈下降趋势。根据8种重要经济鱼类幼鱼占比统计结果,1992—2020年底拖网渔获物中幼鱼生物量占比均值为24.35%~84.28%,数量占比均值为40.09%~89.84%,其中白姑鱼 (Pennahia argentata)、带鱼 (Trichiurus japonicus) 和竹荚鱼 (Trachurus japonicus) 幼鱼比例最高。鉴于拖网渔业选择性不强,对幼鱼资源及海洋环境影响较大,建议逐步压减拖网渔船规模,严格执行网目尺寸和可捕规格制度,引导渔民使用资源节约型、环境友好型的作业方式,以利于近海渔业资源养护和可持续利用。     

物权与渔业捕捞许可

十届人大五次会议审议通过了《中华人民共和国物权法》(以下简称《物权法》),并将于2007年10月1日起实行.《物权法》的颁布实施将给海洋渔业管理者带来新的管理内容,促使对渔业生产者的保护力度跨越进入一个新的阶段.     

江苏省海洋捕捞产业现状及管理工作的探讨

江苏的海洋捕捞产业在沿海经济和社会发展中占有重要地位,优化产业结构,保持海洋捕捞业持续稳定发展已经引起各方面的高度重视。本文在认真分析江苏海洋捕捞产业现状的基础上,针对存在的问题,提出海洋捕捞管理的意见和建议。     

挪威海洋捕捞及渔船管理概述

本文概要介绍了挪威海洋捕捞业和渔船管理状况:2011年,捕捞量230万t,产值159亿挪威克朗(约26.8亿美元);渔民数量12 791人,渔船数量6 252艘;近10年的捕捞量基本稳定,年均捕捞量为250万t,与此同时,渔船和渔民数量则呈持续下降态势,说明挪威渔船的捕捞能力显著增强,捕捞效率明显提升。挪威的渔业管理制度和法规建设比较完善,这为控制捕捞强度、保护海洋渔业资源奠定了法律基础。挪威的经验具有借鉴意义。我国现阶段以实行渔船控制等投入控制制度为主、其他管理方式为辅的渔业资源管理制度,比较符合我国实际。实践证明,减船转产政策是控制捕捞渔船规模和降低海洋捕捞强度行之有效的措施之一。     

海洋捕捞技术、渔具渔法研究进展与趋势

综合应用船舶、机械、信息、新材料等技术，从海洋中捕捞经济渔获物并综合利用，是现代海洋捕捞业的主要特征。海洋捕捞技术的发展和创新，对保障我国食物安全、保护近海生态与资源、实现渔民增收和新渔村建设、推动渔业产业结构调整和转型、维护我国海洋权益等方面具有非常重要的作用。本文通过简析海洋捕捞渔场探测、渔具渔法与高效自动化辅渔助渔技术等方面的研究进展，提出海洋捕捞技术的重点发展方向，以期为我国海洋捕捞实现节能高效、生态友好和资源可持续利用，海洋捕捞技术升级和产业高质量发展提供参考。     

Toward sustainable harvest strategies for marine fisheries that include recreational fishing

Recreational fishing (RF) is a large yet undervalued component of fisheries globally. While progress has been made in monitoring, assessing, and managing the sector in isolation, integration of RF into the management of multi-sector fisheries has been limited, particularly relative to the commercial sector. This marginalises recreational fishers and reduces the likelihood of achieving the sector's objectives and, more broadly, achieving fisheries sustainability. We examined the nature and extent of RF inclusion in harvest strategies (HSs) for marine fisheries across 15 regions in 11 nations to define the gap in inclusion that has developed between sectors. We focused on high-income nations with a high level of RF governance and used a questionnaire to elicit expert knowledge on HSs due to the paucity of published documents. In total, 339 HSs were considered. We found that RF inclusion in HSs was more similar to the small-scale sector (i.e., artisanal, cultural, or subsistence) than the commercial sector, with explicit operational objectives, data collection, performance indicators, reference points, and management controls lacking in many regions. Where specified, RF objectives focused on sustainability, economic value and catch allocation rather than directly relating to the recreational fishing experience. Conflicts with other sectors included competition with the commercial sector for limited resources, highlighting the importance of equitable resource allocation policies alongside HSs. We propose that RF be explicitly incorporated into HSs to ensure fisheries are ecologically, economically, and socially sustainable, and we recommend that fisheries organisations urgently review HSs for marine fisheries with a recreational component to close the harvest strategy gap among sectors.     

A preliminary appraisal of the contribution of recreational fishing to the fisheries sector in north-west Trinidad

Abstract An assessment of the recreational fishery in north-west Trinidad was made by questioning participants about the principal fishing methods used, location of activities, catches, effort and cost of fishing. Surface handline methods (live baiting [à la vive] and trolling) and rod and line (banking) were the most common methods used and were pursued mainly in the summer months (April to August). Total fish landings from the fishery were estimated at 1000 t year^-1, equivalent to about 10% of commercial catches for Trinidad. The principal species caught were kingfish, Scomberomorus cavalla (Cuv.), carite, Scomberomorus brasiliensis (Cuv.), cavalli, Caranx hippos (L.), snappers, Lutjanus spp., and groupers, Epinephelus spp. Many of the fishermen sold their catch to offset the costs of the fishing trip and thus competed with commercial fishermen. Recommendations for monitoring and possibly regulating the fishery through a licensing scheme are made.     

我国海洋捕捞业的影响因素分析

运用计量经济模型对影响我国海洋捕捞量的相关因素进行分析。并运用相关检验方法对模型稳定性进行检验。结论表明,模型在某些年份表现出不稳定性,证明海洋捕捞量不仅与捕捞努力量有关,而且与各渔业制度的实施、渔业协定的签署有直接关系。     

基于灰色预测模型的我国海洋渔业发展趋势分析

综合应用船舶、机械、信息、新材料等技术,从海洋中捕捞经济渔获物并综合利用,是现代海洋捕捞业的主要特征。海洋捕捞技术的发展和创新,对保障我国食物安全、保护近海生态与资源、实现渔民增收和新渔村建设、推动渔业产业结构调整和转型、维护我国海洋权益等方面具有非常重要的作用。本文通过简析海洋捕捞渔场探测、渔具渔法与高效自动化辅渔助渔技术等方面的研究进展,提出海洋捕捞技术的重点发展方向,以期为我国海洋捕捞实现节能高效、生态友好和资源可持续利用,海洋捕捞技术升级和产业高质量发展提供参考。

     

Unveiling unselective fishing in China: A nationwide meta-analysis of multispecies fisheries

Understanding and managing fishery selectivity to target species and desirable size are instrumental to fisheries management. China, as the world's largest producer of marine capture fisheries, has been widely perceived to possess unselective domestic fisheries. To date, this perception remains largely anecdotal and conjectural, hindering the development of evidence-based and effective management solutions. Here, we conducted a literature review to examine the magnitude and scale of unselective fisheries in China. By collating and analysing 140 fishery-level and 807 species-level records from 66 peer-reviewed publications from 2010 to 2021, we found that primary target species were absent in 59% of fisheries, while unidentifiable low-value and juvenile mixed catch were universal. Key commercial taxa were subject to nationwide multi-gear and multispecies fisheries, each involving an average of 3.33 types of gear and accounting for less than 25% of catch individually. The ‘permissible gears’ defined by the national gear regulatory catalogue were selective over target species and caught negligible by-products, though they were used less frequently, representing only 24% of catch records. While unselective fishing can provide seafood supplies for China's large population and potentially facilitate balanced harvest, management actions are needed to control the fishing pressure on primary target species and by-product species. Amid the ongoing fisheries management reform in China, we proposed management recommendations tailored to China's needs and social contexts, including accounting for the trade-off between socio-economic and ecological goals, contemplating impacts of unselective fishing when implementing TAC programmes, and strengthening fisheries monitoring to inform management at multiple scales.     

日本资源管理型渔业体系下的典型作业方式管制实践

通过文献研究,对日本资源管理型渔业体系下的典型作业方式管理措施进行梳理,以期对我国典型作业方式准入制度的构建和完善提供参考。对围网、底拖网、刺网和流网、定置网及鱿钓等5种日本渔业主要作业方式的管理措施体系进行了分类和介绍,认为日本的渔业管理通过不同层级的权限许可,根据海洋渔业资源的自然属性差异采取区域化的管理模式,并以恢复渔业资源为目标,逐步推进从总可捕量管理制度向捕捞努力量控制制度的转变。     

Impact of summer cottage residence on recreational fishing participation in Finland

Abstract  High participation in recreational fishing in Finland was explained by the tradition of families occupying summer cottages and spending leisure time close to lakes or the sea shore in summer. The characteristics of cottage dwelling fishers and other recreational fishers were compared. The summer cottage culture enhances fishing participation of urban citizens, notably children and women. Children were often introduced to fishing while dwelling in the cottages with their family. Cottage fishers favour simple angling, but catch-oriented fishing with gill nets and wire traps is also popular. Preparing meals based on the catch is an important part of Finnish cottage life, where rural traditions are mixed with the modern and urban. Summer cottage dwellers form an important group to improve local management of problems arising from intense fishing participation and divergent interests in the country.