紫穗槐种子萌发对水分胁迫的响应

以紫穗槐为材料观测了聚乙二醇(PEG)模拟水分胁迫对紫穗槐种子萌发的影响.结果表明,紫穗槐种子的吸水率随着PEG胁迫强度的增加而呈明显下降的趋势;发芽率、发芽势也呈下降趋势.紫穗槐种子的萌发临界PEG水分胁迫值小于25%.经过复水处理,发现高浓度的PEG胁迫降低种子的活力,紫穗槐种子失去活力的临界PEG值可能大于60%.10%PEG胁迫时,胚根、胚轴长度很短,胚轴/胚根的比值随PEG模拟水分胁迫的增加而减少,表明紫穗槐种子萌发后对水分胁迫具有较强的适应性.     

水分胁迫对千金子种子萌发及生理生化特性的影响

为探索水分胁迫对千金子种子萌发及生理生化特性的影响,在6个水分处理下对千金子种子进行砂上发芽试验,测定相关生理生化指标,进行统计分析比较.结果表明,随水分增加,千金子种子的发芽率、发芽势和胚根长呈先增加后下降的趋势,胚芽长逐渐增长,胚根/胚芽比呈先降低后增加再降的趋势.发芽率和发芽势在T3处理下达到最高,胚根长在T4达...     

水分胁迫和盐分胁迫对粗糙龙胆种子萌发的影响

以粗糙龙胆种子为试材,采用培养皿纸上发芽法研究水分及盐分2种胁迫环境对龙胆种子萌发的影响,为粗裢龙胆人工栽培和规范化种植提供指导.结果表明,随着NaC1浓度的增加,种子萌发受到抑制,种子的发芽率与盐浓度之间呈显著的负相关.PEG胁迫下,龙胆种子发芽率、发芽势呈总体下降趋势,但5％ PEG处理下种子发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数高于对照组;随着PEG胁迫强度增加,种子萌发受到明显抑制,发芽率、发芽指数显著降低.种子对盐分较为敏感,盐分环境胁迫抑制种子萌发.粗糙龙胆种子具有一定的耐旱性,适度的水分胁迫有利于种子的萌发.     

PEG胁迫对辣椒种子萌发的影响

采用不同浓度(0、-0.2、-0.3、-0.4 MPa)聚乙二醇(PEG)溶液模拟干旱胁迫条件,对4个辣椒品种种子萌发进行研究.结果表明:不同浓度PEG 6000对辣椒种子萌发的胁迫程度不同,且浓度越高对种子萌发的胁迫程度越大,在-0.4 MPa水势下,所有材料都不能发芽.在-0.2 MPa和-0.3 MPa水势下,种子萌发能力、相对活力指数、胚根生长都受到不同程度的抑制.     

聚乙二醇模拟干旱胁迫对黑豆种子萌发影响的研究

以黑豆种子鲁黑豆1号、晋豆47号、豫豆4号为试验材料,用不同浓度的聚乙二醇(PEG-6000)溶液模拟干旱胁迫处理,对发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数等种子萌发指标进行测定,从而对3个黑豆品种种子的抗旱能力进行初步评定.结果表明,随着PEG溶液浓度的增加,鲁黑豆1号、晋豆47号、豫豆4号黑豆种子的发芽率、发芽势、萌发指数、活力指数均呈下降趋势.3种黑豆种子萌发所能承受的PEG模拟干旱胁迫浓度的临界值为30％.当PEG浓度在0～20％时,晋豆47号抗旱性最强,豫豆4号次之,鲁黑豆1号最差.当PEG浓度在25％～30％时,豫豆4号抗旱性最强,晋豆47次之,鲁黑豆1号最差.     

水盐胁迫对黄精种子萌发的影响

[目的]研究黄精种子萌发期的抗逆特性。[方法]采用不同浓度PEG-6000模拟干旱胁迫对比不同大小黄精种子抗旱性,同时使用不同浓度的NaCl(中性盐)、NaHCO_3(碱性盐)处理黄精种子探讨黄精种子耐盐特性。[结果]在5%PEG浓度处理下大黄精种子的发芽率和相对发芽率均显著高于小黄精种子(p<0.05)。当PEG溶液浓度达到15%以上时,大、小黄精种子的萌发均被显著抑制,发芽率均为0。同一低盐浓度(c<200mmol/L)处理下,NaHCO_3处理后黄精种子的发芽率均显著高于NaCl处理组(p<0.05)。黄精种子对NaCl的耐盐适宜范围、耐盐半致死浓度、耐盐极限浓度均低于NaHCO_3,在相同盐浓度下,NaCl对黄精种子的相对盐害率均高于NaHCO_3。[结论]大黄精种子的抗旱性强于小黄精种子,黄精种子整体抗旱能力较差。黄精种子对碱性盐NaHCO_3的耐受性要强于中性盐NaCl。     

PEG-6000模拟干旱胁迫对常夏石竹种子萌发的影响

为了解常夏石竹(Dianthus plumarius)在旱生条件下的萌发情况,进一步明确常夏石竹种子在干旱条件下的萌发潜力及抗旱能力,以常夏石竹种子为实验材料,采用不同浓度的聚乙二醇(PEG-6000)模拟干旱条件,测定常夏石竹种子发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、萌发指数、萌发胁迫指数、萌发抗旱指数及幼苗的胚轴胚根长。结果表明:1)随着PEG浓度的增加,种子开始萌发的时间推迟,且萌发过程被延长;2)与对照相比而言,随着PEG浓度的增加,常夏石竹种子发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数均呈减小的趋势;3)随着PEG浓度的增加,常夏石竹幼苗的胚轴和胚根受到显著的抑制,抑制作用也越强。综合分析表明,常夏石竹种子有较好的抗旱能力,在干旱区具有良好的竞争能力。     

PEG模拟干旱胁迫对向日葵种子萌发的影响

以6份不同的向日葵自交系种子为材料,利用不同浓度的PEG-6000(0、10％、15％、20％、25％、30％)溶液模拟干旱胁迫,对种子萌发期的发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数、胚芽,胚根的长度、幼苗鲜重、电导率及抗旱指数进行测定,研究干旱胁迫对不同基因型向日葵种子萌发影响.结果表明,低浓度的PEG溶液对种子的萌发以及抗旱指数有一定促进作用,但是随PEG-6000浓度的增加,种子萌发受抑制程度逐渐加剧,各项指标均呈显著下降趋势.综合分析表明,向日葵自交系材料种子萌发期的耐旱性依次为:K 59＞K 58＞117 A＞K 55＞26 A＞R15.     

水分胁迫和种子大小对侧柏种子萌发的影响

以山东省石灰岩山地侧柏人工林的种子为材料,研究水分胁迫和种子大小对其萌发的影响。结果表明:随聚乙二醇(PEG)浓度增加,发芽率(Gr)、发芽指数(Gi)和活力指数(Vi)显著降低,平均发芽时间(MGT)显著增加,20%PEG处理的种子发芽率为0。种子休眠率随PEG浓度增加显著增加,死亡率是先降低再增加。胚芽长(GL)、胚根长(RAL)、胚芽/胚根、根长(RL)、根表面积(RSA)和根体积(RV)随PEG浓度增加显著降低。大种子比小种子有着低的死亡率,高的Gr、RAL和RV。PEG浓度和种子大小在发芽率、死亡率、Gi、Vi、GL、RAL、胚芽/胚根、RV有着明显的交互作用。PEG浓度越低,大种子的上述指标优势越大。GL和RAL与Gr、Vi、Gi成显著正相关,与MGT成显著负相关;与RL、RSA、RV成显著正相关。因此,水分胁迫和种子大小是侧柏人工林种子萌发的重要限制因素。     

PEG预处理对刺槐种子抗盐性的影响

刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia Linn.)种子经过不同浓度PEG6 000水溶液浸种24h,然后观察种子在不同梯度NaCl胁迫下发芽.结果表明:10%PEG预处理下种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数以及活力指数等指标最好;对照种子随着NaCl胁迫的加强各指标逐渐下降;20%PEG预处理种子的各指标变化无规律.不同预处理种子的表现说明水分胁迫与NaCl胁迫存在着一定的共性机理,但也有差异.     

Natural Cross-Pollination in Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.)

Three sesame genotypes with contrasting characters were grown in alternate rows to estimate the degree of natural cross-pollination (NCP) at two locations. Capsules from the lower (first-formed five capsules), upper (last five fully-developed capsules) and middle portions were harvested separately and the frequency of appearance of progenies with dominant markers was used as the criterion for NCP. The degree of inter-genotypic NCP was similar in the three genotypes and at the two locations (4.02—5.10 % NCP) when the total number of hybrid seeds per plant was considered. The lower portion of the early (1.03—1.31 % NCP) and medium (1.51—2.08%) flowering genotypes and the upper portion of the late-flowering genotype (2.27—2.49 % NCP) recorded less NCP than the total plant. The NCP in the lower portion of the early-flowering genotype due to pollen from the late-flowering genotype was negligible (0—0.7 %). The results indicate the need for controlled self-pollination for purity maintenance in sesame. However, contamination due to NCP can be reduced by sampling seeds from the lower capsules of early and medium-flowering genotypes and from the upper capsules of late-maturing genotypes when pollination control is not practised.     

DNA分子标记技术在芝麻中的应用

近年来分子标记的快速发展,使其在芝麻中也得到了应用。本文概述了芝麻中常用几种分子标记RAPD、ISSR、SRAP、SSR和AFLP的原理和特点,着重论述了分子标记在芝麻遗传多样性检测和基因定位等方面的应用,并对其在芝麻中的应用前景进行了展望。     

芝麻同源四倍体的诱发与鉴定

在28度的条件下，用0．3％－0．5％的秋水仙素水溶液浸种24h，诱发产生芝麻同源四倍体的效果较好，芝麻同源四倍体与二倍体相比，茎秆粗壮，叶片，花器，种子较大，但生长发育缓慢，结实性较差，芝麻同源四倍体具有52条染色体，其育性与同源染色体形式有关，联会过程中形成的四价体（IV）和两个二价体（II＋II）数目越多，育性和结实率越高。     

Effect of Some Weed Control Treatments on Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) and Associated Weeds

Two field experiments were carried out during 1984 and 1985 seasons at the Farm of Shandaweel Agric. Res. Station, A. R. C, Ministry of Agric. (Egypt), to study the effect of five herbicides applied as a single or in tank mixtures as well as hoeing treatment on sesame plants and dominated annual weeds under Upper Egypt growing conditions. The herbicides alachlor at 2.304, pendimethalin at 2.040, linuron at 1.200, diuron at 0.960 and prometryn at 1.920 kg a.i./ha were applied preemergence as a single herbicides, as well as alachlor and pendimethalin combined with linuron, diuron or prometryn at the same rates. Two checks were included, one was left without weed removal, while the other was hand-hoed.
Pendimethalin at 2.040 applied alone or in mixtures with linuron at 1.200 or with diuron at 0.960 kg a.i./ha gave the best grass weed control, while excellent effectiveness against annual broad-leaves was obtained by linuron at 1,200 and diuron at 0.960 kg a.i./ha alone or in mixtures with pendimethalin at 2.040 kg a.i./ha. Whereas, pendimithalin at 2.040 applied alone or in tank mixtures with linuron at 1.200 or with diuron at 0.960 kg a.i./ha gave the best control for total annual weeds and higher seed yield of sesame as well as other yield contributing characters.     

芝麻EST-SSR标记的开发和初步研究

为了加速分子标记在芝麻研究中的应用,利用网上现有的芝麻EST(expressed sequence tags)数据信息,开展了芝麻EST-SSR功能性标记的开发和利用研究。 在所有的3 328条芝麻EST序列中共确认得到1 785条非冗余EST序列。其中,在含有微卫星重复的148条序列中共检测有155个EST-SSR。非冗余EST序列总长为774.266 kb,平均每4.99 kb含有一个EST-SSR。EST-SSR的分布频率和特征分析表明,以AG/TC为重复基元(motif)的SSR出现最多,占总SSR的37.42%。利用这些序列,设计开发了50对EST-SSR引物,并分别选用36个芝麻、2个棉花、2个大豆和2个油葵进行多态性和通用性研究。其中44对引物在供试芝麻材料中扩增出条带,共产生108个位点,平均每对引物产生2.45个位点,多态信息含量(polymorphism information content, PIC)平均值为0.390。根据遗传相似性系数进行聚类,有26个芝麻材料聚类在两个大的亚类(III和IV)中,聚类结果表明芝麻的基因型与地理来源之间没有必然的联系。此外,分别有2对、3对和4对引物可以在棉花、大豆和油葵中进行通用性扩增。本研究证实这种全新开发的芝麻EST-SSR标记在芝麻遗传多样性分析、遗传图谱构建以及比较基因组等研究方面有广阔的利用前景。     

Correlation Studies and Path Coefficient Analysis in Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.)

Field investigations were carried out at the Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai, India during 1989—1990 to study the genotypic character association in sesame. The F4 and F5 generations of TSS6 X TMV3 and TMV3 X TSS6 were raised and eight genotypic characters were recorded: plant height; primary branches; secondary branches; capsule number per plant; seed number per capsule; 1000 seed—weight; oil content and seed yield per plant. Correlation studies showed that the magnitude and direction of correlation between eight pairs of traits varied with generations in both crosses involving two genotypes reciprocally. Single plant yield had a strong significant and positive relationship with capsule number in both generations of the two cross combinations indicating the close link between the two traits. The path coefficient analysis revealed that direct and indirect contributions by different traits primary branches, secondary branches, capsule number per plant, seed number per capsule and 1000—seed weight had to be considered as the most important traits in the determination of seed yield and selection of parents.     

Effect of Climatic Variation on Yield of Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) at Different Dates of Sowing

Although experiments have previously been carried out to determine the optimum sowing time of sesame, very few attempts have been made to determine the effects of macro and micro climatic variation on yield. Thus a field experiment was conducted at the University Research Farm, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Kalyani, India on an Entisol (alluvial, sandy loam) in the summer seasons of 1996 and 1997 to assess the effects of macro and micro climatic variations on yield of sesame for various dates of sowing. The number of seeds per capsule of sesame was highest in the crop sown on 19 February, although up to the 18 April sowing there was no significant variation. There was no appreciable variation in thousand-seed weight with date of sowing. Crops sown on 19 February and 1 March produced statistically similar yields. The average reduction in yield of sesame was 78.5 and 213 %, respectively, for crops sown on 10 February and 28 April, compared with the crop sown on 19 February. The cultivar Rama produced higher yields than B-67 and Kanke-1. Ambient temperature above 30 °C up to 100 % flowering had a direct positive effect on sesame yield. Crop exposure to 60–70, 70–80 and  80 % relative humidity up to 100 % flowering had a direct negative effect. Temperature profile at 50 days after emergence (DAE), relative humidity at 60 DAE, and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) at 30 and 40 DAE within the crop canopy had direct positive effects on yield. Regression models suggested that temperature profile and PAR within the crop canopy produced 72 and 35 % variation in yield, respectively.     

芝麻耐旱性的鉴定方法及关联分析

为了解芝麻的耐旱性及获得与芝麻耐旱性相关的分子标记,在发芽期,采用不同浓度PEG 6000处理不同来源不同种皮颜色的10份芝麻品种,测定其形态特征和生理特征及各指标的差异显著性。结果表明,模拟芝麻干旱处理的最佳PEG 6000浓度为15%;综合各项指标的主成分分析、最优回归方程分析及相关性分析表明,相对成苗率可以作为芝麻发芽期耐旱性鉴定的关键指标;利用上述方法对216份核心种质资源群体进行耐旱性鉴定,相对成苗率耐旱系数值位于12.15%~93.52%,平均为60.74%,变异系数为25.22,变异丰富且呈正态分布;资源群体的耐旱性指标值与608个多态性标记位点的关联分析,获得与芝麻发芽期耐旱性有显著关联的标记30个(P<0.05),解释率在1.99%~4.96%之间,平均2.84%。试验表明,相对成苗率是最适且最方便的耐旱性鉴定指标,适用于芝麻资源的耐旱性鉴定。     

芝麻黄化突变体YL1的叶片解剖学及光合特性

表型性状标记在作物遗传育种中具有重要的应用价值。在芝麻地方种质"庙前芝麻"中发现了能够稳定遗传的黄化突变体YL1,对该突变体的叶片解剖特征、光合特性及农艺性状的比较分析表明,突变体YL1黄化心叶和平展叶在各个发育时期的叶绿体结构均与同时期野生型存在明显差异,下表皮气孔保卫细胞数是正常叶的2倍左右。YL1的叶绿素a、总叶绿素、类胡萝卜素含量均只有同时期正常含量的30%~40%,叶绿素b含量只有正常叶的20%;光合速率在初花期及以前均显著低于同期正常叶,但到终花期与正常叶相当;YL1的生育期和初花期显著推迟,株高和单株蒴果数明显降低,每蒴粒数和千粒重略微降低。显微观察表明,YL1的叶绿体形态结构发育不规则,基粒和基粒片层数目明显少于野生型,使得叶绿素含量过低,属于叶绿体发育异常导致的叶绿素缺少型突变体。     

芝麻SSR检测体系的优化与应用

为了建立一套适用于芝麻SSR标记检测的技术体系,以5个芝麻新品种为试验材料,选用35对SSR引物,从反应体系、反应程序、电泳、银染4个环节进行优化。结果表明：反应总体积为10 μL,优化后的基本成分及用量分别为25 mmol/L Mg2+ 1.2 μL,10 mmol/L dNTPs 0.3 μL,5 U/μL Taq酶0.3 μL,50 ng/μL Primer 0.9 μL,10×Buffer 0.7 μL,25 ng/μL DNA模板2.5 μL,ddH2O 4.1 μL。反应程序为：94℃ 3 min;94℃ 1 min,60℃ 30 s,72℃ 45 s,10个循环;94℃ 30 s,57℃ 30 s,72℃ 45 s,30个循环;72℃ 5 min。PCR产物用6%变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳,硝酸银快速染色检测效果良好。筛选出多态性较强的SSR引物24对,用这些引物对20个品种进行扩增,初步分析了SSR标记应用于芝麻DNA指纹分析的潜力。