干旱区区域蒸散发量遥感反演研究

为研究干旱半干旱区蒸散发量,以新疆为研究区域,基于地表能量平衡,依据地表温度与反照率关系确定蒸发比,利用MODIS影像遥感估算新疆地区的蒸散发量。通过野外验证,模拟蒸散量与涡度相关仪野外观测量一致,平均误差在0.40mm/d。在干旱区,蒸散发量与降水的相关性在82%,与气温的相关性分别为46%。通过模型反演,2005年研究区在空间上以裸土蒸发为主,蒸发量在0-2mm/d之间,主要在塔里木盆地、准噶尔盆地和吐鲁番盆地,而蒸散发量较高地区主要为天山山脉下垫面为林地草地和平原绿洲农田区域,蒸散发量最大达6mm/d。     

基于SEBAL模型与MODIS产品的松嫩平原蒸散量研究

利用MODIS的地表温度/比辐射率、植被指数、地表反照率3种产品,结合气象站点的观测资料,通过基于地表能量平衡方程的SEBAL模型估算了松嫩平原2008年5月16日、6月16日、7月13日、8月15日、9月13日不同下垫面的地表蒸散量,并采用涡动相关数据对模型估算结果进行验证,发现估算值与实测值的变化趋势大体一致,平均误差在20%以内,基本上可以满足区域蒸散研究的精度要求。此外,还通过GIS空间分析方法探讨了松嫩平原2008年生长季内不同时相蒸散量的时空分布特征,并分析了蒸散量土地利用类型的关系,结果表明松嫩平原蒸散量的空间分布在很大程度上受气候特征、土壤供水条件及土地利用类型的影响,各时相的蒸散量大致表现为从西南部向东北部逐渐增加的变化趋势,水体、林地、沼泽湿地具有较高的蒸散量,耕地、居工地次之,草地的蒸散量最低。     

Meteorological impacts on evapotranspiration in different climatic zones of Pakistan

Arid regions are highly vulnerable and sensitive to drought. The crops cultivated in arid zones are at high risk due to the high evapotranspiration and water demands. This study analyzed the changes in seasonal and annual evapotranspiration(ET) during 1951–2016 at 50 meteorological stations located in the extremely arid, arid, and semi-arid zones of Pakistan using the Penman Monteith(PM) method. The results show that ET is highly sensitive and positively correlated to temperature, solar radiation, and wind speed whereas vapor pressure is negatively correlated to ET. The study also identifies the relationship of ET with the meteorological parameters in different climatic zones of Pakistan. The significant trend analysis of precipitation and temperature(maximum and minimum) are conducted at 95% confidence level to determine the behaviors of these parameters in the extremely arid, arid, and semi-arid zones. The mean annual precipitation and annual mean maximum temperature significantly increased by 0.828 mm/a and 0.014℃/a in the arid and extremely arid zones, respectively. The annual mean minimum temperature increased by 0.017℃/a in the extremely arid zone and 0.019℃/a in the arid zone, whereas a significant decrease of 0.007℃/a was observed in the semi-arid zone. This study provides probabilistic future scenarios that would be helpful for policy-makers, agriculturists to plan effective irrigation measures towards the sustainable development in Pakistan.     

Actual evapotranspiration of subalpine meadows in the Qilian Mountains,Northwest China

As a main component in water balance, evapotranspiration(ET) is of great importance for water saving, especially in arid and semi-arid areas. In this study, the FAO(Food and Agriculture Organization) Penman-Monteith model was used to estimate the magnitude and temporal dynamics of reference evapotranspiration(ET0) in 2014 in subalpine meadows of the Qilian Mountains, Northwest China. Meanwhile, actual ET(ETc) was also investigated by the eddy covariance(EC) system. Results indicated that ETc estimated by the EC System was 583 mm, lower than ET0(923 mm) estimated by the FAO Penman-Monteith model in 2014. Moreover, ET0 began to increase in March and reached the peak value in August and then declined in September, however, ETc began to increase from April and reached the peak value in July, and then declined in August. Total ETc and ET0 values during the growing season(from May to September) were 441 and 666 mm, respectively, which accounted for 75.73% of annual cumulative ETc and 72.34% of annual cumulative ET0, respectively. A crop coefficient(k_c) was also estimated for calculating the ETc, and average value of kc during the growing season was 0.81(ranging from 0.45 to 1.16). Air temperature(T_a), wind speed(u), net radiation(R_n) and soil temperature(T_s) at the depth of 5 cm and aboveground biomass were critical factors for affecting kc, furthermore, a daily empirical kc equation including these main driving factors was developed. Our result demonstrated that the ETc value estimated by the data of kc and ET0 was validated and consistent with the growing season data in 2015 and 2016.     

Comparison of three evapotranspiration models with eddy covariance measurements for a Populus euphratica Oliv. forest in an arid region of northwestern China

The accurate estimation of evapotranspiration(ET) in arid regions is important for improving the water use efficiency of vegetation. Based on successive observations from May to October of 2014, we estimated the ET of a Populus euphratica Oliv. forest during the growing season in an extremely arid region using the PM(Penman-Monteith), SW(Shuttleworth-Wallace) and SSW(an improved canopy transpiration model) models. Estimated ET values were compared with those of the eddy covariance measurements. Results indicated that the actual ET of the P. euphratica forest was always overestimated by the PM model. The accuracy of the SW model was higher than that of the PM model. However, some data were not easily obtained because of the complicated structure of the SW model. The newly proposed SSW model gave the most accurate ET values, and its accuracy was higher at hourly than at daily time scale. In conclusion, the SSW model is more suitable for sparse vegetation system at large scales in extremely arid regions.     

荒漠-绿洲芦苇地蒸散量及能量平衡特征

运用波文比-能量平衡法,对荒漠绿洲芦苇地的蒸散量及能量通量进行了连续的测定,并对芦苇地蒸散特点和能量平衡特征进行了分析和探讨。结果表明:①芦苇的蒸散速率日变化表现出明显的昼夜变化,蒸散量随着芦苇的不同生长阶段存在明显的季节变化,生长季芦苇地总蒸散量为252.5 mm,各阶段降水量均不能满足蒸散发的需水要求,需要地下水的补给。②地下水作为干旱区绿洲的主要水源,其对绿洲蒸散发耗水的影响也是极为重要。净辐射是芦苇地蒸散耗水的能量来源和驱动力,气温是蒸散发的主导影响因子。风速在这些主导因子的影响下,起到加速的作用。③荒漠绿洲芦苇地平均感热通量峰值一般在250~300 W/m2之间,潜热通量平均最大值120~230 W/m2,平均土壤热通量峰值约20 W/m2。6月感热通量在地面能量交换中占主要地位,感热通量占净辐射的52.7%,潜热通量占净辐射的42.6%。7月潜热通量占净辐射的55.0%,感热通量占净辐射的40.4%。9月感热通量占净辐射的60%以上,潜热通量仅占净辐射的30%。土壤热通量约占净辐射的8%。     

天津市近50a来降水变化分析

根据天津市13个气象站近50年的实测月降水资料,运用回归分析、趋势分析和5年滑动平均等方法,分析了天津市近50年来降水变化特征。结果表明:天津市降水量年内分配不均,主要集中在7~8月份,占全年降水量的53.98%~60.64%;天津市年降水波动较大,极差在470.00~944.80之间;20世纪70年代是近50年来天津市年降水量最多的十年,80年代以来,年降水量持续减少,尤其是二十一世纪以来,年降水量显著减少;天津市年降水量总体上呈减少趋势,各站平均下降率为22.97mm/10 a。     

西藏参考作物蒸散量时空变化特征与影响因素

为深入认识西藏参考作物蒸散量(ET_0)的变化特征,采用联合国粮农组织1998年推荐的Penman-Monteith公式计算西藏37个气象站点32 a(1981—2012年)的逐日ET_0,通过联合国防治荒漠化公约提出的全球干旱指数(UNEP)进行气候评价,利用空间插值及Mann-Kendall趋势检验法对西藏及各气候区ET_0时空变化特征进行分析,并通过偏相关分析法对其主要影响因素进行探讨,结果表明:西藏共分为特干旱、干旱、半干旱、干旱半湿润、湿润半湿润和湿润气候区,主要为半干旱气候区。近32 a参考作物蒸散量整体呈减小趋势,变化趋势为-1.508 mm·a~(-1),可将32 a分为3个时段,1981—1989年处于高蒸散阶段,1989年后处于低蒸散阶段,2005年起又持续回升。西藏西部到东部,年际ET_0呈减小趋势。各气候区气象因子的影响基本符合平均气温日照时数平均风速相对湿度,且平均气温、日照时数及平均风速在干旱区的影响较湿润区更为显著。     

近50年中国干旱半干旱地区降水量与潜在蒸散量分析

在中国干旱半干旱地区日气象数据分析的基础上,依据彭曼公式计算出潜在蒸散量,以及生长季内的年平均降水量与潜在蒸散量二者的差值,利用空间分异分析,气候倾向率检测,以及时间序列MK突变检验等方法分析了降水量与潜在蒸散量的时空变化特征。结果表明:总体来看,我国干旱半干旱区50年来东、西部的气候变化有明显的差异,西北地区降水量增加,潜在蒸散量减少,干旱化程度在减轻,且变化十分显著。而东部干旱半干旱区降水量减少,潜在蒸散量增加,干旱化严重。     

基于MOD16数据的焉耆盆地蒸散量变化研究

蒸散量是水资源转化中非常关键的变量,特别是对当前变化环境下干旱区作物耗水量的时空变化与预测具有重要的作用.基于2001—2019年MOD16数据产品,通过遥感反演蒸散量数据,对焉耆盆地实际蒸散量(AET)和潜在蒸散量(PET)的时空变化进行分析,结果表明:(1)MOD16蒸散产品和小型蒸发皿实测数据较为一致(R2=0....     

Long-term variations in runoff of the Syr Darya River Basin under climate change and human activities

In this study,we analyzed the hydrological and meteorological data from the Syr Darya River Basin during the period of 1930–2015 to investigate variations in river runoff and the impacts of climate change and human activities on river runoff.The Syr Darya River,which is supplied by snow and glacier meltwater upstream,is an important freshwater source for Central Asia,as nearly half of the population is concentrated in this area.River runoff in this arid region is sensitive to climate change and human activities.Therefore,estimation of the climatic and hydrological changes and the quantification of the impacts of climate change and human activities on river runoff are of great concern and important for regional water resources management.The long-term trends of hydrological time series from the selected 11 hydrological stations in the Syr Darya River Basin were examined by non-parametric methods,including the Pettitt change point test and Mann-Kendall trend tests.It was found that 8 out of 11 hydrological stations showed significant downward trends in river runof f.Change of river runoff variations occurred in the year around 1960.Moreover,during the study period(1930–2015),annual mean temperature,annual precipitation,and annual potential evapotranspiration in the river basin increased substantially.We employed hydrological sensitivity method to evaluate the impacts of climate change and human activities on river runoff based on precipitation and potential evapotranspiration.It was estimated that human activities accounted for over 82.6%–98.7%of the reduction in river runoff,mainly owing to water withdrawal for irrigation purpose.The observed variations in river runoff can subsequently lead to adverse ecological consequences from an ecological and regional water resources management perspective.     

干旱区地膜覆盖玉米农田地表反照率动态参数化方法及其模拟效果分析

利用2015年6月1日至7月24日干旱区地膜覆盖玉米农田下垫面的观测资料,分析地表反照率在植被生长期间的变化特征及其与土壤湿度的关系。与未覆盖地膜情形的下垫面相比,地膜覆盖农田下垫面地表反照率的变化特征及其与土壤湿度的相关性具有显著性差异。为此建立了相应的地表反照率动态参数化方案,并将修改的地表反照率动态参数化方案应用到陆面过程模式Co LM中进行了3组模拟试验,分析和检验新方案在地膜覆盖农田下垫面的准确性和适用性。数值模拟结果表明:3组试验都能很好地反映陆面过程特征的日变化趋势,但是相比较而言,利用新建立的地表反照率动态参数化方案模式的模拟效果最好,明显提高了模式对向上短波和长波辐射的模拟能力,使浅层土壤温度和湿度的模拟效果有了一定的改善。因此,地表反照率动态参数化方法对干旱区地膜覆盖农田下垫面陆面过程的模拟效果有一定的改进,对今后陆面过程模式的发展和完善有较好的参考价值。     

基于作物缺水指数法的渭河流域干旱特征

选取作物缺水指数（CSWI）对渭河流域进行干旱监测,并利用监测数据对模拟结果进行验证,在此基础上分析渭河流域干旱状况。结果表明:① 模拟值和实测值的相关系数达到0.80,在一定程度上验证了模型的有效性。② 渭河流域2006、2007年和2009年均属于轻度干旱,2008年属于中度干旱;3-7月作物缺水指数逐渐减小;8-12月逐渐增大,1-3月又逐渐减小。③ 对于不同植被类型,林地的作物缺水指数最高,草地和农田的作物缺水指数相当,属于轻度干旱。      

干旱区农田蒸散量的日间变化分析

塔里木灌区位于中国新疆的塔克拉玛干沙漠北缘 ,本区开垦前是沙漠起伏、灌木丛生的原始荒漠 ,原始胡杨林点片连绵生长于荒漠之中。 1 95 2年 3月开垦至 1 996年 ,全灌区总灌溉面积已达到 660 0 0 ha。形成了稳定的农业生态环境 ,成为塔里木盆地最大的新绿洲。绿洲内部农田蒸散的日变化规律 ,极具干旱区特点。本文通过中国科学院阿克苏水平衡试验站的观测试验和一些干旱、半干旱及湿润地区的蒸发日变化过程进行了对比分析 ,论述了干旱区蒸发日变化的某些特征。     

准噶尔盆地地表反照率时空变化特征及其影响因素分析

地表反照率变化影响地表辐射收支与能量平衡,从而对区域和全球气候产生影响.以准噶尔盆地为研究对象,利用MODIS卫星遥感数据产品MOD09A1反演地表短波反照率,结合气象数据和植被指数分析准噶尔盆地2001—2018年荒漠草地地表反照率时空变化特征及其影响因素.结果表明:准噶尔盆地地表反照率空间分布地域差异明显,地表反照...     

Investigation of crop evapotranspiration and irrigation water requirement in the lower Amu Darya River Basin,Central Asia

High water consumption and inefficient irrigation management in the agriculture sector of the middle and lower reaches of the Amu Darya River Basin(ADRB)have significantly influenced the gradual shrinking of the Aral Sea and its ecosystem.In this study,we investigated the crop water consumption in the growing seasons and the irrigation water requirement for different crop types in the lower ADRB during 2004–2017.We applied the FAO Penman–Monteith method to estimate reference evapotranspiration(ET0)based on daily climatic data collected from four meteorological stations.Crop evapotranspiration(ETc)of specific crop types was calculated by the crop coefficient.Then,we analyzed the net irrigation requirement(NIR)based on the effective precipitation with crop water requirements.The results indicated that the lowest monthly ET0 values in the lower ADRB were found in December(18.2 mm)and January(16.0 mm),and the highest monthly ET0 values were found in June and July,with similar values of 211.6 mm.The annual ETc reached to 887.2,1002.1,and 492.0 mm for cotton,rice,and wheat,respectively.The average regional NIR ranged from 514.9 to 715.0 mm in the 10 Irrigation System Management Organizations(UISs)in the study area,while the total required irrigation volume for the whole region ranged from 4.2×109 to 11.6×109 m3 during 2004–2017.The percentages of NIR in SIW(surface irrigation water)ranged from 46.4%to 65.2%during the study period,with the exceptions of the drought years of 2008 and 2011,in which there was a significantly less runoff in the Amu Darya River.This study provides an overview for local water authorities to achieve optimal regional water allocation in the study area.     

A proposed surface resistance model for the Penman-Monteith formula to estimate evapotranspiration in a solar greenhouse

Greenhousing is a technique to bridge season gap in vegetable production and has been widely used worldwide. Calculation of water requirement of crops grown in greenhouse and determination of their irrigation schedules in arid and semi-arid regions are essential for greenhouse maintenance and have thus attracted increased attention over the past decades. The most common method used in the literature to estimate crop evapotranspiration(ET) is the Penman-Monteith(PM) formula. When applied to greenhouse, however, it often uses canopy resistance instead of surface resistance. It is understood that the surface resistance in greenhouse is the result of a combined effect of canopy restriction and soil-surface restriction to water vapor flow, and the relative dominance of one restriction over another depends on crop canopy. In this paper, we developed a surface resistance model in a way similar to two parallel resistances in an electrical circuit to account for both restrictions. Also, considering that wind speed in greenhouse is normally rather small, we compared three methods available in the literature to calculate the aerodynamic resistance, which are the r_a~1 method proposed by Perrier(1975a, b), the r_a~2 method proposed by Thom and Oliver(1977), and the r_a~3 method proposed by Zhang and Lemeu(1992). We validated the model against ET of tomatoes in a greenhouse measured from sap flow system combined with micro-lysimeter in 2015 and with weighing lysimeter in 2016. The results showed that the proposed surface resistance model improved the accuracy of the PM model, especially when the leaf area index was low and the greenhouse was being irrigated. We also found that the aerodynamic resistance calculated from the r_a~1 and r_a~3 methods is applicable to the greenhouse although the latter is slightly more accurate than the former. The proposed surface resistance model, together with the r_a~3 method for aerodynamic resistance, offers an improved approach to estimate ET in greenhouse using the PM formula.     

蒸散发估算方法及其驱动力研究进展

蒸散发是水文循环的重要组成部分,也是度量土壤-植被-大气耦合系统中水文与能量传输的关键指标。因此,准确估算蒸散发,充分理解蒸散发的驱动力对干旱半干旱区水资源高效利用具有重要意义。本文对区域蒸散发估算方法进行了总结与归纳,并从气候变化和人类活动两个角度总结了干旱半干旱地区蒸散发变化的驱动力。最后,评论了当前蒸散发估算方法及其驱动力研究存在的问题,提出未来应加强蒸散发估算模型的改进与完善,合理规划土地利用,提高水资源利用效率,从而促进区域的可持续发展。     

蒸散发估算方法及其驱动力研究进展

蒸散发是水文循环的重要组成部分,也是度量土壤-植被-大气耦合系统中水文与能量传输的关键指标。因此,准确估算蒸散发,充分理解蒸散发的驱动力对干旱半干旱区水资源高效利用具有重要意义。本文对区域蒸散发估算方法进行了总结与归纳,并从气候变化和人类活动两个角度总结了干旱半干旱地区蒸散发变化的驱动力。最后,评论了当前蒸散发估算方法及其驱动力研究存在的问题,提出未来应加强蒸散发估算模型的改进与完善,合理规划土地利用,提高水资源利用效率,从而促进区域的可持续发展。     

基于Holdridge分类系统的东北地区主要树种的水热分布类群

根据东北地区树种分布资料和233个气象站资料,利用Holdridge生命地带分类系统计算了东北地区50种主要树种的Holdridge生命地带分类系统的年生物温度(BT)、可能蒸散(APE)、年降水量(PREC)和可能蒸散率(PER)。构建了Holdridge指标与树种分布的纬度、经度和海拔高度的回归模型,定量的分析了东北地区树种分布的气候规律。综合年生物温度(BT)和可能蒸散率(PER)两个气候指标将50种主要树种划分为8个水热指标类群,分别为寒温耐旱型、寒温湿润型,寒温潮湿型,中温耐旱型,中温湿润型,中温潮湿型,暖温耐旱型和暖温湿润型。