紫菜多糖抗氧化活性及体外免疫调节作用研究

为探讨紫菜多糖功能活性,采用超声波辅助纤维法提取分离紫菜多糖(PP),研究PP的抗氧化活性及其对小鼠体外免疫调节的影响。结果表明,PP经Cellulose DEAE-52柱层析得到7个组分PP1、PP2、PP3、PP4、PP5、PP6和PP7,得率分别为5.18%、11.21%、17.15%、19.88%、4.77%、3.02%和1.24%。选取PP和2个主要组分(PP3,PP4)进行抗氧化及小鼠体外免疫调节作用研究,发现PP、PP3和PP4均能有效清除DPPH·和·OH,抑制小鼠肝组织的脂质过氧化,对Fe~(2+)和H_2O_2诱导的肝组织过氧化物损伤具有保护作用,能减少线粒体肿胀和红细胞溶血的发生。此外,PP3和PP4不仅具有直接及协同丝裂原刀豆蛋白A(ConA)刺激淋巴细胞增殖的作用,还具有双向免疫调节的作用。本研究结果为进一步探讨紫菜多糖功能活性及其作用机制奠定了基础。     

玉米须类胡萝卜素的提取及其稳定性

为进一步开发玉米须资源,以废弃的玉米须为原料,探讨不同萃取剂、超声时间、表面活性剂、温度、提取时间、液料比、搅拌转速对类胡萝卜素提取量的影响,同时研究光照、pH、营养元素、超声时间对玉米须类胡萝卜素稳定性的影响。结果表明,玉米须类胡萝卜素最适提取工艺条件:以丙酮为萃取剂,超声预处理6 min,十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)用量1.6%,提取温度35℃,提取时间45 min,液料比13m L·g~(-1),搅拌转速125 r·min~(-1),此条件下的提取量为311.21 mg·kg~(-1),与理论预测值(313.96 mg·kg~(-1))相近。玉米须类胡萝卜素对光照,提取温度,酸碱环境,Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、Fe~(2+)、Fe~(3+)、Zn~(2+)元素和超声处理较为敏感,而在避光、中性环境、Na~+和K~+元素条件下有利于其储存,适度的超声处理在提高玉米须类胡萝卜素提取率的同时对其稳定性无显著影响,节约时间成本。综上,高效利用玉米须中的类胡萝卜素对玉米须深加工具有重要意义。     

玉米花粉多糖对猪瘟免疫效果的研究

本研究采用醇沉淀法从 350 g玉米花粉提取得粗提复合物 38.3 g。经用蒽酮反应、α萘酚反应、间苯二酚反应、碘化反应及高效液相色谱法鉴定 ,证实为多糖。用上述多糖作为免疫增强剂按剂量 50、 1 0 0、2 0 0 mg分别与猪瘟弱毒细胞冻干苗共同免疫猪 ,测定其免疫效果。结果表明 ,各剂量组的 IHA抗体效价均高于对照组 ;T细胞活性 E花环试验测得各剂量的活性 E花环百分率分别为 2 1 .84 %、2 5.4 6%、2 1 .92 % ,均高于对照组 1 5.91 % ;T淋巴细胞转化试验显示 ,各试验组的 T淋巴细胞转化率分别为 55.32 %、 56.39%、54.2 7% ,均高于对照组 4 7% ,上述三种方法测定的结果均显示显著差异。对 T淋巴细胞亚群的测定结果为 ,各试验组的 CD3、CD4、CD8T淋巴细胞的测定平均值均明显高于对照组 ,但 NK细胞的变化不显著。根据试验结果选取 1 0 0 mg剂量组在两个猪场进行田间扩大试验 ,测得的 IHA抗体效价亦高于对照组。研究结果表明 ,玉米花粉多糖既可增强体液免疫 ,又能增强细胞免疫。     

羊栖菜活性组份多糖的体外抗氧化能力比较

为探索羊栖菜中分离的各组份多糖体外抗氧化活性,将DEAE-52分离纯化得到的羊栖菜多糖活性组份进行红外光谱扫描确认,并评价DPPH·、·OH、O_2~-自由基的清除能力,还原力和抗脂质过氧化力。结果表明,去蛋白多糖经DEAE-52分离纯化、0~2 M Na Cl溶液梯度洗脱得到3个主要多糖组份,其中红光谱扫描发现SFPSⅠ(0.5 M Na Cl)、SFPSⅡ(0.75 M Na Cl)、SFPSⅢ(1.0 M Na Cl)均具有糖类特征吸收峰。3个组份均表现出较强的抗氧化活性,其中SFPSⅢ抗氧化活性最高,DPPH·的IC_(50)为0.499μg,·OH的IC_(50)为0.48μg,O_2~-的IC_(50)为112.13μg;还原力最强;抗脂质过氧化能力显著优于对照品BHT。研究结果为羊栖菜活性多糖作为天然抗氧化剂及功能性食品开发提供了理论基础。     

玉米苞叶中总黄酮提取及其体外抗氧化性能的研究

运用超声波技术提取玉米苞叶中的总黄酮,用亚硝酸钠-硝酸铝比色法测定总黄酮含量,得出玉米苞叶中总黄酮提取的最佳工艺条件:超声波功率700W,温度60℃,料液比(g/mL)1∶50,乙醇浓度为60%,提取时间为35min,玉米苞叶中总黄酮最大提取率为1.225%。体外抗氧化试验表明:玉米苞叶中的总黄酮对超氧阴离子自由基、羟基自由基清除能力较好,其IC50分别为1.5μg/mL左右和0.14mg/mL,清除能力均高于Vc;对DPPH自由基体系的清除率达到50%时,玉米苞叶中总黄酮的IC50为0.2mg/mL左右,Vc的IC50为0.075mg/mL,说明玉米苞叶中的总黄酮清除DPPH自由基的能力低于Vc,但在所选浓度剂量范围内,其最大清除率高于Vc。试验表明,玉米苞叶中的总黄酮是一种较好的天然自由基清除剂。     

手掌参多糖对60Co-γ射线辐射小鼠造血和抗氧化功能损伤的治疗作用研究

为研究手掌参多糖对电离辐射损伤小鼠造血和抗氧化功能的治疗作用,本试验选用48只健康雌性昆明小白鼠,随机分为8组,分别为空白组,辐射组,手掌参多糖低、中、高给药组(150、300、600 mg·kg^-1 组)和辐射低、中、高给药组;辐射组和辐射给药组分别用⁶⁰Co-γ射线进行辐射,辐射剂量5.0 Gy(剂量率0.8 Gy·min^-1)。分别在照射后 30 min内灌胃相应剂量的手掌参多糖和生理盐水(空白组、辐射组),连续5 d。末次灌胃后48 h内测定所有小鼠外周血细胞计数、脾脏指数、肝脏超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、丙二醛(MDA)含量、骨髓DNA含量、骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核 (MN) 数目及脾脏T淋巴细胞亚群。结果表明,与空白组相比,给药组小鼠抗氧化能力和造血系统得到不同程度的改善,辐射组外周血细胞计数、脾脏指数、骨髓DNA含量、肝脏抗氧化能力及T淋巴细胞亚群极显著降低,MDA含量与MN数目显著升高; 与辐射组相比,辐射给药组小鼠脾脏指数和T-AOC、SOD活性极显著升高,DNA含量、外周血细胞计数也有所升高,CD3⁺、CD4⁺、CD8⁺ T淋巴细胞比率升高,MDA含量、MN数目显著降低。上述试验结果表明,手掌参多糖对⁶⁰Co-γ射线照射造成的小鼠造血、抗氧化功能损伤具有治疗作用。本研究为手掌参多糖对辐射损伤的治疗提供了技术参考。     

南瓜籽多糖热水提取工艺优化及其抗氧化活性

为开发利用南瓜籽中多糖资源,基于前期水提醇沉制得南瓜籽多糖的研究基础上,该文进一步探讨了热水浸提法提取南瓜籽多糖工艺参数并对其结构进行了初步分析。结果表明:南瓜籽多糖的最佳提取条件为提取温度60℃、提取时间2.5 h、液料比40:1 m L/g,此条件下多糖得率的预测值为2.25%,实际验证值为2.18%。初步分析南瓜籽多糖由鼠李糖、阿拉伯糖、木糖、甘露糖、葡萄糖和半乳糖6种单糖组成,摩尔比为0.52∶0.88∶0.73∶0.14∶1.00∶1.12,不含糖醛酸,为中性杂多糖。体外抗氧化活性试验表明,南瓜籽多糖对DPPH·、·OH和O2-·3种自由基均具有一定的清除效果,多糖质量浓度为1.0 mg/m L时,清除率分别达到21.3%±0.14%、57.14%±0.28%和40.50%±0.64%。研究结果为后续南瓜籽多糖纯品制备、结构表征提供了基础,为提高南瓜籽相关保健品附加值提供了一定理论依据。     

土壤干旱胁迫对玉米叶片水分状况、膜透性及酶抗氧化系统的影响

A simulation experiment on the responses of maize （Zea mays L.） from the third leaf stage to maturity for different soil water levels （well-watered, moderately stressed, and severely stressed） was conducted by controlling irrigation and using a mobile rain shelter in a neutral loam, meadow soil to determine the effects on leaf water status, membrane permeability and enzymatic antioxidant system for different growth stages. The results indicated that drought stress relied on drought intensity and duration, with more severe drought stress creating more serious effects on maize. Compared with wellwatered conditions, during the silking and blister stages moderate stress did not significantly change the relative water content （RWC） and did change significantly the relative conductivity （RC） （P 〈 0.05） of the leaves; however, severe stress did significantly decrease （P 〈 0.01） the leaf RWC and increase （P 〈 0.01） membrane permeability （leaf relative conductivity）. Furthermore, under severe drought stress antioxidant enzyme activities declined significantly （P 〈 0.01） in later stages, namely for superoxide dismutase （SOD） the tasseling and blister stages, for peroxidase （POD） the milk stage, and for catalase （CAT） during the tasseling, blister, and milk stages. Meanwhile, membrane lipid peroxidation （measured as malondialdehyde content） significantly increased （P 〈 0.01） in all stages.     

镉胁迫对玉米幼苗抗氧化酶系统及矿质元素吸收的影响

通过水培实验研究了在10-6、10-5、10-4mol·L-1浓度下,Cd2＋胁迫对玉米幼苗抗氧化酶系统、丙二醛（MDA）含量、Cd积累及矿质元素吸收的影响,同时讨论了Cd2＋毒害的作用机理。结果表明,中、低浓度（10-6、10-5mol·L-1）Cd2＋胁迫下,玉米幼苗MDA含量与对照组相比没有显著变化;高浓度（10-4mol·L-1）Cd2＋胁迫后,MDA含量显著升高（P〈0.05）。Cd2＋胁迫初期,超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性均升高;随着胁迫时间的延长,除叶片中SOD和CAT活性略有上升外,其他抗氧化酶活性逐渐下降,高浓度组抗氧化酶活性下降最明显。植物吸收的Cd主要积累在根部,Cd2＋胁迫能干扰玉米对Fe、Cu、Zn、Mg等养分的吸收。     

甜玉米辐照保鲜研究

用6 0 Coγ射线辐照新采摘的甜玉米 ,研究结果表明 :辐照对可溶性固形物、蔗糖、淀粉和总糖没明显影响 ;淀粉粘滞性随剂量的增大而下降 ;辐照过的甜玉米在室温 ( 2 5± 2℃ )下贮藏 ,保鲜期比对照延迟 7d,其甜、香、味无异常变化     

EFFECT OF DELAYED EMERGENCE ON CORN GRAIN YIELDS

Variable corn emergence results in decreased yields. This study was conducted to determine corn (Zea mays L.) by-plant yield reduction arising from delayed emergence. Treatments included delayed planting of 0, 2, 5, 8, and 12 days at two nitrogen (N) rates. Corn was planted by hand to maintain 17.8 cm plant-to-plant competition. Fifteen plants within a row were divided into five 3-plant sequences (middle plant delayed and 2-adjacent non-delayed plants). Under irrigation, grain yields decreased when the middle plant was delayed 2, 5, 8, and 12 days, by 3, 10, 19, and 25%, respectively. At the rainfed site, grain yields decreased when the middle plant was delayed 2, 5, 8, and 12 days, by 14, 25, 23, and 11%, respectively. Over all sites and years, for each day delay in emergence (one out of every 3 plants), corn grain yields decreased 0.225 to 1.379 Mg ha^?1 day^?1.     

玉米几个数量性状的基因效应分析

用世代均数法分析了玉米10个数量性状的基因效应。以 P_1、P_2、F_1、B_1、B_2和 F_26个世代作材料,用 Mathef 和 Jinks(1977)提出的估计参数模式进行统计分析,结果表明,玉米棒四叶叶面积、双穗间距、果穗重、籽粒重、出籽率等数量性状显性效应贡献最大,而抽雄期、抽丝期、抽丝间隔、穗轴重的加性效应贡献最大;上述9个性状都存在着显著或极显著的上位性效应,其作用太小因性状而异。双穗率无显著的上位性效应,适合加性—显性模式,它可能主要受加性效应的影响。     

EFFECT OF CADMIUM ON PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES OF WHEAT AND CORN TO IRON DEFICIENCY

This work evaluated the effect of cadmium (Cd) on the physiological responses of corn (Zea Mays L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to iron (Fe) deficiency. For this purpose, seedlings of corn and wheat were cultivated under controlled conditions, plants were grown in different strength Hoagland's solutions for one month. In the fifth week, some seedlings were still in full strength Hoagland's solution (+Fe) and others were in full strength Hoagland's solutions without iron (?Fe). The plants were exposed to different cadmium (Cd) concentrations for four days. The plant chlorophyll content of young leaves, Fe and Cd content in shoots and roots, biomass production, and phytosiderophores (PS) release by roots were assessed. Results showed that Cd decreased the chlorophyll content of young leaves, accompanied by a significant shoot and root biomass reduction for Fe-deficient and Fe-sufficient wheat and corn across all Cd treatments. However, chlorophyll content and shoot and root biomass of Fe-deficient wheat and corn were lower than Fe-sufficient plants at different Cd concentrations. Iron-deficiency induced Cd accumulation compared to Fe-sufficient in wheat and corn; however, a depressive effect of Cd on iron acquisition in shoots and roots of Fe-deficient and Fe-sufficient wheat and corn across all Cd treatments was observed. Cadmium also inhibited PS release in Fe-deficient and Fe-sufficient wheat and corn. Iron-deficient PS release was higher than Fe-sufficient corn and wheat across all Cd treatments. These results suggested that Cd might reduce capacity of plants to acquire iron from solution by inhibiting PS release.     

EFFECT OF DELAYED EMERGENCE ON CORN (ZEA MAYS L.) GRAIN YIELD

Uneven crop stands result in a reduction in corn yield production. This study was conducted to determine the effect of delayed emergence on corn yields and the effect of nitrogen (N) applications to compensate for yield reductions. The design used was a randomized complete block, with 4 sequences of delayed planting (0,4,7,and 10 days after planting) and 3 rates of nitrogen fertilizer (0, 40, 80 kg N ha^?1). At maturity, individual plants were tagged in sets of three and hand harvested. Corn ears were shelled, and yield per plant calculated. Grain yield of the delayed plant compared to that of the neighbors was reduced by 27, 8, 20 and 12 kg ha^?1day^?1 for 2007 LCB1, 2007 LCB2, 2010 LCB1 and 2010 LCB2, respectively. Over locations and years, the mean grain yield decrease of the delayed plant versus neighboring plants for each day delay was 122 kg ha^?1.     

EFFECT OF NITROGEN SOURCES AND RATES ON YIELD AND QUALITY OF SILAGE CORN

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of nitrogen (N) application source and rate on silage corn (Zea mays L.). Urea, ammonium nitrate, and ammonium sulfate were compared at 50, 100, 150, and 200 kg N ha^?1. The application of ammonium sulfate produced the highest plant height, leaf area index (LAI), total yield, and stem, leaf, and ear dry matter, followed by ammonium nitrate and urea. However, nitrogen sources had no marked effects on the content of protein, ash, oil, soluble carbohydrates, acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF). As the rate of nitrogen increased plant height, LAI, total yield, and stem, leaf, tassel, and ear dry matters, and protein, ash and oil contents increased while soluble carbohydrates, ADF, and NDF contents decreased. Ammonium sulfate was the most effective N source on production and 200 kg N ha^?1 was the most effective N rate on corn yield and quality.     

玉米植株残体培肥土壤的研究

采用土培试验对玉米植株残体施人后土壤理化性质及有机质组成的变化进行了分析。结果表明，土壤加入玉米植株残体后，土壤微生物生物量碳和氮含量提高，土壤的阳离子交换量增强，松结合态、联结合态和紧结合态腐殖质的含量增加，稳结合态腐殖质的相对含量下降，土壤中五碳糖和六碳糖的含量升高，土壤胶体活性变强。玉米秸秆和根茬对土壤的培肥作用存在差异。     

不同灌溉量下微水溶性缓释肥料在春玉米的肥效及环境效应研究

应用田间试验研究了适用于半干旱气候条件下的微水溶性缓释肥料(简称W,下同)在不同灌溉量下对春玉米生长的影响及环境效应。试验中设置了空白不施肥处理(CK)、常规灌溉尿素处理(N)、常规灌溉微水溶性缓释肥处理(W1)和减量灌溉微水溶性缓释肥处理(W2)。试验结果表明:与CK处理相比,W1处理显著提高了春玉米植株株高,W2处理显著提高了春玉米植株与籽粒全N、K含量及产量,但叶绿素、株高未显著提高,N处理仅显著提高了籽粒全N含量(p<0.05)。与N处理相比,W1处理显著提高了春玉米植株株高、肥料磷钾利用率与产量(p<0.05),土壤硝态氮残留峰值出现于80cm土层,淋失量显著减少(p<0.05);W2处理显著提高了春玉米植株与籽粒全N含量、肥料氮磷钾利用率与产量(p<0.05),土壤硝态氮残留峰值出现于60cm土层,淋失量显著减少(p<0.05)。由此说明,微水溶性缓释肥料具有一定的增产效果和节水功效,硝酸盐淋失量显著降低。     

短波紫外线处理对采后草莓果实腐烂和抗氧化能力的影响

以"凤冠"草莓为材料,研究了0、1.5、3.0和4.5kJ.m-2UV-C处理对草莓果实在10℃,12d贮藏期间腐烂和果实抗氧化能力的影响。结果表明,3kJ.m-2UV-C处理能显著抑制草莓果实采后腐烂的发生和MDA的积累,延缓果实失重、硬度和可溶性固形物含量的降低,促进果实CIRG值的提高,增强果实采后着色能力,从而保持果实的感官和食用品质。同时,3kJ.m-2UV-C处理能促进贮藏期间果实总花色苷、总酚含量和DPPH自由基清除能力的增加,减少草莓果实中抗氧化组分含量的下降,维持果实较高的营养品质。说明适宜剂量的UV-C处理(3kJ.m-2)在草莓果实采后后贮运保鲜和抗氧化能力调控中具有潜在的应用前景。