The significance of wild species for potato breeding

Summary The writer discusses the selection work performed at the Max-Planck-Institute at Cologne-Vogelsang. Attention was particularly concentrated on finding crosses with wild species resistant to diseases and plagues. The writer discusses in turn the results obtained with resistance toPhytophthora infestans, Alternaria solani, Rhizoctonia solani, Streptomyces scabies, Spongospora subterranea, Synchytrium endobioticum, virus diseases,Heterodera rostochiensis and Colorado beetle. He also refers to various difficulties that occur in crosses with wild species.

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Zusammenfassung Der Verfasser bespricht die Selektionsarbeit, die im Max-Planck-Institut in K?ln-Vogelsang verrichtet worden ist. Die Aufmerksamkeit war vor allem darauf konzentriert, Kreuzungen mit Wildarten zu suchen, die resistent sind gegen Krankheiten und Sch?dlingsplagen. Nacheinander bespricht der Verfasser die Ergebnisse, die erreicht worden sind mit der Resistenz gegenPhytophthora infestans, Alternaria solani, Rhizoctonia solani, Streptomyces scabies, Spongospora subterranea, Synchytrium endobioticum, Viruskrankheiten,Heterodera rostochiensis und Kartoffelk?fer. Ferner nennt er einige Schwierigkeiten, die bei Kreuzungen mit Wildarten entstehen.

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Résumé L'auteur donne un exposé sur l'oeuvre sélectionnaire, entreprise à l'Institut-Max-Planck à Cologne-Vogelsang. Une attention particulière a été apportée notamment à la recherche de croisements avec des éspèces sauvages résistant aux maladies et aux pestes. L'auteur traite ensuite des résultats que donne la résistance àPhytophthora infestans, Alternaria solani, Rhizoctonia solani, Streptomyces scabies, Spongospora subterranea, Synchytrium endobioticum, maladies virologiques,Heterodera rostochiensis et au doryphore. Pour conclure, il traite de quelques difficultés que soulèvent les croisements avec des variétés sauvages.

     

水稻稻壳育苗新技术

本文简要介绍了黑龙江省延寿县水稻栽培采用稻壳育苗新技术的优点,苗田及育苗棚的选建、物资准备及整地做床、稻克处理及铺床、播种尿素苗床管理等技术要点及应注意的问题。     

Effects of species and breeding on wheat protein composition

Wheat proteins are characterized by their excellent contribution to technological and baking properties. However, wheat proteins, especially gluten and amylase-trypsin inhibitors (ATIs), are also known to be responsible for a broad range of intolerances and allergies. In order to evaluate the impact of genetic variability on the composition of these functional but immunogenic protein types, a set of different Triticum species, including common wheat, durum, spelt, emmer and einkorn, was examined regarding ATI and gluten concentrations by RP-HPLC. Additionally, inhibition towards trypsin was determined by an enzymatic assay. Based on the results, none of the investigated wheat species can be considered to be less ‘immunogenic’. Nevertheless, due to the large variability of ATI and gluten amounts among different genotypes, the selection of less-immunoreactive wheat varieties for individuals that suffer from wheat related diseases (WRDs) might be possible. The impact of breeding was assessed for different varieties of common wheat from different breeding periods. Results revealed significant improvement of technologically valuable parameters such as the amount of high molecular weight (HMW) glutenins and the gliadin to glutenin ratio, but no increase in immunogenic proteins.     

稻壳育苗试验

针对水稻育苗需用大量旱田表土,而导致严重破坏生态环境的实际情况,采用稻壳替代客土,进行水稻育苗研究。结果表明,用隔年稻壳经粉碎浸泡后,替代85%的客土培育水稻秧苗,可取得与常规客土育苗同样的效果,出苗率达97%以上,秧苗素质可与常规营养土育苗相媲美。     

现代生物技术在水稻育种上的应用

本文概述了发展现代生物技术的意义,回顾了我国农业生物技术的发展历程及取得的抗虫棉花、玉米、抗病毒水稻等重大成就,并对辽宁省农科院利用生物技术开展水稻育种研究所取得的成果进行了总结和评价。     

The role of physiological understanding in plant breeding; from a breeding perspective

The role of physiological understanding in improving the efficiency of breeding programs is examined largely from the perspective of conventional breeding programs. Impact of physiological research to date on breeding programs, and the nature of that research, was assessed from (i) responses to a questionnaire distributed to plant breeders and physiologists, and (ii) a survey of literature abstracts. Ways to better utilise physiological understanding for improving breeding programs are suggested, together with possible constraints to delivering beneficial outcomes. Responses from the questionnaire indicated a general view that the contribution by crop physiology to date has been modest. However, most of those surveyed expected the contribution to be larger in the next 20 years. Some constraints to progress perceived by breeders and physiologists were highlighted. The survey of literature abstracts indicated that from a plant breeding perspective, much physiological research is not progressing further than making suggestions about possible approaches to selection. There was limited evidence in the literature of objective comparison of such suggestions with existing methodology, or of development and application of these within active breeding programs. It is argued in this paper that the development of outputs from physiological research for breeding requires a good understanding of the breeding program(s) being serviced and factors affecting its performance. Simple quantitative genetic models, or at least the ideas they represent, should be considered in conducting physiological research and in envisaging and evaluating outputs. The key steps of a generalised breeding program are outlined, and the potential pathways for physiological understanding to impact on these steps are discussed. Impact on breeding programs may arise through (i) better choice of environments in which to conduct selection trials, (ii) identification of selection criteria and traits for focused introgression programs, and (iii) identifying traits for indirect selection criteria as an adjunct to criteria already used. While many breeders and physiologists apparently recognise that physiological understanding may have a major role in the first area, there appears to be relatively little research activity targeting this issue, and a corresponding bias, arguably unjustified, toward examining traits for indirect selection. Furthermore, research on traits aimed at crop improvement is often deficient because key genetic parameters, such as genetic variation in relevant breeding populations and genetic (as opposed to phenotypic) correlations with yield or other characters of economic importance, are not properly considered in the research. Some areas requiring special attention for successfully interfacing physiology research with breeding are discussed. These include (i) the need to work with relevant genetic populations, (ii) close integration of the physiological research with an active breeding program, and (iii) the dangers of a pre-defined or narrow focus in the physiological research.     

Starch accumulation in the microspores of a solanum species and possible implications in mutation breeding

Waxy-like microspores have been observed during the specific period of starch accumulation in developing buds ofSolanum verrucosum. It is considered that appropriate mutagenic treatment of meiotic buds might perhaps increase the frequency of these waxy-like microspores to such a high proportion that the mutation could be transmitted to the next generation. Should such be the case it would become possible to test the double hypothesis that the waxy-like mutants are really amylose-free and that the waxy character can also express itself in the tubers.     

The potato breeding programme in Denmark

Summary Frem 1948 onward there has been a marked increase in potato breeding work in Denmark. This is due to the fact that the Danish Agriculture Potato Fund was established in this year and its proceeds are devoted to the advancement of potato breeding in Denmark. The fund owns the Potato Breeding Station at Vandel, near Vejle, and this together with the State Research Station at Tylstrup are the only places in Denmark where potato breeding is carried out. Breeding of ware varieties constitutes a great part of the work, although the breeding of varieties used for fodder and industrial purposes is also an important aspect of the work. The quality and yield capacity of the new varieties are very important considerations, although the present work of breeding also aims at finding varieties which are only slightly affected by late blight and common scab. As the conditions governing the production of virus-free seed potatoes, do not constitute any serious problem in Denmark, little attention has been paid to the finding of virus-resistant varieties, except on the case of special varieties intended for export. The station in Vandel owns a fairly large collection of wild and cultivated species of potatoes. Three of the most promising varieties from Vandel will be sent for an official test as from 1958.

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Zusammenfassung Seit dem Jahre 1948 ist die Arbeit der Kartoffelzüchtung in D?nemark ganz bedeutend erweitert worden, da in diesem Jahre der ?Kartoffelfonds der Landwirtschaft? gegründet wurde, dessen Ertrag in erster Linie die Kartoffelzüchtung D?nemarks stützen soll. Der Fonds besitzt die Zuchtstation bei Vandel. Zusammen mit der Versuchsstation in Tylstrip im Besitz des Staates, ist es die einzigen Stelle in D?nemark, wo Kartoffelzüchtung betrieben wird. Die Züchtung von Speisekartoffeln ist sehr wichtig, aber auch die Arbeit mit Futter- und Fabrikkartoffeln ist von gr?sster Bedeutung. Eigenschaften, wie Ertrag und Qualit?t der neuen Kartoffelsorten, sind von besonderer Wichtigkeit, aber eines der Ziele der jetzigen Züchtungsarbeit ist, Kartoffelsorten zu finden, die nicht so stark von Krautf?ule und Kartoffelschorf angegriffen werden. Da die Bedingungen für die Erzeugung von virusfreien Saatkartoffeln in D?nemark sehr günstig sind, hat man nicht viel Interesse daran, virusresistente Sorten zu züchten, mit Ausnahme von Kartoffelsorten für Export. Auf der Station in Vandel befindet sich eine gr?ssere Sammlung von wilden und kultiviertenSolanum-Arten, die einer der Mitarbeiter der Station aus verschiedenen südamerikanischen Staaten mitgebracht hat. Drei neue Sorten haben bei den vorl?ufigen Prüfungen gute Resultaten ergeben.

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Résumé A partir de l'année 1948 l'ocuvre sélectionnaire de la pomme de terre au Danemark a pris un large essor. C'est que dans cette année fut institutée la ?Caisse Agricole de la Pomme de terre?, dont les fonds sont réservés en premier lieu à soutenir l'oeuvre sélectionnaire de la pomme de terre au Danemark. La ?Caisse? exploite la Station d'expérimentation à Vandel qui, ensemble avec la Station d'essais à Tylstrup-également un institut de l'Etat-sont les seules institutions au Danemark où l'on se voue à l'oeuvre sélectionnaire de la pomme de terre. La culture de la pomme de terre de consommation revêt une importance particulière, tout comme d'ailleurs celle des pommes de terre fourragères et industrielles. Les propriétés des nouvelles variétés, telles que rendement et qualité, sont très importantes, mais l'un des objectifs de l'oeuvre sélectionnaire de nos jours est de créer des variétés de pommes de terre résistantes au mildiou et à la gale commune. Etant donné que les conditions de production pour plants de pommes de terre exempts de toute contagion virologique sont très favorables au Danemark, on s'intéresse peu à la culture de variétés résistantes aux maladies à virus, sauf les variétés de pommes de terre destinées à l'exportation. A la Station à Vandel on dispose d'une collection assez riche de variétésSolanum sauvages et cultivées en provenance de différents états américains et approtées par l'un des chercheurs de cet Institut. Trois variétés ont fait l'objet d'expériences entreprises à titre provisoire, et elles ont donné de bons résultats.

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Lecture held at Lund, August 1957     

Radiation interception and use efficiency as affected by breeding in Mediterranean wheat

Past breeding achievements in grain yield were mainly related to increases in harvest index (HI) without major changes in biomass production. As modern cultivars have already high HI, future breeding to improve grain yield will necessarily focus on increased biomass. Improved biomass would depend on our capacity to improve the amount of photosynthetically active radiation intercepted by the crop (IPAR_%) or the efficiency with which the canopy converts that radiation into new biomass (radiation use efficiency, RUE). Four field experiments with a set of wheat cultivars selected, bred and introduced in the Mediterranean area of Spain and that represent important steps in wheat breeding in Spain were conducted in order to identify whether and how wheat breeding in this area affected the amount of IPAR_% and RUE both before and after anthesis. Although there was genotypic variability, cultivars did not show any consistent trend with the year of release of the cultivars for their biomass, pre and post-anthesis IPAR_%, Crop growth rate (CGR) or RUE but, the post-anthesis CGR and RUE of the two oldest genotypes were lower than that of the other cultivars. As the oldest genotypes have lower number of grains per m² than their modern counterparts, it is suggested that post-anthesis RUE in these cultivars was reduced by lack of sinks and therefore further increases in grains per unit area in modern cultivars could permit to improve biomass via increases in post-anthesis RUE.     

Wild halophytic species as forage sources: Key aspects for plant breeding

The use of wild halophytic species as forage resources in saline environments has gained increasing attention. Argentina ranks third in area of saline soils in the world, with a third of its territory showing various degrees of salinity, sodicity and/or alkalinity. On this type of soils, rangelands are the main forage resource for livestock production. Many wild species have forage potential and can also be used for the rehabilitation of rangelands and for intercropping. Information about these species, as well as on the physiological and genetic bases associated with salinity tolerance, provides relevant tools for efficient selection methods. This study addresses Argentine wild halophyte species with forage potential and describes selection criteria with an emphasis on the following taxa: (a) Poaceae: subfamily Chloridoideae and tribes Paniceae and Triticeae, (b) Fabaceae and (c) Amaranthaceae (formerly known as Chenopodiaceae). The review is intended to contribute to the general discussion on strategies for the improvement of wild plant genetic resources, using forage species naturally growing in saline soils in Argentina as a case study.     

Field production of potatoes from true seed and its use in a breeding programme

Summary Potato crops, grown from true potato seed (TPS) sown directly into fields, required a long growing season and the yield, tuber size and quality were inferior to tuber-propagated crops. Some plants produced excellent yields of high-quality tubers and some lines had earliness, high yield capacity, uniform tuber type and high solids. Field sowing of TPS has good potential, both as a breeding tool and for potato production in long-season, underdeveloped countries where healthy seed tubers are not readily available. Correlation analyses showed positive relationships between seedling vigour, mature plant size, and number and yield of tubers but these growth parameters were not significantly related to tuber size and they had a strong negative relationship to density (specific gravity). Mention of a trade name of a company is for specific information only and does not constitute a guarantee or warranty of a product by the U.S. Department of Agriculture and does not imply its approval to the exclusion of other products that may also be suitable.     

外源基因导入水稻育种技术研究进展与应用

介绍了外源基因导入水稻技术研究的新进展及其在水稻育种中的应用 ,同时进一步阐述了外源基因导入技术改良水稻品种的趋势与前景。