Viral susceptibility,transfection and growth of SPB – a fish neural progenitor cell line from the brain of snubnose pompano,Trachinotus blochii (Lacépède)

This study investigates the susceptibilities of the SPB cell line to fish viruses including giant seaperch iridovirus (GSIV‐K1), red sea bream iridovirus (RSIV‐Ku), grouper nervous necrosis virus (GNNV‐K1), chum salmon reovirus (CSV) and eel herpesvirus (HVA). GSIV‐K1, RSIV‐Ku and CSV replicated well in SPB cells, with a significant cytopathic effect and virus production. However, the cells were HVA and GNNV refractory. To examine the ability of SPB cells to stably express foreign protein, expression vectors encoding GNNV B1 and B2 fused to enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) and GSIV ORF35L fused to DsRed were constructed and introduced by transfection into SPB cells. Stable transfectants displayed different morphologies compared with SPB and with each other. EGFP‐B1 was predominantly localized in the nuclei, EFPF‐B2 was distributed throughout the cytoplasm and nucleus, and granular 35L‐DsRed was localized with secreted vesicles. The expression of EFPF‐B2 in SPB cells produced blebs on the surface, but the cells showing stable expression of EGFP, EGFP‐B1 or 35L‐DsRed showed normal morphologies. Results show the SPB cells and the transfected cells grow well at temperatures between 20 and 35 °C and with serum‐dependent growth. SPB cells are suitable for studies on foreign protein expression and virology.     

Establishment and characterization of a continuous cell line (GF-1) derived from grouper, Epinephelus coioides (Hamilton): a cell line susceptible to grouper nervous necrosis virus (GNNV)

A new continuous cell line (GF-1) was established and characterized. The GF-1 cell line, derived from the fin tissue of a grouper, Epinephelus coioides (Hamilton), was maintained in L15 medium containing 5% foetal bovine serum (FBS) at 28 °C, and has been subcultured more than 160 times since 1995. The majority of GF-1 cells are fibroblast-like, together with some epithelioid cells. Spontaneous transformation of GF-1 cells occurred during subculture 50 to subculture 80, and led to an increase of plating efficiency, less requirement of FBS and de novo susceptibility to grouper nervous necrosis virus (GNNV). Cytopathic effects (CPEs) could be observed in GF-1 cells 3–5 days post-infection with pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV), hard clam reovirus (HCRV), eel herpes virus Formosa (EHVF) and GNNV. In addition, abundant GNNV particles were found in the cytoplasm of GNNV-infected GF-1 cells using electron microscopy and nucleic acids of GNNV virus were detected by polymerase chain reaction in the culture medium of GNNV-infected cells after CPE appeared. The experimental results indicated that GF-1 can effectively proliferate fish nodavirus and is a promising tool for studying fish nodavirus.     

New cell lines for efficient propagation of koi herpesvirus and infectious salmon anaemia virus

The production of piscine viruses, in particular of koi herpesvirus (KHV, CyHV‐3) and infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV), is still challenging due to the limited susceptibility of available cell lines to these viruses. A number of cell lines from different fish species were compared to standard diagnostic cell lines for KHV and ISAV regarding their capability to exhibit a cytopathic effect (CPE) and to accumulate virus. Two cell lines, so far undescribed, appeared to be useful for diagnostic purposes. Fr994, a cell line derived from ovaries of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), produced constantly high ISA virus (ISAV) titres and developed a pronounced CPE even at high cell passage numbers, while standard cell lines are reported to gradually loose these properties upon propagation. Another cell line isolated from the head kidney of common carp (Cyprinus carpio), KoK, showed a KHV induced CPE earlier than the standard cell line used for diagnostics. A third cell line, named Fin‐4, established from the fin epithelium of rainbow trout did not promote efficient replication of tested viruses, but showed antigen sampling properties and might be useful as an in vitro model for virus uptake or phagocytosis.     

草鱼呼肠孤病毒逆转录环介导等温扩增(RT-LAMP)检测方法的建立

根据草鱼呼肠孤病毒 (grass carp reovirus, GCRV)衣壳蛋白VP6编码基因的序列设计特异性引物, 以病毒全基因组RNA为模板, 通过对反应条件进行优化, 建立了GCRV的逆转录环介导等温扩增(RT-LAMP)检测方法。检测结果表明, 本方法可在63℃下1 h内实现靶片段的大量扩增, 扩增产物经凝胶电泳呈现梯型条带, 反应体系中添加SYBR Green I 荧光染料后, 绿色阳性结果明显区别于橙色阴性结果。该检测体系针对草鱼呼肠孤病毒的检测灵敏度高, 其最低检测限为33 pg, 与常规RT-PCR方法相比较, 灵敏度高10倍, 且与斑点叉尾鮰呼肠孤病毒(CCRV)、鲤春病毒血症病毒(SVCV)、锦鲤疱疹病毒(KHV)、大鲵虹彩病毒(GSIV)等无交叉反应。该方法灵敏度及特异性高, 且不需昂贵仪器设备, 为快速检测草鱼呼肠孤病毒与诊断草鱼出血病提供了简捷快速的技术手段。

     

大鲵虹彩病毒TaqMan实时荧光定量PCR检测方法的建立

利用PCR技术扩增出大鲵虹彩病毒(giant salamander iridovirus, GSIV)主要衣壳蛋白(MCP)编码区长度为1 392 bp 的片段, 克隆到 pMD19-T载体上, 构建重组质粒 pMD19-T-MCP。经PCR鉴定确认正确后, 以10倍梯度稀释 pMD19-T-MCP重组质粒, 作为标准模板进行 TaqMan实时荧光定量PCR扩增, 制作标准曲线, 建立了大鲵虹彩病毒的 TaqMan实时荧光定量PCR检测方法。制作的标准曲线有极好的线性关系, 且线性范围宽, 相关系数为0.990 19。组内重复试验的CT值标准偏差为0.52%。检测结果显示, 该方法对大鲵虹彩病毒的检测有高度的特异性, 与锦鲤疱疹病毒、弗氏柠檬酸杆菌、嗜水气单胞菌以及鲤上皮瘤细胞基因组DNA之间均无交叉反应, 特异性好, 检测总DNA灵敏度为10个病毒核酸分子拷贝数, 约1.1×10-3 pg/μL病毒核酸, 较之常规PCR的敏感度高出约1 000倍。研究建立的大鲵虹彩病毒TaqMan实时荧光定量PCR方法灵敏度高、特异性强, 对大鲵虹彩病毒病的快速诊断与病毒病原定量检测有重要意义。     

Characterization of grouper nervous necrosis virus (GNNV)

Grouper nervous necrosis virus (GNNV) was isolated from moribund grouper larvae, Epinephelus sp., using a fish cell line GF-1. The present study describes the biochemical and biophysical properties of GNNV and the expression of GNNV in diseased grouper larvae. Viral protein was detectable in most of the GNNV-infected GF-1 cells by the fluorescent antibody technique (FAT) after 12 h post-infection (p.i.), although no cytopathic effect (CPE) appeared at that time. Clear CPE developed on the third day, and complete disintegration of the monolayer occurred over the subsequent two days. The infectivity of GNNV can be blocked following treatment at 60 °C for 1 h. GNNV was sensitive to pH 3 and pH 10–12 with a 4 log₁₀ drop in infectivity. Purified GNNV was analysed by SDS–PAGE, and then stained with periodic acid silver. The positive staining indicated that its two capsid proteins were glycoproteins. Genomic RNAs of GNNV were extracted from purified virions and analysed. The molecular weights of genomic RNAs were 1.02 × 10⁶ and 0.50 × 10⁶ Da. The T2 region of the coat protein gene of GNNV was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and the multiple alignment of the T2 sequence of two GNNV isolates with four genotypes of fish nodaviruses revealed that these two isolates (GNNV9410 and GNNV9508) belong to the red-spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus (RGNNV) genotype. The tissue distribution of GNNV in naturally infected grouper larvae was investigated by in situ hybridization using a dig-labelled probe, which showed that GNNV was not only detected in the brain and retina, but also in the gill, skeletal muscle, liver, pyloric gland, intestine and blood cells in the heart.     

Detection of Herpesvirus anguillae during two mortality investigations of wild European eel in England: implications for fishery management

Herpesvirus anguillae (HVA) was detected during disease investigations of European eel, Anguilla anguilla L. at two stillwater fisheries in central England. These represent the first records of HVA from UK eels. Both mortalities were eel‐specific and took place during August 2009 and July 2010 at water temperatures between 17 and 19.4 °C. Pathological changes consistent with HVA infection included haemorrhaging in the fins, skin lesions and necrosis within the gills and liver. Transmission electron microscopy revealed active virion replication within the gill tissue. An initial assessment of risk is presented, indicating that HVA represents a high disease risk to UK eel stocks. However, further studies are required to establish the distribution of HVA before a reliable assessment of impact may be obtained. Until then, the detection of HVA holds important implications for eel conservation and management, in particular eel stocking activity.     

草鱼呼肠孤病毒逆转录环介导等温扩增(RT-LAMP)检测方法的建立

根据草鱼呼肠孤病毒(grass carp reovirus,GCRV)衣壳蛋白VP6编码基因的序列设计特异性引物,以病毒全基因组RNA为模板,通过对反应条件进行优化,建立了GCRV的逆转录环介导等温扩增(RT-LAMP)检测方法。检测结果表明,本方法可在63℃下1 h内实现靶片段的大量扩增,扩增产物经凝胶电泳呈现梯型条带,反应体系中添加SYBR Green I荧光染料后,绿色阳性结果明显区别于橙色阴性结果。该检测体系针对草鱼呼肠孤病毒的检测灵敏度高,其最低检测限为33 pg,与常规RT-PCR方法相比较,灵敏度高10倍,且与斑点叉尾鮰呼肠孤病毒(CCRV)、鲤春病毒血症病毒(SVCV)、锦鲤疱疹病毒(KHV)、大鲵虹彩病毒(GSIV)等无交叉反应。该方法灵敏度及特异性高,且不需昂贵仪器设备,为快速检测草鱼呼肠孤病毒与诊断草鱼出血病提供了简捷快速的技术手段。     

Development of a walleye cell line and use to study the effects of temperature on infection by viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus group IVb

A cell line, WE-cfin11f, with a fibroblast-like morphology was developed from a walleye caudal fin and used to study the intersection of thermobiology of walleye, Sander vitreus (Mitchill), with the thermal requirements for replication of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) IVb. WE-cfin11f proliferated from 10 to 32 °C and endured as a monolayer for at least a week at 1–34 °C. WE-cfin11f adopted an epithelial shape and did not proliferate at 4 °C. Adding VHSV IVb to cultures at 4 and 14 °C but not 26 °C led to cytopathic effects (CPE) and virus production. At 4 °C, virus production developed more slowly, but Western blotting showed more N protein accumulation. Infecting monolayer cultures at 4 °C for 7 days and then shifting them to 26 °C resulted in the monolayers being broken in small areas by CPE, but with time at 26 °C, the monolayers were restored. These results suggest that at 26 °C, the VHSV IVb life cycle stages responsible for CPE can be completed, but the production of virus and the initiation of infections cannot be accomplished.     

Establishment and characterization of a new cell line from koi brain (Cyprinus carpio L.)

A novel permanently growing brain cell line from koi (Cyprinus carpio L.) (KB cell line) was established, and its suitability for detection of koi herpesvirus (KHV) was demonstrated in this study. The KB cell line was optimally maintained at 27°C in Leibovitz's L‐15 medium supplemented with 10% foetal bovine serum (FBS). It was subcultured more than 100 times, and chromosome analysis revealed that 51.54% of KB cells at passage 80 maintained the abnormal diploid chromosome number 2n = 96 while the modal chromosome number was 2n = 100. The cell line was cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen at ?196°C and was recovered from storage after 1 year with good cell viability and vitality. The results of virus isolation demonstrated that KB cells were susceptible to KHV, which was shown by the presence of an obvious cytopathic effect and abundant virus particles. The viral titres of KHV in KB reached 10^5.73TCID₅₀/0.1 ml within 7 days. Immunofluorescence and Western blot assays confirmed that KB replicated KHV. The newly established KB cell line will serve as a useful tool to elucidate KHV disease (KHVD) pathogenesis.     

鳗鲡疱疹病毒的生物学及理化特性

为了明确鳗鲡疱疹病毒(Anguillid herpesvirus, AngHV)的生物学及理化特性,本实验利用一株从欧洲鳗鲡"脱黏败血综合征"病料中分离的AngHV病毒株,研究了其增殖特性及其对主要鱼类细胞系的感染敏感性,进一步分析了其对热、酸碱、氯仿和乙醚等理化因子的耐受性。结果发现,AngHV感染的鳗鲡卵巢细胞系(eel ovary cell line, EO)内可见典型的疱疹病毒样颗粒,细胞出现时序性细胞病变;AngHV可在EO细胞系内稳定传代,较适宜扩繁温度为25～27°C,不能在鲤上皮瘤细胞系(epithelioma papilloma cyprinid cell line, EPC)、草鱼卵巢细胞系(grass carp ovary cell line, CO)、胖头逓肌肉细胞系(fathead minnow cell line, FHM)、大鳞大麻哈鱼胚胎细胞系(chinook salmon embryo cell line,CHSE-214)、虹鳟性腺细胞系(rainbow trout gonad cell line, RTG-2)及蓝鳃太阳鱼细胞系(bluegill ...     

Establishment and characterization of a heart-derived cell line from goldfish (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Carassius auratus</Emphasis>)

The goldfish Carassius auratus, a freshwater fish in the family Cyprinidae, was one of the earliest fish to be domesticated for ornamental purposes. A cell line was established from goldfish heart (GH) tissue to create a biological monitoring tool for viral diseases. The GH cell line was optimally maintained at 25 °C in M199 medium supplemented with 10–20% fetal bovine serum. A chromosomal analysis indicated that the cell line remained diploid, with a mean chromosomal count of 100. In viral inoculation assays, significant cytopathic effects (CPEs) were caused by epizootic hematopoietic necrosis virus (EHNV), Andrias davidianus iridovirus (ADIV), and Bohle iridovirus (BIV) infections in the fish cells and the viral titers (average value) of EHNV, ADIV, and BIV in GH cells reached 10^5.0, 10^4.5, and 10^5.0 TCID₅₀/0.1 mL, respectively, within 7 days. However, no CPE was observed in the cells infected with viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV), infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV), spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV), infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV), channel catfish virus (CCV), or grass carp reovirus (GCRV). These results suggest that the GH cell line is a valuable tool for studying viral pathogenesis.     

Development and characterization of a new marine fish cell line from turbot (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Scophthalmus maximus</Emphasis>)

A new marine fish cell line, TK, derived from turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) kidney, was established by the method of trypsin digestion and subcultured for more than 50 passages over a period of 300 days. The TK cells were maintained in Minimum Essential Medium Eagle (MEM) supplemented with HEPES, antibiotics, fetal bovine serum (FBS), 2-Mercaptoethanol (2-Me), and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). The suitable growth temperature for TK cells was 24°C, and microscopically, TK cells were composed of fibroblast-like cells. Chromosome analysis revealed that the TK cell line has a normal diploid karyotype with 2n = 44. Two fish viruses LCDV-C (lymphocystis disease virus from China) and TRBIV (turbot reddish body iridovirus) were used to determine the virus susceptibility of TK cell line. The TK cell line was found to be susceptible to TRBIV, and the infection was confirmed by cytopathic effect (CPE) and transmission electron microscopy, which detected the viral particles in the cytoplasm of virus-infected cells. Finally, significant green fluorescent signals were observed when the TK cells were transfected with pEGFP-N3 vector, indicating its potential utility for fish virus study and genetic manipulation.     

Establishment of a new cell line from the heart of giant grouper,Epinephelus lanceolatus (Bloch), and its application in toxicology and virus susceptibility

A new marine fish cell line, derived from the heart of giant grouper, Epinephelus lanceolatus (Bloch), was established and characterized. The cell line was designated as ELGH and subcultured with more than 60 passages. The ELGH cells were mainly composed of fibroblast-like cells and multiplied well in Leibovitz's L-15 medium supplemented with 10% foetal bovine serum (FBS) at 28 °C. Chromosome analysis indicated that the modal chromosome number was 48. The fluorescent signals were detected in ELGH when transfected with green fluorescent protein reporter plasmids. The 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC₅₀) of the extracellular products (ECPs) from Streptococcus iniae and Vibrio alginolyticus E333 on ELGH cells was 60.02 and 12.49 μg mL⁻¹, respectively. Moreover, the ELGH cells showed susceptibility to Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV), but not to soft-shelled turtle iridovirus (STIV), red-spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus (RGNNV) and spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV), which was demonstrated by the presence of a severe cytopathic effect (CPE) and increased viral titres. In addition, electron microscopy observation showed that abundant virus particles were present in the infected cells. Taken together, our data above provided the potential utility of ELGH cells for transgenic and genetic manipulation, as well as cytotoxicity testing and virus pathogenesis.     

Establishment and characterization of a kidney cell line from kelp grouper <Emphasis Type="Italic">Epinephelus moara</Emphasis>

A novel cell line, Epinephelus moara kidney cell line (EMK), was established from kidneys of kelp grouper E. moara. Cells were cultured at 24 °C in Leibovitz’s L-15 medium (L15) supplemented with antibiotics, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), foetal bovine serum (FBS) and 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME). EMK cells, fibroblastic in morphology, proliferated to 100% confluency in 3–4 days and were subcultured for over 50 passages. The cells could grow from 18 to 30 °C, with optimal growth at 24 °C. Chromosome analysis indicated that the modal chromosome number was 48 in the cells at passage 42. Green fluorescent signals could be observed in EMK cells when the cells were transfected with pEGFP-N3 plasmid. Moreover, a significant cytopathic effect (CPE) was observed in the cells after infection with Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV) or nervous necrosis virus (NNV), and viral replication was confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). These results suggested the potential of the EMK cell line for studies of transgene and pathogenesis of SGIV and NNV.     

大鲵虹彩病毒β-丙内酯灭活方法的研究

为探讨β-丙内酯(β-propiolactone,BPL)灭活大鲵虹彩病毒(Giant salamander iridovirus,GSIV)的最适条件,研究了BPL对GSIV的灭活方法。采用终浓度分别为0.025%、0.05%、0.1%、0.2%的BPL灭活细胞培养的GSIV,4℃条件下分别灭活24 h、48 h、72 h、96 h,通过细菌培养、细胞培养、病毒核酸PCR扩增以及鱼体感染试验进行灭活病毒的安全性检验,确定最适灭活条件。试验结果表明,GSIV经终浓度为0.1%的BPL 4℃灭活处理72 h后可完全灭活病毒,灭活病毒无细菌污染,接种对GSIV敏感的鲤上皮瘤细胞系(EPC)细胞无细胞病变效应(CPE)出现,病毒主衣壳蛋白(MCP)基因特异性引物PCR反应未扩增出靶基因产物,灭活病毒对健康大鲵的感染试验未出现疾病症状。灭活效果检测结果表明,与未灭活GSIV相比较,最适灭活条件下的GSIV结构蛋白与抗原性未发生显著变化。结论显示BPL可用来灭活GSIV,本研究确立了BPL灭活GSIV的最适条件,为大鲵虹彩病毒细胞培养灭活疫苗研究奠定了重要基础。     

大鲵虹彩病毒理化及生物学特性研究

对大鲵虹彩病毒(Giant salamander iridovirus,GSIV)的理化特性及生物学特性进行了研究。结果表明:GSIV对热处理敏感,56℃和65℃处理30 min均可彻底灭活病毒;GSIV经酸(pH3)和碱(pH10)处理,病毒滴度(TCID50)与对照组相比较分别下降了8.58、9.04个对数级,差异极显著(P<0.01);GSIV经有机溶剂氯仿、乙醚以及胰蛋白酶处理,TCID50与对照组相比较分别下降了9.33、7.83、6.49个对数级,差异极显著(P<0.01)。冻融次数对GSIV滴度的影响不显著(P>0.05)。GSIV对细胞培养物的感染性试验结果表明,GSIV可在鲤上皮瘤细胞系(Epithelioma papilloma cyprini,EPC)、斑点叉尾鮰肾脏细胞系(Channel catfish kidney,CCK)、虹鳟鱼性腺细胞系(Rainbow trout gonadal,RTG-2)等细胞中增殖,但在EPC、CCK细胞中增殖速度快,TCID50高;GSIV在EPC细胞中的最适生长温度是25℃。GSIV在EPC细胞中增殖动态试验结果表明,GSIV感染细胞6 h后TCID50开始快速上升,进入对数增长期,72 h时TCID50达到最大值,以后趋于稳定。GSIV感染EPC细胞超薄切片透射电镜观察结果显示,在EPC细胞质中可见大量虹彩病毒样颗粒,呈晶格状排列,直径约140 nm。     

Survival in Pond Water of Four Reoviruses Isolated from Aquatic Animals

The viabilities of golden shiner virus (GSV), chum salmon virus (CSV), oyster reovirus 13P2 (13P2). and catfish reovirus (CRV) were compared following viruses incubation in pond water samples held at 4°. 20°, 25°, and 30°C for one month. At the three higher temperatures tested, viral infectivity was lost by day 15 for GSV, day 20 for CSV, and day 10 for CRV and 13P2. At 4°C. no infectious GSV was detected at day 15, while the other viruses showed little or no loss of infectivity during the 30-day incubation period. The survival of these viruses in natural waters appears to be sufficient to sustain fish-to-fish transmission.