养殖大菱鲆病原菌迟缓爱德华氏菌的分离鉴定及其疫苗研制

2006年9月山东胶南某养殖场大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)发生病害,从患病大菱鲆脾脏分离出优势菌株WY28,人工感染试验证实WY28菌株对大菱鲆和斑马鱼(Danio rerio)有较强的致病性,其对大菱鲆和斑马鱼的半数致死剂量(LD50)分别为39cfu/g(Bw)(3.3×102cfu/ind)和2.1×104cfu/g(Bw)(6.4×103cfu/ind).综合该菌在形态与生理生化特征及16S rDNA同源性等方面的实验结果,确定WY28菌株为迟缓爱德华氏菌(Edwardsiella tarda).该菌对先锋霉素V、庆大霉素、氟哌酸、痢特灵等抗生素敏感.WY28菌株经福尔马林灭活制成灭活疫苗,对大菱鲆进行腹腔注射免疫,免疫后第4周测得免疫鱼血清中抗迟缓爱德华氏菌的抗体效价平均为1:1 280.免疫后第6周.免疫鱼血清中抗迟缓爱德华氏菌的抗体效价达到更高水平(平均值为1:3 289.6).攻毒试验表明,受免鱼的相对存活率明显高于对照组.由此可见,利用从病鱼体内分离的迟缓爱德华氏菌菌株制备的灭活疫苗能使大菱鲆较有效抵御迟缓爱德华氏菌强毒株的攻击.     

Pathology of Edwardsiella tarda infection in turbot, Scophthalmus maximus (L.)

Macroscopic and histopathological changes in cultured turbot, Scophthalmus maximus (L.), in Spain caused by infection with Edwardsiella tarda are described. Eye tumefaction, inflammation, haemorrhages, ascites and the presence of a purulent fluid were the main macroscopic lesions observed. Histopathological lesions were found in the kidney, spleen and liver. In the kidney and spleen these were characterized by a severe apostematous inflammatory reaction, with a large number of abscesses. The liver was affected to a lesser degree and only some phagocytes loaded with bacteria were observed. Ultrastructural observations indicated that macrophages were the main cell type implicated in the inflammatory response. Most of the bacteria observed within the phagocyte cytoplasm showed no degenerative changes and some were dividing. Degenerative changes observed in macrophages indicate their failure in preventing the infection.     

Edwardsiella tarda infection in Korean catfish,Silurus asotus,in a Korean fish farm

Mass mortality of Korean catfish, Silurus asotus, occurred in a culture farm situated in Jeollabukdo Province, Korea. The cumulative mortality rates reached up to 5% of the total fish in the farm per day. In clinical signs, the affected fish showed abdominal distension, vent protrusion, enteritis, liver congestion and abscess‐like lesions in enlarged spleen and kidney. Histopathologically, in the liver, hepatocytes lost fat and underwent atrophy or necrosis. The spleen showed necrotized splenocytes and a haemorrhagic pulp. In the kidney, glomerular destruction, degeneration of renal tubular epithelial cell and haemorrhage were observed. However, necrotic muscular lesions were not observed. A pure bacterial isolate was obtained from the liver, spleen and kidney lesions of affected fish. Experimental infection of normal catfish with the isolate resulted in the development of clinical signs similar to those seen on the farm. The isolates were identified as Edwardsiella tarda through biochemical tests (99.4%) and analysis of bacterial genes (16S rDNA) sequences (98%). The bacteria possessed two virulent genes: sodB and katB genes. These results suggest that E. tarda can act as a pathogen of farmed catfish. This is the first report showing that E. tarda caused mortality in cultured Korean catfish.     

迟缓爱德华氏菌间接ELISA快速检测法

以迟缓爱德华氏菌(Edwardsiella tarda)WY28作为抗原,免疫新西兰兔,获得效价为1:2 048的多克隆抗体;以此多克隆抗体作为-抗,山羊抗兔IgG-HRP作为酶标二抗,建立迟缓爱德华氏菌的间接EIJSA快速检测法.采用棋盘滴定法确定抗原与一抗的最佳工作浓度分别为106 CFU·mL-1和1:10 000;酶标二抗的最适工作浓度为1:1 000.病原菌检测灵敏度为每孔103 CFU.该方法标准化后具有快速、灵敏等特性,与肠杆菌科其他细菌参考菌株无交叉反应,具良好的特异性.对养殖场发病大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)和半滑舌鳎中分离的细菌菌株进行检测,从56株分离菌株中检测出27株迟缓爱德华氏菌,阳性检出率为48.2%.该方法的建立有助于快速准确地诊断由迟缓爱德华氏菌引起的养殖鱼类病害.     

Plasma lysozyme levels in sheatfish Silurus glanis (L.) subjected to stress and experimental infection with Edwardsiella tarda

Two experiments were conducted to assess plasma lysozyme levels, leucocrit and haematocrit in juvenile sheatfish (90–140 g) under experimentally induced stress and infection. Stress was provoked by random modification of environmental light for 15 min, 16 times a day with a halogen lamp (500 W) and by holding fish in a net for 3 min twice a day. In the first trial, repeated measuring of marked sheatfish showed a progressive significant decrease in plasma lysozyme level, a significant increase in leucocrit and a significant decrease in haematocrit. After a rest period of 1 week, only the leucocrit value was back to the prestress value. In the second trial, light‐induced stress did not lead to any variation in lysozyme, leucocrit or haematocrit values. However, after intraperitoneal injection of Edwardsiella tarda (7 × 10⁸ cfu), a strong increase in plasmatic lysozyme in both stressed and unstressed groups of sheatfish was observed. The increase was significant vs. prechallenge levels 3 and 6 days after contamination, but no significant difference was detected between stressed and unstressed fish, despite the strongest stress (light+handling stress) applied to the fish at the beginning of contamination. Decreases in haematocrit values were observed in both groups of fish. A clear increase in leucocrit appeared in unstressed fish, whereas stressed fish showed a significant decrease in leucocrit values. Condition factor was significantly decreased by all kinds of stress. There were no difference in mortality between stressed and unstressed groups.     

大菱鲆迟缓爱德华氏菌福尔马林灭活疫苗研究

以大菱鲆为免疫对象,采用0.5福尔马林灭活的方法,将迟缓爱德华氏菌制成全菌疫苗,验证了其具有可靠的安全性。以浸泡和注射两种免疫接种方法对养殖大菱鲆14d内进行2次免疫,第二次免疫后第10天,对免疫鱼和各自的对照鱼进行爱德华氏菌的人工感染试验,获得注射接种疫苗的大菱鲆对腹水病的免疫保护率为70,浸泡接种疫苗的大菱鲆对腹水病的免疫保护率为35。表明注射和浸泡接种迟缓爱德华氏菌全菌疫苗都能使大菱鲆对腹水病产生免疫效果,并且注射免役效果优于浸泡免疫。     

牙鲆迟钝爱德华氏菌血清型及荧光抗体检验

以迟钝爱德华氏菌的代表菌株(HC010907-1)为免疫原,制备免疫血清,对分离于牙鲆鱼的130株迟钝爱德华氏菌进行了血清型检定,结果表明:供试的130株迟钝爱德华氏菌均为同种血清型;同时以此免疫血清为第一抗体,以标准羊抗兔IgG荧光抗体为第二抗体,进行了荧光抗体技术检验迟钝爱德华氏菌的可行性试验,表明亦具有较强的特异性。     

Pathogenicity of Edwardsiella tarda to olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus (Temminck & Schlegel)

The LD50 and cytotoxic and enzymatic activities of both cells and extracellular products (ECPs) of eight Edwardsiella tarda strains were determined and their bacterial superoxide dismutase gene (sodB) and catalase gene (katB) were sequenced. Strains were also examined for their ability to resist the immune responses of olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. LD50 values of strains (FSW910410, KE1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6) in olive flounder ranged between 10(2.5) and 10(5.3) cfu (colony forming units) per fish. Unlike the avirulent strain SU100 (LD50>or=10(7)), all pathogenic strains were able to survive in flounder serum and head kidney leucocytes (except for KE2). The virulent strains possessed type I sodB and katB, whereas SU100 had type II sodB but not katB. However, there was no difference between avirulent and virulent strains in haemolytic and cytotoxic activities. The results of this study demonstrated that the ability of E. tarda to resist complement activity and phagocytosis is conferred by its superoxide dismutase and catalase, which thus play an essential role in the pathogenicity of this bacterium. In addition genotyping of sodB and kat B proved to be a very useful tool to distinguish virulent from avirulent strains.     

Current knowledge and new assumptions on the evolutionary history of the African lungfish,Protopterus, based on a review of its fossil record

Lungfish have a large fossil record that started over 400 Ma ago and a relict modern diversity within Australia, Africa and South America. Their study mostly concentrates on their sister‐group relationship with the tetrapod vertebrates, on their early evolution and on the physiology of their air breathing and of the ability of certain species to aestivate. Conversely, little is known about the evolutionary history of modern taxa. In this study, the focus is on the single polytypic extant genus, Protopterus. Four species and seven subspecies are currently present in African freshwater. As fossils, Protopterus are recognized by their heavy tooth plates. Indeed, the review of the diagnostical characters shows that so far we are not able to confidently distinguish fossil species. The fossil record is thus explored through the analysis of the distribution of the genus. A comprehensive scenario for their evolutionary history is built by including also knowledge of the ecology, distribution and phylogeny of modern Protopterus, in the context of the environmental changes that affected Africa over the last 100 Ma. The genus has been present in Africa for at least 100 Ma when the continent separated from South America. Northern Africa might be the cradle for the African lineage, but other regions of Africa cannot be ruled out. During the Paleogene, lungfish disappeared from northern Africa, whereas modern Protopterus arose in a peri‐equatorial area with dispersal from this area late in the Pliocene. This correlates with great environmental change that occured during the last 25 Ma in eastern Africa.     

牙鲆病原迟钝爱德华氏菌的药物敏感性测定与分析

对分离并经鉴定的牙鲆病原迟钝爱德华氏菌进行了常用抗菌类药物的敏感性测定,结果表明供试的35株迟钝爱德华氏菌,均对所测定的37种抗菌类药物中的头孢唑啉等20种药物高度敏感、对青霉素G等5种药物耐药、对氨苄青霉素等12种药物表现在株间存在差异。     

患刺激隐核虫病的真鲷感染迟钝爱德华氏菌的分离与鉴定

2012年8月,福清市东瀚海区网箱养殖真鲷发生大量死亡事件.病鱼除刺激隐核虫病症状外,还出现脾、肾肿大,肝脏充血等.采用生理生化指标鉴定及16S rDNA系列同源性分析和系统发育树构建等方法,对从病鱼肝脏分离获得的优势菌株进行了鉴定,其生理生化指标符合迟钝爱德华氏菌特点,GenBank中同源序列比对结果显示,该菌与迟钝爱德华氏菌的16S rDNA序列同源性高达99％,系统进化树中与迟钝爱德华氏菌自然聚为一支.药敏实验结果表明,该菌对氟苯尼考等10种药物敏感,对链霉素等4种药物中等敏感.     

中草药对牙鲆病原迟钝爱德华氏菌的体外抑制作用研究

用倍比稀释法测定了30种中草药对牙鲆病原迟钝爱德华氏菌(LN031012-8,TH030908-5)菌株的体外抗菌活性。试验结果表明,五倍子、诃子、黄芩、秦皮和红藤的抑菌作用明显,最小抑菌浓度(MIC)<12.5 mg/ml,最小杀菌浓度(MBC)<50 mg/ml;丁香、穿心莲、虎杖、夏枯草等有一定的抑菌作用,MIC为50~100 mg/ml;而茵陈、鱼腥草、金银花、大青叶等的抑菌作用不明显,MIC均>100 mg/ml;五倍子、地榆、野菊花、马齿苋等中草药的体外抗菌活性表现了株间差异。     

Effect of Sanitizers on Planktonic Edwardsiella tarda Isolated from Asian Stinging Catfish Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch 1794)

Incidence of Edwardsiella tarda in Asian stinging catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch), and its sensitivity to antibiotics and sanitizers was studied. Five out of 10 representative lots of H. fossilis were positive for E. tarda. The minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of sanitizers (hydrogen peroxide, glutaraldehyde, benzalkonium chloride, sodium hypochlorite, and iodophor) on planktonic E. tarda varied with strains, suspending media (distilled water, physiological saline, pond water, and tryptic soy broth), and combination of factors. The time taken by the sanitizers to achieve 5-log reductions varied greatly between 1 min and 180 min at X and 2X MBCs of sanitizers. Benzalkonium chloride, glutaraldehyde, and sodium hypochlorite were effective in reducing the planktonic E. tarda at concentrations ranging from 3.13 ppm for glutaraldehyde to 25 ppm for sodium hypochlorite. Edwardsiella tarda strains were highly sensitive to ciprofloxacin and exhibited varying degrees of resistance to other antibiotics.     

鲮鱼致病性迟钝爱德华氏菌的鉴定及药敏分析

自广东省清远市某养殖场患病鲮鱼的肝、肾、脾组织分离到两株优势菌QY15814、QY15815,通过细菌生化鉴定管与16SrDNA序列分析对这两株菌进行鉴定,采用纸片扩散法进行药敏试验,并测定了这两株菌对鲮鱼的半致死剂量。试验结果显示,这两株菌为革兰氏阴性短杆菌,兼性厌氧,有动力,能利用蔗糖、甘露糖、麦芽糖,硝酸盐还原、吲哚、MR试验均为阳性;根据其生理生化特性,鉴定为迟钝爱德华氏菌,通过PCR扩增其16SrDNA基因,经测序及NCBI比对,结果与迟钝爱德华氏菌的同源性高达99%。这两株致病菌对头孢噻肟、头孢吡肟、头孢曲松、头孢西丁、头孢哌酮、头孢呋辛等抗生素高度敏感,对链霉素、克拉霉素、红霉素中度敏感,对阿米卡星、复方新诺明、大观霉素、克林霉素不敏感。这两株菌对鲮鱼具有较强的致病力,半致死剂量分别为1.93×105cfu/g和9.65×104cfu/g。