栽培因素对甘蓝型优质杂交油菜品质组合性状的影响

为了研究播期、密度、施氮量、施磷量、施钾量5个主要栽培因素对甘蓝型优质杂交油菜品质组合性状的影响,以‘油研599’和‘三北98’为材料,运用五元二次正交旋转组合设计进行试验研究。结果表明,脂蛋总量与播期(-0.7493、-0.3846)呈负相关,与氮肥(0.8927*、0.8977*)、钾肥(0.5851、0.7530)呈正相关;不饱和脂肪酸总量与密度(0.2086、0.6696)、氮肥(0.7913、0.6980)呈正相关,与磷肥(-0.6350、-0.4162)呈负相关;不饱和指数与密度(0.5447、0.5721)、氮肥(0.9208*、0.8863*)呈正相关,与磷肥(-0.2442、-0.3468)、钾肥(-0.3562、-0.6703)呈负相关;饱和脂肪酸总量与播期(0.4329、0.7887)、磷肥(0.8928*、0.3449)呈正相关;不饱和脂肪酸总量与饱和脂肪酸总量之比与播期(-0.1264、-0.7246)、磷肥(-0.8513、-0.7480)呈负相关,与氮肥(0.5380、0.5406)呈正相关;18碳脂肪酸总量与密度(0.2387、0.7053)、氮肥(0.7866、0.7200)呈正相关,与磷肥(-0.6438、-0.3948)呈负相关;芥酸支链脂肪酸总量与播期(-0.7400、-0.4480)、氮肥(-0.5999、-0.9558*)呈负相关,与密度(0.8918*、0.0923)呈正相关;不饱和脂肪酸总量与芥酸链脂肪酸总量之比与播期(0.7014、0.3873)、氮肥(0.6824、0.9614**)、钾肥(0.0502、0.0018)呈正相关;油酸与亚油酸之和与密度(0.3146、0.6348)、氮肥(0.7429、0.5280)呈正相关,与磷肥(-0.6286、-0.4431)呈负相关。5个栽培因素对不饱和脂肪酸总量与芥酸链脂肪酸总量之比的影响较大,对脂蛋总量的影响较小。通过调整播期、密度、施氮量、施钾量4个主要栽培因素可一定程度改善油的品质,磷肥对于改善油的品质是一个起负效应的栽培因素。     

甘蓝型优质杂交油菜品质性状与单株产量及群体产量的关系

为研究甘蓝型优质杂交油菜在高密度下品质性状与单株产量、群体产量间的关系,以600个甘蓝型杂交油菜组合进行田间试验、考种和品质分析及相关分析。结果表明:甘蓝型优质杂交油菜含油率平均为49.86%,变幅为41.30%~55.14%,群体产量平均为1 182.78kg/hm2,单株产量平均为4.31g,群体产量、单株产量变异系数大,易受坏境栽培因素影响,含油率等变异系数较小,遗传力较高,不易受坏境条件的影响,适合早代选择;单株产量或群体产量与蛋白质、亚油酸、亚麻酸呈极显著正相关,与含油率、油酸、芥酸呈极显著负相关,与硫甙、棕榈酸及硬脂酸未达到显著水平,与不饱和脂肪酸呈极显著负相关,与脂蛋总量、不饱和脂肪酸指数、饱和脂肪酸相关不显著,但与二十碳稀酸、芥酸链脂肪酸的相关性两者存在一定的差异;利用相关性分析可知,随着单株产量及群体产量的提高,首先有利于提高种子的蛋白质与亚麻酸,其次是提高亚油酸、降低芥酸,产量增加虽然对含油率、油酸有一定的负效应,但选育高产、高油、优质油菜新品种仍然是可以实现的。     

优质甘蓝型春油菜杂交制种技术

油菜杂交种质量的优劣直接影响到杂交优势的发挥,生产高质量杂交种的杂交油菜是实现高产、稳产的根本保证。1制种田要求及隔离区设置选择海拔2300~2700m,土壤肥沃,地势平坦,排灌方便,旱涝保收,不易发生自然灾害及人畜危害;2年未种油菜或十字花科蔬菜的地块,集中连片。制种区周     

不同时期施氮量对甘蓝型优质杂交油菜产量的影响

为了研究甘蓝型优质杂交油菜获得高产的施氮量和氮肥运筹模式,以‘油研599’和‘三北98’为材料,采用三元二次通用正交旋转组合设计方法,对不同时期施氮量对油菜产量的影响进行研究。结果表明,‘油研599’获得最高产量指标（2898.211 kg/hm2）时的各个因素组合为活棵肥89.27 kg/hm2,开盘肥120 kg/hm2,腊肥101.12 kg/hm2,施氮总量为310.39 kg/hm2。活棵肥、开盘肥、腊肥所占比例分别为28.76%、38.66%、32.58%;‘三北98’获得最高产量指标（2870.14 kg/hm2）时的各个因素组合为活棵肥120 kg/hm2,开盘肥120 kg/hm2,腊肥37.55 kg/hm2,施氮总量为277.55 kg/hm2,活棵肥、开盘肥、腊肥所占比例分别为43.24%、43.24%、13.53%。2个品种合并后获得最高产量指标（2813.82 kg/hm2）时的各个因素组合为活棵肥120 kg/hm2,开盘肥120 kg/hm2,腊肥76.23 kg/hm2,施氮总量为316.23 kg/hm2,活棵肥、开盘肥、腊肥所占比例分别为37.95%、37.95%、24.11%。     

甘蓝型黄籽油菜主要品质性状分析

以不同来源的51份甘蓝型黄籽油莱种质为材料,对粒重、色泽、蛋白质、硫甙和芥酸含量等主要性状进行研究,结果表明:种质间千粒重差异大,变幅在1.54～4.76 g之间,平均为3.65 g,多数集中在3.4～3.8 g之间;影响种皮色泽的主要是黑色素和花色素;根据其含量的不同,可分为高花色素类、高黑色素类和低色素3个类群;种子颜色等级与种子含油量呈极显著的正相关,种子颜色等级与种子蛋白质含量呈极显著的负相关;种子舍油量为31.8%～46.4%,蛋白质含量为23%～34.9%,芥酸含量为0.56%～5.40%,硫甙含量为6.95%～76.43%;且种子的含油量与蛋白质含量呈极显著负相关,芥酸含量与硫甙含量呈极显著正相关,硫甙含量与含油量呈显著正相关.     

甘蓝型优质杂交油菜台油523的选育

台油523系四川省宜宾市农业科学院以核不育两用系宜10AB为母本、恢复系12-5423为父本组配而成的甘蓝型双低优质杂交油菜品种。台油523于2016-2018年参加长江上游组国家冬油菜品种试验,2年平均产量2546.18kg/hm2,比对照蓉油18增产3.2%。平均芥酸含量为0.05%,硫苷含量（饼）26.37μmol/g,含油量41.28%。该品种稳产性好,适应性广,品质优,抗倒、抗寒、抗裂荚性强,于2019年通过农业农村部品种登记,适宜四川、重庆、贵州、陕西汉中冬油菜区秋季种植。     

甘蓝型优质杂交油菜旌油169的选育

旌油169系四川省农业科学院水稻高粱研究所以自育核不育两用系7391AB为母本、自育恢复系2169R为父本组配而成的甘蓝型双低杂交油菜新品种。2016-2018年度参加四川科乐组油菜联合体试验,2年平均产量175.69kg/667m²,比对照德油6号增产4.76%,达显著水平。2019-2020年2年平均芥酸含量为0.077%,硫苷含量(饼)20.29μmol/g,含油量43.03%,商品籽镉含量0.061mg/kg。该品种稳产性好,适应性广,品质优,抗倒、抗寒、耐密性强,低感菌核病,抗病毒病,高感根肿病。2021年通过农业农村部非主要农作物品种登记,适宜四川省平坝、丘陵种植。     

60Coγ辐照对甘蓝型油菜农艺性状和品质的影响

以800,1000和1200 Gy 3种剂量60Coγ射线处理甘蓝型油菜品系761和532的风干种子。分析了60Coγ射线辐射对油菜种子发芽率、主要农艺性状和品质性状的影响。结果表明:辐照处理的种子发芽率随照射剂量增加而下降,但不同基因型受到影响不同;辐射处理对M1的株高及生长量有明显抑制,辐射处理不同数量性状的效应不一致,对分枝部位的效应最显著,但千粒重和每角果粒数无显著变化;800~1000 Gy辐照处理使油菜种子含油量有不同程度提高,脂肪酸中芥酸和油酸含量变异较大。     

甘蓝型杂交油菜主要农艺性状灰色关联度分析

试用灰色系统理论关联度法对贵州省农科所油料所近年来选育的11个甘蓝型杂交油菜新组合进行单位面积的油菜籽产量等7个主要农艺性状的灰色关联度分析。分析结果表明：不同的杂交油菜组合同一性状与产量的关联度不同；同一组合内的不同农艺性状与产量的关联度也不同。其关联度顺序为：单株产量（r1=09067）＞株高（r2=0．8398）＞林有效分枝数（r3=0.7892）＞用粒数（r5=0．7237）＞林有效角果数（r4=0．4276）＞千粒重（r6=0．3767）。在甘蓝型杂交油菜的组合选育过程中，应注重选择单株生产力高、株高适度、单株有效分枝多的组合，同时要求所选择的组会角粒数，株有效角果数多。千粒重对同一组合材料是相对稳定的，变化幅度小，在育种过程中对千粒重的选择效果不明显。     

优质高产杂交油菜新品种信油杂2803选育及其栽培技术

信油杂2803是信阳市农科院选育的的甘蓝型优质杂交油菜新品种,审定编号为豫审油2014001,属甘蓝型冬油菜中热类型,生育期228.8d,幼茎绿色,花色黄色,叶形琴状裂叶,叶深绿色;株高147.5cm,一次有效分枝7.9个,单株有效角果277.5个,角粒数25.9个,千粒重3.19g,单株产量19.28g,不育株率0.1％;抗倒性和抗裂角性强;抗逆性强,高抗菌核病、病毒病.     

硼对甘蓝型双低春油菜产量和品质的影响

旨在阐明硼对甘蓝型双低春油菜产量和品质形成的影响机理,明确甘蓝型双低春油菜产量和品质形成与施硼量的关系。试验以甘蓝型双低春油菜"青油14"为供试材料,采用单因素五水平随机区组设计,研究了不同施硼量对甘蓝型双低春油菜产量和品质形成的影响。结果表明:甘蓝型双低春油菜单株角果数与施硼量之间呈显著线性关系,而每角果粒数则与施硼量呈二次曲线关系,适量施硼可以协调每株角果数与每角果粒数的关系,有利于提高产量。籽粒产量与每角果粒数呈极显著正相关性(r=0.982 8**),与单株一次有效分枝数和千粒重也呈一定的正相关性,而与单株角果数则呈一定的负相关性。适量施用硼肥,可明显提高甘蓝型双低春油菜的籽粒产量和产油量,增加籽粒粗脂肪和粗蛋白质含量,而降低硫苷含量,进而改善品质。籽粒产量、产油量与施硼量之间均呈二次曲线关系,施硼量分别为17.84 kg/hm2和19.42 kg/hm2时,籽粒产量和产油量分别达到理论最大值3 154.18 kg/hm2和1 344.61kg/hm2,施硼过量,籽粒产量、产油量均下降。粗脂肪含量与施硼量之间呈单峰曲线关系,粗脂肪含量达到最大值(45.3%)时的施硼量为24.62 kg/hm2。硫苷含量与施硼量则呈开口向上的二次曲线关系,施硼量为19.42 kg/hm2时,硫苷含量为10.29 mg/g(≤30 mg/g)。试验综合考虑甘蓝型双低春油菜的籽粒产量、产油量及籽粒综合品质,提出适宜的施硼量(含硼11%)以19.42 kg/hm2为宜。     

隆阳区油菜高产高效集成技术应用效益的探讨

自2001年以来在云南保山隆阳区开展了新品种引进筛选示范研究;油菜抗根肿病品种及防治药剂筛选;BB控释肥研究;优化测土配方施肥,以产定肥,科学应用硼肥研究;轻简化少免耕栽培技术研究,并通过大面积示范.结果表明：2010～2012年累计示范推广应用1.04万hm2,主推云花油9号、云油杂2号,平均单产2839.2 kg/hm2,比传统精耕细作栽培下的平均产量增354kg/hm2,新增总产量3681.6 t,经济效益显著.     

杂交水稻超高产优质强化栽培技术研究

本文针对水稻生产上影响杂交水稻品种自身增产潜力的主要因素,运用五种方法和措施：即①盘式育秧,低叶龄小苗多头移栽,争取穗足穗大;②增施有机肥料,确保稳健平衡生长;③严格控制中期群体,提高成穗率;④巧施穗肥粒肥,优化冠层叶片配置;⑤防治病虫草害,确保活棵成熟,提高千粒重和结实率。从而使杂交水稻有效穗达到300万/hm2左右,穗平实粒数达到180-210粒,穗平颖花量达到200-230粒,结实率稳定调解在80-90%之间,有效解决了穗足穗大稳结实的库、源、流矛盾,实现了1200kg/ hm2以上的高产优质目标。     

Effect of Completion of Vernalization on Generative Development of Winter Rape (Brassica napus L. var. oleifera) Plants

Germinating seeds and young plants of winter rape var. Górczañski were vernalized for 56–63 days under conditions of 9-hour day, at the temperature 2 and 5 °C and in continuous darkness at the temperature 2 °C. After vernalization the plants grew under conditions enabling to complete vernalization: in a glass-house at the temperature day/night 15/10 °C and in semi natural conditions of open vegetation hall in the period from June till August. After sub-optimal vernalization further growth of the plants at lowered temperature increased its effectiveness (completion of vernalization). Depending on the degree of the vernalization of the plants the completion of their vernalization was both obligatory, i.e. conditioning the acquisition of the ability of generative development, and facultative i.e. accelerating this development. It has been demonstrated that the population of plants of the examined variety is strongly differentiated not only with respect of vernalization requirements in the particular plants, but also what regards the effectiveness of vernalization completion. New observations have been made indicating that the mechanisms controlling the successive phases of generative development, i.e. phase of forming flower buds and the flowering phase are not identical which may be interpreted as indicating that the "flowering factor" is polymorphous.     

甘蓝型油菜裂角相关性状的遗传与相关分析

抗裂角性是非常重要的油菜性状, 但相关研究报道较少。本研究对11个甘蓝型油菜骨干亲本品系及由其配制的30个不完全双列杂交组合在2个环境下的抗裂角指数及其他7个角果相关性状进行了遗传分析。结果表明, 抗裂角指数遗传变异显著, 遗传上受少数主效基因控制, 效应以加性为主, 显性效应和环境效应影响较小。大部分杂交组合的抗裂角指数杂种优势不显著。抗裂角指数与角果长、果皮重、千粒重和种子直径呈极显著正相关, 与结角密度和角粒数呈极显著负相关。抗裂角性相关性状中, 角果长、千粒重、结角密度和种子直径变异主要由加性方差解释;果皮重和每角粒数主要由显性方差解释。亲本评价分析指出, 作为波里马细胞质雄性不育系统保持系的ZS11B和恢复系的R11其抗裂角性的一般配合力高, 是培育抗裂角杂交油菜品种的首选直接亲本。     

施肥水平对优质油菜种子生化品质影响的研究

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Effect of Phosphorus Deficiency on Reflectance and Chlorophyll Fluorescence of Cotyledons of Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus L.)

The spectroscopic changes in reflectance and fluorescence caused by phosphorus (P) starvation in Brassica napus L. young plants were evaluated. P deficiency produced an important decrease in reflectance values between 500 and 650 nm for both intact leaves and cotyledons. Furthermore, cotyledons under P deficiency showed a Chl-F ratio in the red/far-red region (F_red/F_far-red) lower than that of non-stressed plants (1.91 and 2.89 respectively). As minimal differences in F_red/F_far-red were detected in leaves, P deficiencies may be better perceived by measuring changes in Chl-F emission in cotyledons than in leaves. Stressed cotyledons also showed different emission spectra in the blue green (maxima at 470 and 560 nm) from those of non-stressed cotyledons. The results are explained in terms of higher anthocyanin and chlorophyll contents and of damage to photosystem II. We evaluate that measuring variations in fluorescence and reflectance data may be useful to detect early damages induced by P stress.     

Effect of Different Preceding Crops and Crop Rotations on Yield of Winter Oil-seed Rape (Brassica napus L.)

To determine the effect of different preceding crops and crop rotations on the grain yield of oil-seed rape, a long-term rotation experiment was conducted at the Hohenschulen experimental station in Kiel, NW Germany. Additional factors included the nitrogen fertilization and the fungicide application. The results reported herein are based upon the harvest years 1988 to 1993. Averaged over the different rotations and husbandry treatments, the grain yields in the 6 experimental years varied between 2.71 t ha^?1 and 3.99 t ha^?1. In contrast, the effect of the different husbandry treatments was smaller and non significant. Averaged over 6 years, only the fungicide application caused small yield increase of 0.2 t ha^?1. The highest grain yields of 3.77 t ha^?1 or 3.65 t ha^?1 occurred when oil-seed rape was directly following peas. Low yields between 3.15 tha^?1 and 3.33 tha^?1 were obtained when oil-seed rape was grown after oilseed rape. The lowest grain yield of 3.13 t ha^?1 was produced with oil-seed rape grown in monoculture only. In rotations with oil-seed rape following a preceding cereal crop (wheat or barley), the grain yields averaged between 3.22 tha^?1 in a two course rotation and up to 3.44 tha^?1 in a four course rotation. In general, the yields of oil-seed rape increase with the length of the rotation and the length of the break between two oilseed rape crops. The yield component number of seeds per m² was affected by the previous cropping accordingly, whereas the thousand seed weight did not respond to the cropping history. Based upon disease assessments in the first years of this experiment, we argue that an increase in the incidence of fungal diseases has considerably contributed to the yield decrease of oil-seed rape in short rotations.