初乳检测在生猪病毒性腹泻防控中的应用

正本文通过使用腹泻IgA抗体检测试剂盒检测初乳中的抗体来评估公司各场初乳中的抗体水平,从而调整腹泻防控方案。近几年全国各地先后发生猪流行性腹泻病,仔猪在7日龄内感染死亡率高达60%~100%,而通过免疫仔猪产生免疫力至少需要7~10d。因此,只能通过免疫母猪,使母猪获得抵抗力,通过母乳将抵抗力传递给仔猪。母猪初乳中含有大量的免疫球蛋白(IgA、     

检测猪流行性腹泻病毒S1蛋白抗体的间接ELISA方法

为了建立检测猪流行性腹泻病毒(porcine epidemic diarrhea virus,PEDV)抗体的间接ELISA方法,初步分析PED灭活疫苗免疫母猪所产仔猪的血清母源特异抗体动态,笔者应用重组PEDV部分纤突(spike,S)蛋白作为检测抗原,建立了基于PEDV S1蛋白的间接ELISA抗体检测方法,并用该方法检测了产前4周用PED灭活疫苗免疫母猪的初乳、分娩当天血清及其仔猪1、7、14、21、28和35日龄(d)时血清中的PEDV抗体。结果显示:建立的间接ELISA方法能够特异地检测PEDV抗体,与猪瘟病毒、猪圆环病毒2型、猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒、伪狂犬病病毒、猪传染性胃肠炎病毒及猪轮状病毒的抗血清无交叉反应;敏感性高于免疫过氧化物酶单层试验(immunoperoxidase monolayer assay,IPMA),与IPMA检测结果的符合率为97.14%;批内和批间重复性试验的变异系数小于10%。免疫母猪初乳、分娩当天血清中的PEDV抗体阳性率为100%,初乳比血清中的平均抗体水平低;1d仔猪血清PEDV抗体阳性率为50%,平均抗体水平低,与初乳中的抗体水平接近,7d以后所有仔猪血清全部转为PEDV抗体阴性。建立了检测PEDV抗体的间接ELISA方法;产前用PEDV灭活疫苗给怀孕母猪免疫1次时,其所产仔猪血清中的母源特异抗体阳性率和抗体水平低,且维持时间短暂。     

初乳中分泌型免疫球蛋白(SIgA)在防控新生仔猪腹泻方面的研究进展

猪流行性腹泻病毒(PEDV)是引起仔猪腹泻的重要病原体之一。当前临床上存在母猪疫苗免疫后血清中抗猪流行性腹泻病毒的Ig G抗体水平达标的情况,但依然有仔猪发生腹泻,甚至出现难以控制的局面。因此,本文从SIg A的结构与形成机制、生物学功能以及初乳中的SIg A对新生仔猪腹泻的影响因素等方面进行综述,以期为有效防控仔猪流行性腹泻的发生提供参考。     

猪流行性腹泻免疫抗体的ELISA检测及其与琼脂扩散试验相关性分析

为了解不同免疫程序对母猪初乳中猪流行性腹泻病毒(PEDV)抗体水平的影响,以及PEDV抗体的ELISA与琼脂扩散试验(琼扩试验)检测相关性,选取5家免疫程序不同的大型猪场,用PEDV IgA抗体ELISA检测试剂盒对其初乳抗体水平进行检测,并根据检测结果,选OD值大小不同的5组初乳样本,琼扩法检测其PEDV抗体效价并分析。结果显示,5家猪场初乳PEDV IgA抗体阳性率均较高,阳性率为94.00%~100%,阳性样本平均OD值为1.858 8~2.148 0,差异不显著;PEDV抗体琼扩几何平均效价与ELISA检测的OD值存在正相关性。分析表明,母猪产前进行猪流行性腹泻活疫苗和灭活苗各一次的组合免疫较为合理;对PEDV抗体检测琼扩法一定程度上可做为ELISA法的替代。     

沂蒙黑猪猪流行性腹泻疫苗免疫程序探究

本试验旨在探究沂蒙黑猪猪流行性腹泻病的最佳免疫程序。试验选取3个猪场的母猪各随机分为3组(A、B和C组),每组10头,分别进行疫苗接种,于母猪产仔当天收集初乳检测猪流行性腹泻IgA抗体。结果显示,2次猪腹泻三联活疫苗免疫程序组的抗体阳性率和阳性平均OD值最高,1次猪腹泻三联活疫苗+1次猪腹泻二联灭活苗免疫程序组次之,2次猪腹泻二联灭活苗免疫程序组最低。因此,沂蒙黑猪养殖场可采用在妊娠母猪产前40和20d各免疫一次猪腹泻三联活疫苗的程序预防猪流行性腹泻。     

猪流行性腹泻IgA、IgG抗体与PEDV抗原相关性研究

为了研究仔猪所吮乳汁中IgA抗体水平与乳汁中PEDV感染情况,探讨母猪免疫猪流行性腹泻疫苗后乳汁与血清中IgA、IgG抗体水平的相关性,临床采集多家规模化猪场母猪群乳汁、血清样品以及发病仔猪所吮母猪乳汁样品。采用实验室已经建立的IgA、IgG抗体ELISA方法,检测临床上猪流行性腹泻疫苗免疫后IgA抗体与IgG抗体的相关性,同时采用RT-PCR方法检测发病仔猪所吮乳汁中PEDV感染情况。结果表明,免疫猪流行性腹泻活疫苗后母猪乳汁中IgA抗体水平与血清中IgA、IgG抗体水平呈现很好的正相关性;当发病仔猪所吮母猪乳汁IgA抗体检测结果为阴性时,其PEDV抗原检测结果为阳性;乳汁IgA抗体检测结果趋于阳性样品临界值时,其PEDV抗原检测结果亦为阳性。结论:乳汁中低水平的IgA抗体很难有效地保护仔猪抵御PEDV感染;乳汁中IgA抗体与血清IgA、IgG抗体呈现很好的相关性,且乳汁中IgA抗体水平远远高于血清;通过IgG抗体水平可以间接反映乳汁中的IgA抗体水平,在初乳样品采集难度较大的情况下,可用于间接评估猪流行性腹泻免疫保护水平。     

猪流行性腹泻疫苗不同免疫程序的效果评估

为了探讨不同免疫程序对猪流行性腹泻疫苗免疫效果的影响,本试验选取猪流行性腹泻病毒(PEDV)抗原、抗体双阴的怀孕母猪,随机分为5个组,每组25头,分别给予2次猪腹泻二联灭活苗、2次猪腹泻二联活苗、1次猪腹泻二联活苗+1次猪腹泻二联灭活苗、2次猪腹泻二联活苗+1次猪腹泻二联灭活苗和疫苗稀释液(对照组)免疫。母猪产仔当天收集初乳样本,采用ELISA法检测PEDV的IgA抗体,筛出优秀免疫组,同时进行母源抗体持续时间检测。结果显示：2次猪腹泻二联活苗+1次猪腹泻二联灭活苗免疫后抗体整齐度最好,乳汁中IgA抗体阳性率为97.5%,IgA抗体持续时间达12d以上;2次猪腹泻二联活苗免疫后乳汁中IgA抗体阳性率为93.75%,效果优于1次猪腹泻二联活苗+1次猪腹泻二联灭活苗免疫;2次猪腹泻二联灭活苗免疫后乳汁中IgA抗体阳性率为38.13%,抗体水平最差。结果表明,猪腹泻二联活苗单独2次免疫或与猪腹泻二联灭活苗组合使用效果优于猪腹泻二联灭活苗单独使用。     

从一个猪场的临床案例解析猪流行性腹泻的综合防制问题

案例猪场的临床表现和综合分析结果表明,猪流行性腹泻病毒(PEDV)通过胎盘垂直感染传播的机会不大;母源抗体对哺乳仔猪存在较坚强的免疫保护。由于猪流行性腹泻(PED)发病比较急,如果空栏消毒不到位,仔猪在母源抗体对其产生有效免疫保护之前就已经接触到PEDV,生产上试图加强免疫或返饲母猪以期通过母源抗体保护仔猪的目的很难实现。因此,对PED的综合防制,关键要抓好3个环节:1)提高母猪的抗体水平,为仔猪提供高效的母源抗体免疫保护。2)加强对哺乳仔猪周围环境的消毒和空气净化,避免仔猪在健全的母源抗体免疫保护体系建立之前接触PEDV。3)创造条件让初生仔猪尽早吮吸初乳,快速建立起母源抗体对仔猪的免疫保护体系。     

猪流行性腹泻病毒分离鉴定及其灭活疫苗的研制

旨在对疑似猪流行性腹泻(PED)患猪的病料进行病毒分离,并制备灭活疫苗。从因腹泻病死的7日龄内仔猪的小肠组织及内容物中,分离出1株猪流行性腹泻病毒(PEDV),命名为PEDV-GS。用Vero细胞对病毒进行扩增,病毒液中加入终浓度为0.7 mg/mL甲醛,28℃灭活48 h,加入ISA 61 VG佐剂进行乳化,经稳定性、安全性和效力试验,初步研制出猪流行性腹泻的流行毒株灭活疫苗。疫苗免疫妊娠母猪后对仔猪进行母源中和抗体检测、安全性和有效性试验。结果表明,制备的猪流行性腹泻灭活疫苗稳定性和黏度检测都合格,且对仔猪安全有效,对妊娠母猪产仔数量及质量无影响,其被动免疫抗体至少持续到仔猪产后28 d。试验成功制备了具有安全性和高保护率的猪流行性腹泻灭活疫苗。     

“魔力奶”对仔猪流行性腹泻防治效果的初步研究

本研究利用胶体金和荧光RT-PCR方法从广东某猪场腹泻仔猪粪便及母猪奶样中,鉴定出猪流行性腹泻病毒(PEDV)。为了控制该病蔓延,首先检测母猪初乳中PEDV的SIg A抗体含量,并排除特定病原污染,通过消毒、人工收集等方法获得了SIg A抗体含量高的初乳,简称"魔力奶"。将该场的发病仔猪隔离饲养,连续3日人工灌服不同剂量的"魔力奶",每次分别灌服5 m L、10 m L、20 m L。结果发现,每次灌服10 m L"魔力奶"的仔猪腹泻治愈率为80%。上述结果表明,利用高SIg A的母猪初乳制备的"魔力奶"能够有效预防和治疗猪流行性腹泻(PED),有助于控制PED的发生和蔓延。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein