Little things mean a lot: Working with Central American farmers to address the mystery of plant disease

Cornell University and Zamorano (ThePanamerican School of Agriculture) facilitatedworkshops that provided Honduran and Nicaraguanfarmers new experience with plant diseases and helpedfarmers assimilate information and identify diseasemanagement alternatives. After learning about thebiology of plant diseases, farmers were able toidentify disease problems in their field, enablingthem to use pesticides more selectively. Furthermore,participants of seven courses conceived 273 pathogen-specificmanagement alternatives, and they identifiedon average 66 percent of the common recommendations by plantpathologists for the control of general disease types.Many ideas were novel and may represent newopportunities for improving the practice of diseasemanagement.     

Lost in translation: incomer organic farmers, local knowledge, and the revitalization of upland Japanese hamlets

Upland Japan suffers from extreme depopulation, aging, and loss of agricultural, economic, and social viability. In addition, the absence of a successor generation in many marginalized hamlets endangers the continuation of local knowledge associated with upland agricultural livelihoods and severely limits the prospects of rural revitalization and development. Resettlement by incomer organic farmers represents an opportunity to both pass on valuable local knowledge and rejuvenate local society. Survey and interview data are used to explore the knowledge dynamics at play in upland Japan between local and incomer organic farmers. Using a “knowledge culture” framework, socio-cultural and symbolic barriers and spatial conditions limiting local knowledge exchange are identified and analyzed. Despite a number of reasons to suggest affinity and natural alignment toward knowledge sharing, each group’s ideas of “legitimate knowledge” and acceptable behavior have contested the field of communication and confused the negotiation process. Building on previous studies of farmer’s knowledge networks, examples in this study suggest that negotiation between knowledge cultures can be facilitated by both active means and intrinsic factors, and be derailed because of physical and temporal symbolic references. The degree to which locals and incomers collaborate and identify with each other as stakeholders with a common future may determine the extent to which local knowledge, especially local knowledge from past agricultural regimes, can play a role within upland endogenous development.     

山东农民素质状况与培养新型农民的对策

阐述了农民素质的基本概念和内涵,分析了山东省农民素质的现状,提出了提高农民素质、培养新型农民的对策措施。     

气候因子对不同栽培模式下番茄生长发育的影响及比较

研究了广东省农科院白云基地春季温室、大棚、田间3种栽培模式下,番茄的生长发育随气候因子的不同变化,其中主要研究了温度、湿度和总辐射3种气候因子的影响。结果表明,温室番茄的株高显著高于大棚和田间栽培,茎粗无显著差异;始花期,温室开花略早于大棚和田间,盛花期和终花期,大棚略高;温室坐果时间略早于大棚和田间,且数量较多。温度和湿度对番茄各项生长发育指标的影响较大,而总辐射对其影响并不明显。     

广西栽培甘蔗品种资料档案建立与应用

搜集整理了广西近６５年来主产蔗区的４０多个县种植的５５个甘蔗品种的有关资料，包括各品种历年的种植情况、特征特性。生产性能、生理生化特性、从原种开始的系谱图以及栽培要点等，建立了一套甘蔗栽培品种资料档案的电脑应用软件，为甘蔗的科研、生产管理提供了有用的工具。     

白裙赭夜蛾对速丰桉的危害与综合治理

从白裙赭夜蛾的分布状况、对速丰桉的潜在危害性、寄主植物的经济重要性、传播扩散的可能性以及控制的难易程度等方面对该害虫的发生和危害进行定性和定量分析,并作出综合评价。结果表明,白裙赭夜蛾在广西是危害速丰桉的高度危险有害生物,建议加强速丰桉林区的虫情监测,防止人为传播。并提出了白裙赭夜蛾的综合治理措施。     

农民专业合作组织在推动新农村建设中的作用——江苏句容戴庄村有机农业合作社的启示

通过对句容市戴庄村有机农业合作社的调查,表明农民经济合作组织的出现既与地域性经济状况、科技文化背景、产业和市场刺激、农村"能人"带动下农民自发组织的特点有关, 同时与专家学者和村支两委的指导和支持分不开.建立农村经济合作社,目的不仅仅在于提高农民的合作化程度,更重要的是内生出农民自己主导市场的力量.有了合作社这样一个平台,可以把缺资金、缺技术、缺劳力、缺经营管理能力的大多数农民组织起来,切切实实地增加他们的收入,实现真正意义上的共同致富和建设和谐新农村.     

The class of 2005. Spain: a physicist keen to put things in order

Many of the young scientists in Spain who were given Ramón y Cajal contracts as a means to prepare for a permanent position are hitting the end of their 5-year contracts with no solid job prospects, but just 2 years into her Ramón y Cajal contract Rebeca de Nalda Minguez has already started a permanent position at the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas.     

被征地农民土地承包经营权审核问题思考

为进一步做好被征地农民养老保障对象的审核工作,结合审核工作实践,分析农村土地承包经营权存在的问题,并对如何审核确认被征地农民养老保障对象的土地承包经营权提出解决的办法.     

Female farmers in the Rwandan farming system: A study of the ruhengeri prefecture

The purpose of this paper has been to focus on two aspects of development—agricultural production in the small central African country of Rwanda, and the role of 1890 Land-Grant institutions in international development. While a discussion of female farmers in the Ruhengeri Prefecture of Rwanda represents the primary focus of this paper, the second focus is the means by which this and other such research is possible. The findings from the Rwandan study are in keeping with those found in other African countries, in that a struggle exists to produce sufficient quantities of food to sustain an ever increasing population. For Rwanda, constraints to production include not only severe over-population, but environmental conditions and gender bias as well. In arriving at potential solutions to these problems, this paper takes the position that one viable means of addressing the problem is to focus development efforts on the female farmer. Traditional thinking and behavior have excluded women from the planning and implementation of development activities, focussing instead on often less productive males. However, a survey of female farmers (N=192) in the Ruhengeri region of Rwanda, provides insight into the plight of agriculture from the female perspective. As a result, recommendations are offered for improving agricultural production that aim at better utilizing existing high levels of labor contributed by the female farmer. Recommendations include 1) encouraging families to limit the size of their family through family planning, 2) implementing soil erosion techniques that consider conditions specific to Rwanda, and feasible for female application, and 3) directing assistance to women away from household related activities to those related to farming.     

践行"三个代表"重要思想推进"三农"现代化建设

从践行“三个代表”重要思想的高度,认识搞好“三农”现代化建设的重要性。提出了发展农业生产力、搞好农村文化建设、维护广大农民利益的基本措施。     

Differentiating farmers: opening the black box of private farming in post-Soviet states

This paper addresses the question of farmer objectives associated with private farming in Eastern Europe. Drawing on qualitative interviews with private farmers in Bulgaria and southern Russia, the instrumental objectives of business development and job-replacement consistent with recent literature are demonstrated, but also intrinsic, social, and personal objectives, such as enjoyment of agricultural production, desire for independence, and proving oneself. These objectives are described in relation to associated farm size, investment practices, and succession plans, resulting in five idealized farming types which are similar in the two study states: agribusinessmen, primary farmers, pluriactive farmers, reluctant farmers, and minority horticulturalists. It is argued that differences in farming objectives have important implications for farming longevity and succession, opening up a research agenda for the study of private farming in post-Soviet states.     

扬州地区水稻二化螟对杀虫单的抗药性研究

采用毛细管点滴法监测江苏扬州(1985～2001)和兴化(1985～1994)水稻二化螟虫群对杀虫单的抗药性。结果表明：1994前,两地虫群对杀虫单的抗性水平相似,抗性倍数在10左右,且年度间变化较小;扬州虫群的抗药性2001年是1985年的5．6倍;二化螟对杀虫单的敏感性变化,与敌百虫、甲胺磷和对硫磷相同。1985～1996年的13年间,用杀虫单主治二化螟,年仅用药1次,二化螟对杀虫单的敏感性相对稳定;1996年以后,年用杀虫单增至3～5次,因选择压增加．二化螟的抗药性迅速上升。     

长沙县有机肥利用状况及提高其利用率的途径

分析了有机肥的利用情况及影响有机肥利用的因素，提出了有机肥利用的途径和对策。提出提高有机肥利用率是提高农产品的品质和质量、降低农业生产成本、保护生态环境、改良土壤、实现农业生产可持续发展的有效途径。提高有机肥的利用途径主要有：研究农作物生态栽培；推广沼气；稻草还田；积制堆肥与凼肥；发展食用菌等等。     

台湾地区农民专业合作组织的发展及其对福建的启示

台湾地区在农业产业化过程中,通过转变农业经营模式,扩大了经营规模,使农业经营走向企业化和专业化。通过发展农民专业合作组织,降低了农民在市场竞争中的风险,提高了农民的谈判地位和利益保护能力,最终达到了增加农民收入的目的。福建与台湾地区具有“五缘”（地缘相近、血缘相亲、文缘相承、商缘相连、法缘相循）的独特优势,在福建省委提出建设海峡西岸经济区的战略构想和闽台农业试验区扩大到全省的背景下,两岸农业合作的平台更加广大,台湾地区发展农民专业合作组织的做法对福建发展农民专业合作组织更加具有借鉴意义。     

S3307浸种对黄瓜种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

在黄瓜早熟栽培中,培育壮苗是一个重要环节.利用植物生长调节剂烯效唑(S3307)浸种处理,在一定浓度范围内可明显促进黄瓜种子萌发、提高发牙率、降低株高、减小叶面积、提高壮苗指数、增加根冠比.其中,20 mg/L处理的效果最显著.     

浙江省种粮大户概况及其发展对策的探讨

通过对绍兴、金华市300户种粮大户的调查，分析了种粮大户的形成和发展，提出种粮大户的发展对策。     

I will never eat another strawberry again: the biopolitics of consumer-citizenship in the fight against methyl iodide in California

In March of 2012, following a robust activist campaign, Arysta LifeScience withdrew the soil fumigant methyl iodide from the US market, just a little over a year after it had finally been registered for use in California. As a major part of the campaign against registration of the chemical, over 53,000 people, ostensibly acting as citizens rather than consumers, wrote public comments contesting the use of the chemical for its high toxicity. Although these comments had marginal impact on the outcome of the case, these comments are of interest for what they say about public action at a time when efforts to address food and agricultural issues have been dominated by “voting with your fork.” Based on a qualitative textual analysis of approximately 3500 representative comments made available to us, we show that many of those taking action did not abandon consumer subjectivities associated with neoliberal governmentality. By threatening “personal boycotts,” some were acting in their capacity as individual consumers; in invoking their own and their children’s health many more were also acting on behalf of consumers, despite that the chemical in question is applied before strawberries are planted and thus leaves no residues. The emphasis that letter writers gave to their own bodies reinforces the idea that some bodies count more than others and thus reveals a biopolitical sorting. Having consumer lives matter is consequential in light of evidence that consumer concern about pesticides has historically led to formulations and regulations more protective of consumers than workers and neighbors.