草坪土壤的N2O产生途径及其对施氮肥的响应

 硝化作用、反硝化作用和硝化细菌反硝化作用是土壤中产生N₂O的主要途径。以常用的冷季型草坪草早熟禾为对象,采用气体抑制剂培养法研究了不同施氮量对草坪土壤N₂O排放及其产生途径的影响。结果表明,对照草坪土壤的N₂O日排放量为7.2 ~ 8.2 g · m^-2 · d^-1,年施氮量10 g · m^-2未改变草坪土壤N₂O排放强度,年施氮量25、35 g · m^-2处理则分别比对照增加1.52倍和1.88倍,但二者之间没有显著差异。对照草坪土壤N₂O产生途径主要以异养硝化作用为主,其贡献率达65.7%,反硝化作用贡献率为34%,自养硝化和硝化细菌反硝化过程几乎不发生。年施氮量25 g · m^-2时,N₂O排放以硝化细菌反硝化、异养硝化和反硝化途径为主,贡献率分别为35%、35%和29%。年施氮量35 g · m^-2时,N₂O排放来自于4个途径,其中反硝化途径占41%,自养硝化途径贡献率增加至20%。     

辣椒地土壤氮素反硝化损失与N2O排放研究

在种植辣椒的菜地土壤原位条件下,应用原状土柱培养-乙炔抑制法测定辣椒地土壤氮素反硝化损失与N2O排放量。试验结果表明,辣椒地土壤具有较高的硝化与反硝化活性,而且随着施氮量的增加,氮素反硝化损失量显著提高。辣椒生长季节不施肥、常规施氮和高氮施肥条件下辣椒地土壤反硝化损失和N2O排放量分别为3.62kg/hm2、6.68kg/hm2、16.13kg/hm2和1.09kg/hm2、7.06kg/hm2、25.06kg/hm2,其中常规施氮处理的土壤反硝化损失和N2O排放量分别占施肥量的1.36%和2.65%,高氮施肥处理分别占施氮量2.78%和5.33%。辣椒地土壤氮肥经反硝化途径损失的比例不高,但产生较高的N2O排放对大气环境造成较大影响。     

草坪土壤异养硝化菌的分离筛选及硝化产物特征分析

从早熟禾草坪土壤中分离出两株异养硝化菌,将菌株16S rDNA测序结果在GenBank中进行同源性对比确定菌种,用无机氮源（NH4+-N和NO3--N）在适宜条件下测定两个菌株的硝化能力,分析中间产物、反硝化作用和N2O排放特征。结果表明,分离到的异养硝化菌属于假单胞杆菌属（Pseudomonas sp.）,两个菌株的16S rDNA片段长度分别为1 448和1 460 bp,命名为Pseudomonas sp. BJ和Pseudomonas sp. DJ,GenBank登录号分别为MF001078和MF001079;两个菌株对无机氮的氧化能力很强,培养24 h内BJ和DJ菌株对铵态氮的总硝化率分别为96.61%和97.06%,最大硝化速率分别为21.97和18.90 mg ? L-1 ? h-1。但两个菌株的反硝化能力不强,最大反硝化速率分别为0.99和1.00 mg ? L-1 ? h-1;两个菌株的代谢途径是NH4+ → NH2OH → NO2- →NO3-,DJ菌株的最终产物以NO3--N为主,积累量高于BJ菌株（P < 0.05）。BJ菌株的N2O排放量显著高于DJ菌株（P < 0.05）。     

不同施氮水平对‘库尔勒香梨’园土壤N_2O排放的影响

【目的】探寻不同施氮处理对香梨园土壤N_2O排放的影响。【方法】在香梨年生育期内,采用静态箱-气相色谱法对6 a树龄的‘库尔勒香梨’园进行定位监测。设置5个施氮水平:不施肥(N0P0K0)、不施氮肥(N0PK)、低氮量150kg·hm~(-2)(N1PK)、中氮量300 kg·hm~(-2)(N2PK)、和高氮量450 kg·hm~(-2)(N3PK)。【结果】不同施氮处理N_2O排放通量在一天不同时段表现为夜间(20:00—8:00)上午(8:00—12:00)中午(12:00—16:00)下午(16:00—20:00);N_2O排放日累积量表现为:夜间白天。不同施氮处理(N0P0K0、N0PK、N1PK、N2PK、N3PK)年生育期土壤N_2O累积量分别为341.616、346.548、437.000、459.748、531.960 g·hm~(-2)·a-1。施氮量在450 kg·hm~(-2)时,N_2O排放通量(下午)、日累积量、年生育期累积量均显著大于其他各处理。温度、灌水、施用氮肥均能影响土壤N_2O的排放,其中施用氮肥对土壤N_2O的排放影响最大,土壤N_2O的排放量随着施氮量的增加而增加。施氮量为150、300和450 kg·hm~(-2)时,N_2O排放系数分别为0.060%、0.038%和0.041%。【结论】随着氮肥(尿素)施用量的增加,N_2O排放系数先减小再增大,在尿素施用量为300kg·hm~(-2)(纯N)时,土壤N_2O排放系数最小(0.038%)。     

菜田氮素反硝化损失与N2O 排放的定量评价

 在田间条件下, 应用原状土柱培养- 乙炔抑制法测定蔬菜地氮肥反硝化损失和N₂O 排放量。结果表明, 在茄子- 灰泥土系统中, 不施氮肥处理下, 土壤氮素反硝化损失量和N₂O 排放量分别为N 22.8 kg·hm^-2和N 8.2 kg·hm^-2 ; 施氮肥处理下, 反硝化损失量和N₂O 排放量都极显著提高, 分别达N 37.9 和N33.8 kg·hm^-2 ; 氮肥反硝化损失量占施肥量的5.1 %, 产生的N₂O 排放量占施肥量的8.6 %。土壤氮素反硝化损失量和N₂O 排放量与土壤水分含量极显著相关, 而与土壤中铵态氮和硝态氮含量的相关性不显著。     

大庆盐碱地区氮肥对草地早熟禾坪用性状影响的研究

对大庆盐碱地区不同施氮量对草地早熟禾坪用特性影响作研究。结果表明：施氮量对草坪草质地无显著影响,与对照相比略有增高;随着施氮量的增高,草坪草的高度和密度与对照相比差异显著,在施氮20 g/m^2的处理下,草坪的高度和密度最大;高施氮量处理的草坪草比低施氮量处理的草坪草的叶绿素含量高,色泽要好。     

玉米秸秆对反硝化菌株降低蔬菜硝酸盐含量的影响

以甘蓝、小白菜为供试材料,采用反硝化细菌为试验菌株,用玉米秸秆作为固体碳源,研究了不同玉米秸秆用量下,反硝化菌株对降低2种蔬菜体内硝酸盐含量的效果,以寻求一种简单而廉价的蔬菜硝酸盐污染低成本生物控制方法。试验结果表明,与对照相比,施用反硝化细菌和玉米秸秆后,甘蓝和小白菜中的硝酸盐含量均降低,但效果不同,当每100 m2小区添加玉米秸秆10 kg、反硝化菌株0.5 kg时,效果最佳。     

氮磷钾配合追施对雪柑产量和品质的影响

针对成年雪柑进行氮磷钾肥不同用量及比例配合追施，比较其各外理的果实产量和品质表现情况，结果表明：各处理对雪柑产量和品质各方面的影响程度不同。以株施N300g＋P2O5400g＝K2O200g增产率最高，高达34.8％水平；以株施N300g＋P2O5200g＋K2O400g单果重，可食率和果汁率含量最高，分别为199.5g／个、62.16％和75.93％显著高于对照的125.5g／个、4940％和67．33％；以株施N200g＋P2O5400g＋K2O300g能同时提高含糖量，固形物含量，并降低酸含量。其总体表现最佳处理为：每年株施N300g＋P2O5200g＋K2O400g；N：P2O5：K2O为1：0.7：1.2。     

施氮量和DCD对蕹菜生长、硝酸盐累积及土壤氮素形态的影响

在盆栽条件下研究了氮肥不同施用量及添加硝化抑制剂DCD对蕹菜生长、硝酸盐累积和土壤氮素形态的影响.结果表明,施氮0.00～0.30 g/kg,蕹菜单株重和株高随施氮量增加而增加,但当施氮为0.40 g/kg,蕹菜单株重和株高出现了下降趋势;随着施氮量的增加,蕹菜硝酸盐累积量增加;土壤硝态氮的累积量与施氮量成线性相关关系(关系式为y=45.7x 2.82,R2=0.9435);从整个蕹菜生长周期来看,0～20 cm土体铵态氮含量呈现出波浪形变化,且整体显下降趋势.在施用等量氮肥情况下,添加10?D能显著提高蕹菜的单株重与株高,而且可抑制土壤铵态氮向硝态氮转化,使氮肥较长时间以铵态氮形式保留在土壤中,从而减少硝态氮累积.     

基于~(15)N的‘库尔勒香梨’园土壤N_2O排放特征

【目的】N_2O作为重要的温室气体,其潜在增温作用约为CO2的190～270倍,为准确掌握源自肥料的N_2O损失状况。【方法】以6年生‘库尔勒香梨’园土壤为研究对象,采用~(15)N示踪技术,密闭式静态箱-气相色谱法对梨园土壤N_2O排放通量、累积量和Ndff值(~(15)N尿素对土壤氮素气态损失的贡献率)进行监测与分析。【结果】施肥、灌溉及温度均会影响梨园土壤N_2O排放通量、累积量及Ndff值。施肥后N_2O排通量、累积量和Ndff值,在施基肥和追施肥处理的4 d后均达到峰值;土壤N_2O排放量在灌水时期明显增加,且土壤N_2O排放通量表现为下午(16:00—20:00)中午(12:00—16:00)上午(8:00—12:00)夜间(20:00—8:00),土壤N_2O累积量表现为夜间(20:00—8:00)下午(16:00—20:00)中午(12:00—16:00)上午(8:00—12:00);土壤N_2O排放与土壤温度、土壤含水量之间均呈显著正相关(p 0.001)。~(15)N尿素贡献的~(15)N_2O的Ndff值变化表现为下午(16:00—20:00)中午(12:00—16:00)上午(8:00—12:00)夜间(20:00—8:00)。源于土壤原有氮素的N_2O排放量为0.893 3 g·plant-1,占N_2O总损失量的87.43%;而源自肥料的N_2O损失量为0.1284 g·plant-1,仅占总损失量的12.57%。【结论】‘库尔勒香梨’果园N_2O排放主要源于土壤原有氮素的N_2O排放。     

应用BaPS技术研究双氰胺及硫对苹果园土壤尿素的硝化抑制效应

 在大田条件下应用气压过程分离法（BaPS）研究了双氰胺（DCD）和双氰胺与硫配合施用（DCD + S）对苹果园土壤氮素的硝化抑制效应。结果表明：施肥后40 d内,N + DCD和N + DCD + S处理的土壤NH₄⁺-N含量均高于N处理（对照）。N + DCD处理在6 ~ 20 d显著高于N处理;N + DCD + S处理直到30 d时仍显著高于N处理,比只施DCD的处理硝化抑制作用延长了10 d。两个添加硝化抑制剂处理土壤NO₃^--N含量显著低于N处理,降幅达18.72% ~ 58.91%。与N处理（对照）相比,N + DCD和N + DCD + S处理明显降低了土壤总硝化速率和反硝化速率,试验前期差异最大,进一步证实了硝化抑制剂可以有效地抑制NH4+-N向NO₃^--N的转化。     

Effects of radiation from 188Re on smooth muscle cell proliferation

AIM: Although endovascular radiotherapy inhibits neointimal hyperplasia, the exact alterations induced by β-particles irradiation remain to be elucidated. The objective of this study was to investigate the ability and the cellular mechanism of local β^-particles emission from ¹⁸⁸Re to inhibit vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs). METHODS: The SMCs in vitro were irradiated by ¹⁸⁸Re with single doses of 2.6 Gy-25.8 Gy. The effects of β-particles on SMCs, such as effective irradiate doses, the period of inhibition for SMCs proliferation, the changes of cell proliferation rate and DNA synthesis rate, cell cycle progression and related gene expression, were investigated by cell count, [³H]-TdR incorporation, cell cycle progression analysis, cell viability and immunocytochemistry, respectivecy. RESULTS: β-particles irradiation with dose of 5.2 Gy could inhibit significantly SMCs proliferation. At dose of 20.6 Gy DNA synthesis inhibitory rate was 92%, SMCs proliferation rate was only 3%. Renoval of ¹⁸⁸Re did not abolish the inhibitory effects of β-particles on SMCs proliferation. The expression of P53 was up regulation and PCNA was down regulation after irradiation. CONCLUSION: β-particles from ¹⁸⁸ Re was significantly effective and permanent in inhibiting SMCs proliferation, and inhibitory effect was in dose-dependet manner ED50was 5 Gy, the best dose to inhibit SMCs proliferation was 20 Gy. β-particles irradiation induced SMCs to occur G₀/G₁ arrest, damaged the ability of SMCs reproliferation and led to cell clonogenic death. P53 and PCNA had regulatiory effects on SMCs proliferation after β-particles irradiation.     

Effect of L-Arg on plasma content of endothelin and expression of c-fos mRNA in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy

AIM:To study the effect of L-Arg on plasma content of endothelin (ET) and the expression of proto-oncogene c-fos mRNA in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy. METHODS: The level of c-fos mRNA were measured by in situ hybridization. The ET in plasma were measured by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS:After eight weeks of treatment with L-Arg, the expression of c-fos decreased markedly (P＜0.01). The ET content in plasma also decreased significantly by L-Arg(P＜0.01).CONCLUSION: Plasma ET content and the expression of c-fos in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy could be decreased by L-Arg administration.     

多效唑对猕猴桃离体试管苗生长及内源激素的影响

多效唑（ＰＰ３３３）处理猕猴桃试管苗，降低了其生长强度；植株体内的ＧＡ３、ＩＡＡ和ＺＴ含量下降，ＡＢＡ的含量上升，乙烯释放率增加；并且能降低外源的ＧＡ３和ＩＡＡ促进生长的作用，而外源的ＧＡ３和ＩＡＡ又能不同程度地逆转多效唑的抑制作用，使植株恢复生长。     

Proteomic analysis between pathological scars and normal skin

AIM: To investigate and screen the sensitive proteins in the formation mechanism of pathological scars by comparing the results of differential proteomic analysis between pathological scars and normal skin.METHODS: Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis was used to detect the protein expression profiles in 8 keloid patients, 8 hypertrophic scar patients and 3 matched normal skin patients.The proteins that showed differential expression of over 4-fold change were cut and analyzed by MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry.RESULTS: A two-dimensional protein profiling comparison between pathological scars and normal skin was successfully established.On average, 2 978 spots in keloid, 2 975 spots in hypertrophic scar and 3 053 spots in normal skin were identified using gel analysis software.Compared with normal skin, there were totally 36 differentially-expressed proteins in keloid and hypertrophic scar identified from the spots of over 4-fold change, including 16 proteins in both keloid and hypertrophic scar (8 up-regulated and 8 down-regulated), 11 only in keloid (9 up-regulated and 2 down-regulated) and 9 only in hypertrophic scar (4 up-regulated and 5 down-regulated).CONCLUSION: Proteomic analysis can identify the proteins with variance of pathological scars versus normal skin, thus providing probable new clues to reveal the formation mechanism of pathological scars.     

Compositional and Functional Properties of Saskatoon Berry and Blueberry

Abstract

Saskatoon berry (Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt., Rosaceae) and blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L., Ericaceae) are substantially equivalent in all characteristics that are important to the consumer, including fruit color, shape, size, nutrition, texture, and uses. In addition, both fruits are native to North America and they have practically identical historical uses and known health benefits. Their composition, processing, nutritional value and metabolism, intended uses, and levels of undesirable substances are compared.     

Cryopreservation of shoot apices of hawthorn in vitro cultures originating from East Asia

The objective of this study was to establish a cryopreservation protocol for hawthorn shoot apices (Crataegus pinnatifida Bge.). Cryopreservation was carried out via encapsulation–dehydration, vitrification, and encapsulation–vitrification on shoot apices excised from in vitro cultures. We began by showing that cold-acclimation enhanced the regrowth of cryopreserved apices from 10.0 to 65.5% in encapsulation–dehydration. We then decided that the encapsulation–dehydration method was an optimal cryopreservation method for hawthorn shoot apices in terms of its high recovery after cryopreservation as well as its ease of use compared with vitrification and encapsulation–vitrification. In encapsulation–dehydration, the protocol leading to optimal regrowth was as follows: after cold-acclimation at 5 °C in the dark for 2 weeks, excised shoot tips were pretreated for 24 h at 25 °C on hormone-free Murashige and Skoog [Murashige, T., Skoog, F., 1962. A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue culture. Physiol. Plant. 15, 473–497] (MS) basal medium with 0.4 mol/L sucrose, then encapsulated and precultured in liquid MS medium with 0.8 mol/L sucrose for 16 h at 25 °C. Precultured beads were dehydrated for 6 h at 25 °C in the dessicator containing 50 g silica gel to a moisture content of 15.3% (fresh-weight basis) before cryostorage for 1 h. In addition, we examined the effect of adding glycerol to both the alginate beads and loading solution to enhance regrowth after cryopreservation in encapsulation–dehydration. In the present study, it was shown that adding 0.5 mol/L glycerol resulted in high regrowth percentages (82.5–90.0%) in four Crataegus species.     

Coupling past management practice and historic landscape change on John F. Kennedy Space Center,Florida

Historic landcover dynamics in a scrubby flatwoods (Tel-4) and scrub landscape (Happy Creek) on John F. Kennedy Space Center were measured using aerial images from 1943, 1951, 1958, 1969, 1979, and 1989. Landcover categories were mapped, digitized, geometrically registered, and overlaid in ARC/INFO. Both study sites have been influenced by various land use histories, including periods of range management, fire suppression, and fire management. Several analyses were performed to help understand the effects of past land management on the amount and spatial distribution of landcover within the study sites. A chi-squared analysis showed a significant difference between the frequency of landcover occurrence and management period. Markov chain models were used to project observed changes over a 100-year period; these showed current management practices being effective at Tel-4 (restoring historic landscape structure) and much less effective at Happy Creek. Documenting impacts of past management regimes on landcover has provided important insight into current landscape composition and will provide the basis for improving land management on Kennedy Space Center and elsewhere.     

XBP-01 accelerated apoptosis induced by oxidized low density lipoprotein in vascular smooth muscle cells

AIM: Previous studies performed with XBP-01 in vitro indicated that XBP-01 could inhibit vascular smooth muscle cells from being transformed into foam cell and could eliminate the atherosclerotic plaque in C57BL/6J mouse. This experiment is to investigate its mechanism of eliminating plaques in vitro. METHODS: The cultured porcine artery smooth muscle cells incubated with XBP-01 of 0.1 mg/L for 24 h after preincubated with oxidized low density lipoprotein of 15 mg/L for 72 h in vitro. The samples were analyzed by fluorescence microscope, confocal microscope system and flow cytometry. RESULTS: Apoptosis was triggered by being incubated with oxidized low density lipoprotein and this process was accelerated additionally by being incubated with XBP-01. CONCLUSION: XBP-01 can be effective in eliminating atherosclerotic plaque by accelerating the process in which oxidized low density lipoprotein induced smooth muscle cell apoptosis.     

Metallothionein inhibits homocysteine-induced proliferation of rat vascular smooth muscle cells

AIM:To investigate the effect of metallothionein(MT) on proliferation of rat vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) stimulated by homocysteine and its mechanism. METHODS:VSMCs proliferation was measured by [³-H]-TdR incorporation, mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK)activity were determined by immunoprecipitation method, the intracellular contents of MT and malondialdehyde (MDA)were assayed by -hemoglobin saturation method and TBA reaction, respectively, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage was measured by NADH oxidation. RESULTS:Hcy(10^-6-10^-4 mmol/L) stimulated [³-H]-TdR incorporation by the VSMCs in a concentration-dependent manner. Compared with control, [³-H]-TdR incorporation in VSMCs treated with 0.1 mmol/L Hcy was increased by 4.2 fold (P＜0.01). Meanwhile, Hcy enhanced MAPK activity, MDA formation and LDH release (P＜0.01)in a concentration-dependent manner. Treatment of VSMCs with MT alone did not change above parameters, compared with control. However, MT (10^-6-10^-4 mol/L)attenuated significantly Hcy-stimulated proliferation of VSMCs (P＜0.01)in a concentration-dependent manner. And MT inhibited obviously Hcy-induced activation of MAPK activity, MDA formation and LDH release. Preincubation of VSMCs with 0.5 mmol/L ZnCl₂ for 6 h induced an increase cellular MT content by 5.7-fold (P＜0.01). The MT-overexpressed VSMCs resisted Hcy-stimulating action on MAPK activity, MDA formation and LDH leakage (P＜0.01). CONCLUSION:These results show that MT has an inhibitory effect on Hcy-induced VSMCs proliferation, and that MT could inhibit Hcy-stimulated MAPK activity and lipid peroxidation.