潮流作用下人工鱼礁山海域泥沙输运的数值模拟研究

为探究人工鱼礁投放后对海域底质的影响,实验基于海洋数值模型FVCOM (finite volume community ocean model)及其泥沙计算模块,对嵊泗马鞍列岛的人工鱼礁山的流场效应、悬沙和底床泥沙冲淤效果进行了数值模拟研究。数值模型中圆台型堆积人工鱼礁山设置为直径100 m、高度10 m,将人工鱼礁山部分简化为密闭空间并减去相应高度的水深,以体现潮流作用下鱼礁山周围的泥沙悬浮、底床冲淤效应。通过对大小潮期间涨急、落急时刻流场的分析,结果发现鱼礁山对流速的影响主要体现在鱼礁山附近,礁体上方及潮流主轴两侧的底层流速增加,背流面一侧流速大幅减弱。鱼礁山投放前后悬浮泥沙含量的差异与流场变化趋势比较接近,最大值不超过0.01 g/L。海床的泥沙冲淤结果在人工鱼礁山周围表现为沿涨、落潮主轴方向淤积,两侧冲刷,冲淤结果在±0.5 m左右,且水平影响范围在鱼礁山2倍直径,即约200 m以内,由人工鱼礁引起的泥沙输运过程是一个局部变化过程。研究表明,为避免局部过度冲刷,需对鱼礁山潮流椭圆短轴侧的附近海底使用特殊护底型礁体进行加固处理。潮流速度过大、且底质易严重冲淤的海域不适合建设人工鱼礁山。     

组合式金字塔型人工鱼礁水动力学分析

人工鱼礁是海洋牧场的重要组成部分,对于修复海洋生态环境、提高渔获量有重要价值。人工鱼礁的投放可以使得鱼礁周围流场发生变化,对于鱼类摄食、庇护都有重要的影响。本研究对人工鱼礁的水动力学特性进行研究,采用计算流体动力学软件Fluent和基于N-S方程对组合式金字塔型人工鱼礁的流场进行分析。比较了4种流速(0. 1、0. 2、0. 3和0. 4 m/s)下鱼礁流场的变化情况,得到了周围涡量和压力的分布特征,给出了该型人工鱼礁的三维紊流区,并同其他类型人工鱼礁进行了对比。结果显示:涡量主要分布于导流盘后方区域,且越远离导流盘的地方涡量越弱;不同来流速度下,上升流的最大高度约为鱼礁高度的1. 53倍,鱼礁涡量区高度约为鱼礁的高度,背涡区长度随着水流速度的增加而增加;不同流速下,紊流区的范围基本不变。     

布设间距对多孔方型人工鱼礁流场效应影响的数值模拟研究

采用计算流体动力学(CFD)技术,研究了不同布设间距下,多孔方型人工鱼礁周围水流运动的规律,旨在为深入研究人工鱼礁的集鱼原理和海洋牧场建设中人工鱼礁的投放和布设提供更多参考。本研究采用了4种布设间距,分别为0.5、1、1.5和2倍鱼礁高度,基于计算机数值模拟技术,模拟了速度为0.8m/s的水流流经2个礁体的过程,分别观察鱼礁周围水流运动情况。结果显示,多孔方型人工鱼礁内部和周围存在缓流区、背涡流区、上升流区、死水区等有显著特征的区域;多孔方型人工鱼礁上升流的最大速度与来流速度的比值约为0.95倍;多孔方型人工鱼礁周围上升流最大抬升高度与鱼礁高度之比约为2.1;多孔方型人工鱼礁的结构在一定程度上为鱼礁周围的流态多样性提供了较有利的作用;多孔方型人工鱼礁的布设间距对2个鱼礁单体间的旋涡数量和旋涡方向有较大影响,也对涡量大小和涡量分布范围产生影响。研究表明,在一定范围内,布设间距越大,涡量越大,分布范围越广,但超过一定范围后,涡量不再增大,分布范围也不再扩大;多孔方型人工鱼礁的布设间距越大,背涡流在X方向和Y方向的影响面积越大。研究结果清晰地展现了不同布设间距下的人工鱼礁的流场效应,对在特定条件下进行人工鱼礁投放和布设具有重要意义。     

人工鱼礁最大静摩擦系数影响因素的试验研究

人工鱼礁与海底间的最大静摩擦系数是人工鱼礁安全校核所需的重要参数,对其影响因素的分析可作为人工鱼礁设计优化的科学依据。该研究共设计了6种底面开口比不同的人工鱼礁模型,对5种载荷和5种底质粒径条件下礁体模型的最大静摩擦系数进行了150组平面拉动试验,分析了最大静摩擦系数随底质泥沙粒径、底质含水率、加载质量、礁体底面开口比及开口位置的变化规律。研究结果表明:1)含水率为饱和条件下,底质为砾石和砂质时最大静摩擦系数随底质粒径的减小而增大,底质为粉砂黏土时最大静摩擦系数则明显变小;2)底质为粉砂黏土时最大静摩擦系数随含水率的增加先增大后减小,含水率为35%时最大静摩擦系数达到最大值;3)各底质条件下最大静摩擦系数均随加载质量的增加而减小,随礁体底面开口比的增大而增大,且与底面开口位置无关。     

粤东柘林湾溜牛人工鱼礁建设选址生态基础评价

采用层次分析法,构建了基于生态系统效应的资源保护型人工鱼礁建设选址评价方法,通过选择水文、水质、底质和浮游生物、鱼卵仔鱼、大型底栖动物、游泳动物、初级生产力、潮间带大型底栖动物等30个海洋环境与海洋生物因子,建立了人工鱼礁建设选址生态评估模型;以柘林湾溜牛人工鱼礁区选址区域为例,对所选因子进行了春、夏、秋、冬4个季度的跟踪监测,探讨了该海区进行人工鱼礁建设的适宜性,根据该模型计算得出各季度人工鱼礁建设选址生态基础评价指数分别为0.65、0.71、0.63、0.64,平均为0.66,计算结果表明,该区域建礁生态基础良好,适宜选址开展人工鱼礁建设,其中生态基础最优的季节为夏季。     

波流作用下软弱底质上新型组合鱼礁的受力特性

人工鱼礁投放选址一般位于底质较硬的海区,在软弱底质上投放情况很少。本文提出了一种由底鱼礁和浮鱼礁共同组成的新型组合鱼礁,对软弱底质的海域具有良好的适应性,并对其在波浪及水流作用下的水动力受力特性进行了试验研究。根据田内准则,通过水槽物理模型试验(1∶20比尺),研究了组合鱼礁在不同波高、纯流及波流共同作用下的受力特性。结果表明与纯流、纯波条件相比,波流共同作用时有较大影响,且对于迎浪侧和背浪侧的作用效果不一样,前者增大,后者减小。     

规模化透水性人工鱼礁阻流效应的数值模拟

为在大尺度海洋模型中合理体现透水性人工鱼礁组合，基于海洋数值模式FVCOM（finite volume community ocean model）模拟了大陈岛拟建人工鱼礁区的水动力情况，比较了阻滞力法、实心礁法和附加底摩擦法在投礁前后的垂向流速、礁顶平面流速、水体向上输运通量和背涡流体积的差异，并根据投礁前后的流速差异，应用经验公式预测了投礁一年后底床泥沙冲淤情况。数值模拟结果表明，礁体组合迎流面产生上升流，礁体背流面流速减小，涨急时刻所形成缓流区长度在礁体组合长度20倍以上，年底床淤积厚度约0.05 m。阻滞力法以减少来流的动态功率密度来模拟礁体对水流的阻滞作用，可有效合理地实现对透水性人工鱼礁流场效应的模拟，避免了实心礁法在透水性鱼礁模拟中过高估计流场效应的问题，也没有附加底摩擦法只适用于低矮礁体的缺陷。阻滞力法可根据透水性礁体的造型、迎流面积、组合个数、布放方式和所处水层而设置各向和各水层的阻流参数，不仅适用于置底型透水性鱼礁，也适用于浮鱼礁。阻滞力法的建立、完善和应用对于今后的人工鱼礁水动力学和生态动力学研究具有重要意义。     

一种浮性人工鱼礁的理论设计

目前我国人工鱼礁场等建设大多是投放底层鱼礁来改变海底地质地貌,并未利用整个水层。从这一角度出发,设计了浮性人工鱼礁,并介绍了浮性人工鱼礁礁体材料选择以及制作过程和制作细节,对浮性人工鱼礁的礁体和锚绳的基本受力情况进行简单分析,并阐述了浮性人工鱼礁的不足以及需要改进或有待研究的地方。     

人工鱼礁物理稳定性及其生态效应的研究进展

从物理环境、鱼礁材料和礁体投放冲击力等角度介绍了人工鱼礁物理稳定性研究的进展,探讨了物理环境与人工鱼礁的相互作用,并从物理环境、鱼礁结构和配置方案以及鱼礁材料等方面对人工鱼礁的生态效应研究进行了简要归纳。建议加强鱼礁的监测调查,加强现场调查和实验室研究的结合,加快人工鱼礁建设技术国家标准的制定。     

波浪作用下箱网式浮鱼礁水动力特性研究

人工鱼礁可分为沉鱼礁和浮鱼礁,人工鱼礁投放是海洋牧场建设的重要工程基础。浮鱼礁主要用于诱集和保护中上层鱼类,投放受底质条件限制较小,尤其在淤泥底质的海域具有良好的适应性。浮鱼礁主体结构处于中上层位置,受波浪等动力环境影响较大,鱼礁的结构安全性和稳定性是设计和投放中需要重点关注的问题。本研究集合鱼礁集鱼、护鱼和养殖的功能,提出了一种多功能箱网式浮鱼礁结构设计,并建立了水动力数值模型,分析探讨了波高和入水深度对两种锚定形式(单锚绳和多锚绳)的浮鱼礁安全性和稳定性的影响。研究结果表明,相同条件下,单根锚绳固定形式下的锚绳受力总体约为四根锚绳固定时的锚绳受力总和,但网衣网线受力较四根锚绳固定时小。波高对单根锚绳固定的浮鱼礁最大偏转角度影响较大,但四根锚绳固定时,可以显著地降低浮鱼礁最大偏转角度,有效地提高浮鱼礁的稳定性,而且波高越大,效果越明显。波高不变的情况下,随着入水深度的增加,浮鱼礁水平最大偏移迅速减小。当浮鱼礁入水深度为波高的2倍以上时,两种固定方式下的浮鱼礁运动差别可以忽略。     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Imported ornamental fish are colonized with antibiotic‐resistant bacteria

There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future.     

Effect of iodophor disinfection of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs on their bacterial and fungus load

This study investigated the efficiency of iodophor disinfection (135 ppm active iodine for 15–30 min) of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs against different groups of bacteria and against fungus. Egg samples were taken from non‐disinfected and from disinfected eggs, microorganisms were cultured on specific nutrient media and their mass was measured by turbidimetric methods. Bacteria and fungus mass of non‐hardened eggs could be reduced but not eliminated by iodophor disinfection with 135 ppm active iodine for 15 min. The extent of reduction was 47–65% (Experiment 1). The efficiency of disinfection increased with disinfection time as the reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was 40–55% after 15 min and 58–74% after 30 min (Experiment 2). Disinfection efficiency of iodophor solution diluted in water (reduction 49–57%) and of iodophor solution diluted in sodium chloride solution iso‐osmolar to the oocytes (reduction 52–61%) was similar (Experiment 3). The reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was persistent as it was 39–72% lower in embryos deriving from disinfected eggs than in embryos deriving from non‐disinfected ones (Experiment 4). In conclusion, the tested disinfection method is inadequate to eliminate pathogens completely but it could positively influence immune defence of eggs and embryos.     

Nitrogenous waste excretion and accumulation of urea and ammonia inChalcalburnus tarichi (Cyprinidae), endemic to the extremely alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Turkey)

The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I^–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg^–1 fish·h^–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g^–1·ml^–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min^–1·g^–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min^–1·g^–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated.     

Influence of the antibacterial herbs, Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia on the survival, growth and bacterial load of Penaeus monodon post larvae

The indiscriminate use of antibiotics and chemicals in shrimp hatcheries has led to biomagnification and that in turn could lead to rejection of a whole consignment. The application of the bioencapsulation technique as a tool for curative treatment in shrimp larvae was investigated. Herbs having antibacterial properties such as Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia (methanolic extracts) were bioencapsulated in Artemia and fed to Penaeus monodon post larvae PL 1–25. The post larvae were reared in a medium inoculated with pathogenic bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi and Vibrio sp. Post larvae reared in the non-inoculated water and fed with non-enriched Artemia exhibited 90% survival, highest specific growth rate (12.43%) and reduced bacterial load. P. monodon reared in the bacterial inoculated water and fed with the non-enriched Artemia exhibited the lowest survival (10–30%), specific growth rate (8.42–9.1%) and increased bacterial load (2.86 × 10³ to 3.76 × 10⁵ cfu/g). The methanolic extracts of the herbs helped to increase survival and specific growth rate and reduced bacterial load in the P. monodon culture system. Among the three herbal extracts, P. corylifolia enriched Artemia fed post larvae showed the tendency to higher survival (>50%), growth rate (11.5 averaged) and low bacterial load (1.12 × 10⁵ cfu/g). This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.