玉米茎腐病菌毒素致病力初报

通过提取玉米茎腐病菌毒素粗提液,证实玉米茎腐病原菌(镰刀菌和腐霉菌为主)在镰刀菌毒素培养液、查氏培养液和普通培养液中,能产生和玉米小斑病菌毒素(简称HM毒素,下同)类似的致病毒素。该物质能抑制种子根的生长。接种在玉米叶片上能产生典型的萎蔫枯死斑;用上述3种培养液培养病原菌,产生的毒素致病力差异不显著;不同类型病原菌产生的毒素致病力和同一类型病原菌不同菌株产生的毒素致病力差异都极显著。玉米品系对茎腐病原菌产生的毒素抗病性差异也极显著。     

豇豆轮纹病病菌产毒条件筛选及毒素活性测定

采用种子萌发抑制率和种子胚芽抑制率的检测方法,研究了豇豆轮纹病病原菌（Corynespora cassiicola）在不同培养基、培养时间、培养温度、培养液pH、光照和振荡条件下粗毒素的产生及其活性。试验结果表明：不同的培养条件下病原菌产生毒素活性不同,查彼培养液为最佳培养液,振荡培养可以促进毒素的产生,最适的产毒pH为7~8,最适温度为20~25 ℃,最佳培养时间为15 d,光照条件下病原菌粗毒素的活性最大。豇豆轮纹病粗毒素对于不同寄主的活性测定结果表明：豇豆轮纹病菌毒素接种的10种供试植物中,大豆、菜豆致病反应明显,相对的病斑较大,而对黄瓜无致病力,不产生病斑。     

大豆灰斑病菌毒素生物活性分析

 大豆灰斑病菌[Cercosporium sojina(Hara) Liu&Guo]可以产生有毒代谢物。滤液透析及热稳定性测试结果表明:该毒素可以穿过半透膜,为较小分子化合物并具有很强的热稳定性。该菌培养物浸提液经浓缩,硅胶柱层析可得粗毒素。生物测定结果表明:该毒素对大豆幼苗及叶片具有致萎作用。针刺叶片可产生类似真菌感染的病斑。浸渍处理后,可使叶组织失绿、萎蔫最后坏死,同时毒素对抗性不同的品种有鉴别作用。     

大豆紫斑病菌毒素研究

 大豆紫斑病菌(Cercospora Kikuchii Matsumoto and Tomoyasu)可产生一种非专化毒素——尾孢毒素(Cercosporin),它是大豆紫斑病致病的重要因子。该菌PDA培养物经乙醇浸提、脱水磷酸氢钙柱层析可得一定纯度尾孢毒素。本文分析了该毒素紫外可见光谱吸收与高效液相(HPLC)鉴定结果。生物活性测试表明,该毒素具有明显的光敏致毒活性。     

应用尖孢镰刀菌毒素滤液鉴定大豆品种抗病性初探

引起大豆根腐病的尖孢镰刀菌粗毒素不仅能使大豆根部产生类似病菌侵染引起的症状,而且能抑制大豆幼根的生长和对大豆幼苗具有致萎作用;用毒素滤液处理大豆胚根和幼根,测定大豆不同品种抗病性,用盆栽土壤作对照,试验结果基本一致。利用毒素滤液测定不同品种对大豆根腐病的抗病性,可应用于大量的初筛工作。     

拮抗细菌BRF-1对几种植物病原真菌的抗生效果

从大豆根际土壤分离到一株具有拮抗作用的细菌BRF—l,经扫描电镜观察和耐高温试验,初步鉴定为芽孢杆菌。对峙培养试验表明,该菌对大豆根腐病菌、南瓜疫霉病菌、大豆立枯病菌、烟草赤星病菌、小麦赤霉病菌、水稻立枯病菌和小麦根腐病菌等7种病原其菌具有较强的抗菌活性。BRF-1的培养滤液可抑制病原菌菌丝生长和孢子萌发,具有一定的耐酸、碱及高温特性。盆栽接种结果表明,该菌可促进大豆、小麦幼苗生长;在豆长连、重一年和正茬土壤上,对大豆根腐病的防治效果分别达53．9％、34．4％和15．8％。     

枸杞炭疽病菌毒素的初步研究

枸杞炭疽病菌(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz)可产生有致病力的外毒素,其毒素可引起枸杞叶片形成黑色坏死斑,类似于病原菌侵染形成的症状。Czapek-Dox培养液适于枸杞炭疽病菌的生长和产毒,其适宜温度为25～28℃,初始pH为6,通气条件促进其生长和产生毒素。试验结果表明该毒素为多聚糖类物质,毒素液对不同品种枸杞的致病作用存在明显差异,与品种对枸杞炭疽病的抗性有关。     

香蕉枯萎病拮抗细菌的分离筛选与鉴定

从采集的香蕉根际土壤中经分离、纯化获得细菌菌株74个,采用对峙培养法,获得对香蕉枯萎病菌4号小种具有强抑制作用的菌株S-1,相对抑制率达76%。抑菌谱测定表明,菌株S-1对尖孢镰刀菌古巴专化型1号小种、番茄枯萎病菌、玉米弯孢叶斑病菌、胶孢炭疽病菌、棉花枯萎病菌、棉花黄萎病菌、小麦赤霉病菌、西瓜枯萎病菌等病原菌具有抑制作用。经Biolog系统鉴定及16S rDNA序列同源性分析,菌株S-1为枯草芽孢杆菌。该菌株理想的培养条件为：PYTG或PDA培养基,26-30℃,pH值7.0-8.0,振荡培养40-48h。     

链格孢菌的产毒培养条件及其毒素的致病范围

从世界性恶性杂草紫茎泽兰自然发生的叶斑病病斑上分离得到6个链格孢菌菌株,对它们的产毒情况进行了研究。筛选出产毒能力强的501菌株,确定了有利于该菌株产毒的温度为25℃、pH值为4．13、培养时间为5－7天、黑暗及静置等培养条件。选择74种植物,以离体叶片针刺法对粗毒素的致病范围进行了测试,表明粗毒素具有一定范围的选择作用特性,从中筛选出草莓、苦苣菜、鸭跖草、火柴头、刺槐、水花生等敏感植物作为毒素的生测材料。     

豌豆不同品种对茄病镰刀菌感病性及对其毒素敏感性之间的相关性

 茄病镰刀菌(Fusarium solani(Mart.) Sacc.)是甘肃中部干旱地区引起豌豆根腐病的主要病原菌。经测定该菌在PSC培养液内培养可产生新茄病镰刀菌烯醇、T₂等毒素。其滤液具有植物毒性效应,与病程密切相关。用10%培养滤液测定17个品种对毒素的敏感性,并用茄病镰刀菌对这些品种进行接种测定其感病性。结果表明:不同品种对茄病镰刀菌感病性及对其毒素敏感性两者之间成正相关,相关系数r=0.9216,经t测验表明;相关系数在p=0.001水平上显著。因此认为,用测定毒素对豌豆胚根抑制率的方法,可作为抗病性鉴定的一种手段。     

Occurrence of a new leaf spot disease ofMusa sp. incited byThanatephorus cucumeris

A new leaf spot disease of banana(Musa sp.) cv. ‘Rasthali’ (syn. Silk) was observed in Tamil Nadu, in 1987. The causal organism was isolated in pure culture and identified asRhizoctonia solarii Kühn. The teleomorphic stage,Thanatephorus cucumeris (Frank) Donk, has also been induced artificially. This is the first record of this pathogen causing leaf spot disease onMusa sp. The pathogenicity of basidiospores on several other important crops was also tested.     

Eremothecium ashbyi causes soybean yeast-spot and is associated with stink bug, Riptortus clavatus

Many fusiform ascospores observed on soybean seeds with yeast spot disease symptoms differed significantly from those of Eremothecium coryli, the known causal agent of yeast spot disease in soybean. On the basis of morphological and physiological characteristics and sequence data of the internal transcribed spacer regions including the 5.8S rDNA and D1/D2 regions of 26S rDNA, this fungus was identified as E. ashbyi. Pathogenicity of E. ashbyi was confirmed by reinoculation test. This report is the report on E. ashbyi causing soybean yeast spot disease. In addition, this study showed that E. ashbyi was transmitted by the stink bug, Riptortus clavatus, as was E. coryli, the two Eremothecium yeasts may have been acquired when the stink bug fed on infected soybeans and overwintered in this insect species. The nucleotide sequence data reported are available in the GeneBank/EMBL/DDBJ database as accessions AB294407 to AB294412 for E. ashbyi EA1, EA7 and EA11.     

甘肃省红豆草病原真菌鉴定及病害发生动态调查

为明确甘肃省红豆草的病害种类、发生动态和危害状况,采用病原物分离与培养、形态学及分子生物学鉴定和致病性测定确定红豆草病害种类,于2012—2013年在通渭、渭源、榆中和碌曲4县调查各病害的发病率以确定发生动态,观察病害田间发生特点并结合调查数据评价其重要性。结果表明,4县共发生真菌性病害12种,分别为大茎点霉叶斑病(病原为大茎点霉属真菌Macrophoma sp.)、壳针孢叶斑病(病原为歪头菜壳针孢Septoria orobina)、炭疽病(病原为白蜡树刺盘孢Colletotrichum spaethianum)、黑秆病(病原为红豆草壳二孢Ascochyta onobrychis、菠菜刺盘孢C.spinaciae和链格孢Alternaria alternata混合侵染)、壳二孢叶斑病、茎点霉叶斑病、尾孢叶斑病、柱格孢白斑病、匍柄霉叶斑病、链格孢黑斑病、锈病和白粉病,其中大茎点霉属真菌、白蜡树刺盘孢和菠菜刺盘孢在红豆草上首次发现;尾孢叶斑病和壳针孢叶斑病为甘肃新记录病害;大茎点霉叶斑病为世界新病害,仅于碌曲县发现。白粉病、锈病、链格孢黑斑病发生于红豆草生长后期,其它病害则始于6月;6—9月危害加重的为黑秆病和柱格孢白斑病,发病率最高达89.7%和96.0%;危害渐轻的为茎点霉叶斑病、壳二孢叶斑病和壳针孢叶斑病,发病率最高达88.7%、57.4%和45.1%。黑秆病和茎点霉叶斑病在甘肃省目前危害最重。     

Pathogen and disease characteristics of marigold black spot in Beijing and surrounding areas

Annual epidemics of black spot, a serious disease of marigold (Tagetes erecta), developed in Beijing and surrounding areas from 2011 to 2015. Alternaria tagetica was isolated from marigold showing symptoms from Beijing and Hebei province, and pathogen characteristics and meteorological factors influencing disease development were investigated. The optimum growth temperature of the fungus was 20–25 °C. Field experiments conducted from 2011 to 2014 to evaluate diseased residual branches indicated that marigold residues from the previous year are a likely source of primary inoculum. Regression analysis showed that temperature and precipitation were explanatory factors for disease development from 2013 to 2015. Structural equation modelling indicated that the contributions of temperature degree-day and rainfall to disease intensity were 27% and 30%, respectively. Augmented Dickey–Fuller test results indicated stability in the residual sequence and co-integration between the variables daily average temperature, daily average precipitation, daily average humidity and daily disease intensity. Error-correction modelling showed that temperature, lagged order of temperature, precipitation, lagged order of precipitation, lagged order of disease intensity and the error term were significant. Research indicated that A. tagetica was the primary pathogen of marigold black spot, and that crop rotation could play a useful role in management of the disease, whilst increased rainfall and reduced temperature provide superior conditions for disease spread and infection. There is potential for the results of this study to be used by municipal agriculture authorities in the prediction of marigold black spot in Beijing.     

Pathogenicity of Fusarium graminearum and F. meridionale on soybean pod blight and trichothecene accumulation

Soybean (Glycine max) is the most important crop in Argentina. At present Fusarium graminearum is recognized as a primary pathogen of soybean in several countries in the Americas, mainly causing seed and root rot and pre‐ and post‐emergence damping off. However, no information about infections at later growth stages of soybean development and pathogenicity of F. graminearum species complex is available. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to compare the pathogenicity of F. graminearum and F. meridionale isolates towards soybean under field conditions and to evaluate the degree of pathogenicity and trichothecene production of these two phylogenetic species that express different chemotypes. Six isolates of F. graminearum and F. meridionale were evaluated during 2012/13 and 2013/14 soybean growing seasons for pod blight severity, percentage of seed infected in pods and kernel weight reduction. The results showed a higher aggressiveness of both F. graminearum and F. meridionale species during the 2013/14 season. However, the differences in pathogenicity observed between the seasons were not reflected in a distinct trichothecene concentration in soybean seeds at maturity. Fusarium meridionale isolates showed similar pathogenicity to F. graminearum isolates but they were not able to produce this toxin in planta during the two field trials.     

Auxin‐mediated relationships between apple plants and root inhabiting fungi: impact on root pathogens and potentialities of growth‐promoting populations

This study aimed to elucidate the relationship between plant hosts and root‐colonizing fungi recovered from apple orchard soils that had been replanted over multiple generations. Functional relationships of three groups of filamentous fungi (Ceratobasidium sp., Cylindrocarpon‐like group and Fusarium acuminatum) with apple rootstocks were evaluated in plant growth bioassays. The Cylindrocarpon‐like group and Ceratobasidium sp. showed a relationship with the host plant varying from pathogenic to commensal through to mutualistic for the latter group, while that of F. acuminatum tended to be mutualistic. Seven fungal isolates of each group, which induced the highest plant growth in bioassays, were evaluated for auxin (IAA) and gibberellin (GA₃ and GA₄) production in culture filtrate. All isolates of F. acuminatum as well as most of those of the Ceratobasidium sp. and Cylindrocarpon‐like groups produced IAA in culture filtrate. IAA production was evaluated for additional isolates of endophytic fungal species from fruit tree orchards and the functionality of IAA was confirmed by growing in vitro micropropagated plantlets of apple rootstock on MS medium supplemented with fungal culture filtrate. Findings from this study may explain the difficulty in defining the precise role of diverse root‐colonizing fungal populations in replant disease aetiology of fruit tree orchards. However, the results demonstrate the presence of a positive and widely available biotic component of the orchard soil biology that may be exploited for the benefit of tree growth and production.     

Aloe ring spot,a new disease of aloe caused by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Haematonectria haematococca</Emphasis> (Berk. &; Broome) Samuels &; Nirenberg (anamorph: <Emphasis Type="Italic">Fusarium</Emphasis> sp.)

A ring spot disease of Aloe vera was found on leaves of potted seedlings of Aloe vera in Hachijojima and Chichijima Islands, Tokyo. From tissue of ring spot lesions, a fungus producing Fusarium-type conidia was consistently isolated. After 1 month, reddish perithecia of nectriaceous fungus had formed on the colonies of this isolate on PDA. These nectriaceous and Fusarium fungi were identified as Haematonectria haematococca and Fusarium sp., respectively. From a single ascospore isolation, the former was confirmed to be the teleomorph of the Fusarium sp. Typical ring spot lesions were reproduced by artificial inoculations using single ascospore and single conidium isolates. Inoculations of five species of genus Aloe revealed that they were highly susceptible except for A. arborescens. This is the first report of a disease on Aloe caused by H. haematococca (anamorph: Fusarium sp.) in Japan, and it was named aloe ring spot.     

Silicon,biological seed treatment and cutting reduce the intensity of leaf spot diseases affecting Lolium multiflorum

Italian ryegrass is a major pasture crop cultivated mainly for feeding cattle in southern Brazil. The choice of crop is based on nutritional quality and the shortage of pastures that occur during the winter in the southernmost part of Brazil. In this region, the production of biomass and seeds are threatened by diseases, in particular fungal diseases that affect the foliage. In this study we identified and monitored the natural occurrence of a complex of leaf spotting diseases and evaluated the effects of combined management practices to reduce the intensity of foliar diseases: seed treatment with Trichoderma atroviride, soil amendment with silicon and cutting frequency (none, one or two cuts). Three diseases were present in a two-season experiment: grey leaf spot (Pyricularia oryzae), brown leaf spot (Bipolaris sorokiniana) and parrot's eye leaf spot (Cercospora sp.). Grey leaf spot had the highest severity, regardless of treatment, during the first season, and was the only disease present in the following season. Grey leaf spot dominated, and plants receiving only one cut were more prone to P. oryzae infection. The treatments with silicon or T. atroviride reduced the relative disease by 40% to 80%, in relation to untreated and uncut regimes. This study showed the main leaf spot diseases associated with L. multiflorum. Moreover, it demonstrates for the first time in the region the effectiveness of reducing leaf spot via the application of silicon in the soil, inoculation of seeds with T. atroviride and managing the cutting regime.     

大豆疫霉菌部分生物学特性及其药剂筛选研究

采用大豆疫霉菌在不同条件下菌丝生长速度法研究了大豆疫霉菌的部分生物学特性,并应用杀菌剂室内生测、盆栽药剂防效对药效作了评价。研究结果表明,大豆疫霉菌营养生长的最适温度为25～30℃;最适pH为6;光暗交替有利于该菌营养体的生长,在Rye或CA培养基上生长最快。室内药效测定结果表明,烯酰吗啉EC₅₀为0.165 4μg/mL,抑菌效果最好,甲霜灵、甲霜灵.锰锌和氟吗啉.锰锌的EC_{50分别为0.261 00、.451 0和0.984 2μg/mL,效果次之。盆栽试验结果表明,几种药剂在活体条件下对大豆疫病的防治效果较好,并有较长持效期。}