Feed-induced Changes in the Transport of Butyrate,Sodium and Chloride Ions Across the Isolated Bovine Rumen Epithelium

A short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) burst feeding strategy to dry cows (periodically high SCFA concentration in the ruminal fluid) has been hypothesized to increase the ruminal surface area and absorptive capacity. The present paper deals with the effects of a SCFA burst feeding strategy on epithelial transport function in dry cows. The epithelial transport capacity for [¹⁴C]butyrate and Na⁺ across the rumen epithelium in vitro was significantly increased by the SCFA burst feeding strategy, compared with the controls. The transport of Cl^- was significantly increased by the SCFA burst feeding strategy at the high feeding level, but non-significantly decreased at the low feeding level. The increase in transport capacity could not be attributed to changes in epithelial resistance, to the concentration of Na⁺/K⁺-ATP-ase or to the epithelial surface area and structure (data on epithelial surface area and structure were published by Andersen et al., Report No. 23 from the National Institute of Animal Science, Denmark, 1994). The observed changes in transport must reflect a change in either composition of the cell membranes or processes that facilitate transport through the cell, including metabolic processes. The presented results support the existence of a saturable SCFA transport system in the epithelial cells and the results show that the capacity of this transport system can be the subject for feed-induced regulation.     

反刍动物瘤胃上皮发育规律及影响因素

瘤胃作为反刍动物特有的消化器官,在消化代谢中发挥着极其重要的作用,瘤胃上皮的发育和功能完善直接影响到反刍动物的生产性能,是提高生产效益的关键所在。文章旨在通过探讨反刍动物瘤胃上皮生长发育规律及其影响因素,为反刍动物营养生理研究积累资料。     

Growth of Body Weight and Length of Bovine Fetuses

A. The weight (X) — Length (Y) relationship was studied on 302 Black-White cattle fetuses (147 females and 155 males; weight range of 80—31,300 g).
1. The relationship for all the fetuses examined (n # 302) is described by the regression equation and correlations coefficient (r): logY # 0.34 logX + 0.37; r = 0.93.
2. The relationships in the consecutive growth periods are described by the following regression equations:
I. early fetal period (n # 82; weight range 80–990g) logY # 0.37 logX + 0.71; r = 0.93;
II. middle fetal period
a) (initial phase) (n # 88; weight range 1000–3490g) logY # 0.28 logX + 0.57; r = 0.82;
b) (terminal phase) (n # 69; weight range 3500–7990g) logY # 0.37 logX + 0.26; r = 0.84;
III. late fetal period (n # 63; weight range 8000—31,300g) logY # 0.36 logX + 0.31; r = 0.91.
B. Regression coefficients calculated in the present work for the Black-White cattle fetuses were compared with corresponding literature data for various cattle races, camel and water buffalo.     

The Prenatal Development and Histochemistry of the Ileal Mucins in the Bovine Fetuses

Few studies exist regarding the distribution of intestinal mucins in fetuses of mammalians such as cattle and sheep. In this study, we aimed to describe the changes in the mucin production by ileal epithelium of bovine fetuses during their prenatal development. The goblet cells showed heterogeneity in mucins and the apical cytoplasm of the enterocytes demonstrated Periodic acid Schiff‐positive reaction which declined gradually towards the birth. Moreover, the number of the goblet cells containing acidic and mixed mucins augmented, whereas those containing neutral mucins decreased with advancing gestational age. After sixth month of gestation, with the initiation of the ileal Peyer patches and follicle‐associated epithelium development, a gradual increase in the number of goblet cells containing sulfomucins was also noticed towards the birth. The presence of different mucins in the ileum of bovine fetuses throughout prenatal development might play a role in the protection of the intestinal mucosa against urinary waste products in swallowed amniotic fluid and bile. Furthermore, mucins can also contribute for the formation of meconium in intra‐uterine life and building of strong intestinal barrier with predominating sulfomucins, protecting the intestine against potential pathogens and digestive enzymes after birth.     

瘤胃上皮转运尿素的研究进展

尿素循环进入瘤胃后,尤其是在低蛋白日粮下,可以为微生物蛋白的合成提供一定的氮素。对尿素经瘤胃壁进入瘤胃的转运过程及其影响因素等方面进行了综述。     

牛输卵管上皮细胞培养的研究

用０．７６％的ＥＤＴＡ分离剥取输卵管上皮细胞是一种好的试剂,１０％胎牛血清（ＦＣＳ）ＴＣＭ－１９９培养其上皮细胞,５－６ｄ即可生长成单层,寿命可延至３－４周,共同培养从第７天开始,其囊胚发育率显著高于与颗粒细胞共同培养。     

Occurrence of Blood Cells and Serum Proteins in Bovine Fetuses and Calves

Hematological values of peripheral blood were determined for bovine fetuses and calves of various ages. Erythrocyte values increased through gestation. Fetuses 100 days or older had total values within the ranges of those reported for normal adult cattle. Mature erythrocytes were not observed in embryos and only a few were observed in fetuses 40 days of age. Fetuses 250 days or older had only a few rubricytes (<10/100 WBC). Leukocytes were first identified in the peripheral blood of a 45-day old fetus. Absolute leukocyte values increased through gestation and reached maximum values shortly before parturition. Granulocytes were first observed at 130 days of gestation and reached maximum values near parturition.

Total serum protein and gamma-globulin concentrations of colostrum-deprived calves were similar to serum protein and gammaglobulin concentrations of fetuses older than 265 days and were lower than values for the colostrum-fed calves. The immunoelectrophoretic pattern of 59-day old fetuses, the earliest age at which serum samples were obtained, demonstrated albumin, an α1 globulin and a β globulin, possibly transferrin. Additional α and β globulins appeared in the older fetuses and by 175 days of gestation serum electophoretic patterns of the fetuses were similar to patterns normally found with adult bovine serum except for the absence of the gammaglobulins in fetal serum. Immunoglobulin M was detected in 39 of 95 fetal serum samples by radial diffusion and in 13 of 95 samples by immunoelectrophoresis. Immunoglobulin G was detected in ten of 95 fetal serum samples by radial diffusion and in six of 95 samples by immunoelectrophoresis.

     

Evidence of Lamina muscularis mucosae in Rumen of Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)

Histological sections were studied from 4 sites of the rumen of 22 buffaloes, aged from 1 day to over 18 years of age. The sections were stained with Masson's trichrome stain. A definite layer of smooth muscle cells, representing the lamina muscularis mucosae separating the propria from the submucosa and extending into the ruminai papillae, was observed in buffaloes over 1.5 years of age. In animals over 10 years, the smooth muscle cells were very thin and elongated.     

Fermentation Pattern in the Bovine Rumen after Feeding Straight Feeds

The influence of straight feeds on the fermentation pattern in the bovine rumen was investigated by feeding with hay, grass pellets, dried beet pulp with molasses and rolled oats. The study comprised 3 rumenfistulated dairy heifers, and the parameters measured were ammonia, pH and volatile fatty acids (VFA) in the rumen fluid, and non-glucogenic/glucogenic ratio (NGGR) in the VFA mixture.Typical differences related to the structure and chemical composition of the diets were demonstrated by the parameters measured. Fermentation of the easily digestible feeds resulted in so extensive variations that representative means could be obtained only by analyzing samples collected frequently throughout the feeding cycle.Rumen pH was found highly correlated to total VFA concentration for all the feeds examined, and the regression coefficients showed that diets, based upon beets and oats, were fermented under low buffering capacity.     

牛瘤胃乳酸菌的分离与鉴定

为分离筛选用于牛活菌制剂的乳酸菌菌株,本试验采用API 50CHL对从牛瘤胃中分离的60株乳酸菌进行生化鉴定,对鉴定出的菌株进行耐酸、耐碱、耐氧、生长温度、耐药和抑菌性测定。结果显示,经生化鉴定出的3株乳酸菌分别为嗜酸乳杆菌(L.acidophilus)、发酵乳杆菌(L.fermentum)和乳明串珠菌(L.holzapfelii),分别命名为L1、L2和L3。其中,L1耐酸性最强,L2耐碱性最强,L1在37~40℃均生长良好且兼性厌氧;L1、L2、L3耐药率分别为80%、67%、53%;3株乳酸菌对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌均有不同程度的抑制作用;L1抑菌效果最好,抑菌直径为18.3mm和16.4mm。结果表明,L1、L2可作为抗性乳酸菌活菌制剂的候选菌株。     

牛瘤胃乳酸菌的分离与鉴定

为分离筛选用于牛活菌制剂的乳酸菌菌株,试验采用API 50CHL对从牛瘤胃中分离的60株乳酸菌进行生化鉴定,对鉴定出的菌株进行耐酸耐碱、生长温度、耐氧、耐药和抑菌性测定。结果显示,经生化鉴定出的3株菌分别为嗜酸乳杆菌（L.acidophilus）、发酵乳杆菌（L.fermentum）和乳明串珠菌（L.holzapfelii）,分别命名为L1、L2和L3。其中,L1耐酸性最强,L2耐碱性最强,L1在37～40 ℃之间均生长良好且兼性厌氧;L1、L2、L3耐药率为60%～100%;3株乳酸菌对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌均有不同程度的抑制作用,其中L1抑菌效果最好,抑菌圈直径分别为18.30和16.40 mm。提示,L1、L2可作为抗性乳酸菌活菌制剂的候选菌株。     

瘤胃上皮内的乳酸吸收及其转运载体蛋白研究进展

乳酸作为瘤胃内的中间代谢产物,其合理的清除与有效的利用在由高精料诱导的瘤胃酸中毒的研究中十分重要。现有研究表明,瘤胃上皮在乳酸吸收方面发挥着一定的作用,因此,本文从瘤胃上皮的乳酸吸收以及吸收过程中涉及的转运载体蛋白进行综述,为进一步了解乳酸在瘤胃内的转运过程提供理论依据。     

牛瘤胃微生物定量测定方法研究进展

瘤胃微生物数量测定一直是反刍动物营养的难点之一.传统的定量方法有亨氏滚管法和最大可能计数法(MPN)两种,方法简单,但工作量大,测定结果与实际存在偏差.现代分子定量技术的出现和发展,为瘤胃微生物数量的测定提供了一种新的思路和方法.如核算分子杂交技术、变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)或温度梯度凝胶电泳(TGGE)、定量PCR...     

丙氨酰-谷氨酰胺对断奶仔猪小肠黏膜固有层免疫球蛋白A浆细胞数量、分泌型免疫球蛋白A及黏膜中白细胞介素含量的影响

本试验旨在研究丙氨酰-谷氨酰胺(Ala-Gln)对断奶仔猪小肠黏膜固有层免疫球蛋白A(Ig A)浆细胞数量、分泌型免疫球蛋白A(SIg A)及黏膜中白细胞介素(IL)含量的影响。试验选用(21±2)日龄断奶、初始体重(6.7±0.9)kg的长白×大白去势仔猪100头,按完全随机区组法分为4组,每组5个重复,每重复5头仔猪。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组分别饲喂基础饲粮中添加0.15%、0.30%和0.45%Ala-Gln的试验饲粮。试验期21 d。结果显示:1)与对照组相比,饲粮中添加0.15%~0.45%Ala-Gln均显著提高仔猪断奶后第7、14、21天十二指肠以及空肠黏膜固有层Ig A浆细胞数量(P0.05),特别是0.30%Ala-Gln组仔猪在断奶第14天空肠Ig A浆细胞数比对照组增加22.6%(P0.05);在回肠中,0.30%Ala-Gln主显著提高断奶后第7、14天仔猪Ig A浆细胞数(P0.05)。2)断奶仔猪空肠黏膜SIg A含量随着Ala-Gln添加量呈二次曲线增长规律。在断奶后第7天,0.30%Ala-Gln组仔猪SIg A含量与对照组相比极显著提高了70.4%(P0.01);在断奶后第14、21天,0.15%、0.30%Ala-Gln与对照组相比显著提高了SIg A含量(P0.05)。3)与对照组相比,饲粮中添加0.15%、0.30%Ala-Gln可显著提高仔猪早期断奶后第7天黏膜IL-2、IL-5含量,分别显著提高断奶后第14天IL-5、IL-2含量(P0.05),其他添加水平无显著影响(P0.05);随着饲粮中Ala-Gln添加量的增加,各组IL-6、IL-10的含量呈线性增长趋势,且显著高于对照组(P0.05)。综上所述,饲粮中添加Ala-Gln可提高肠黏膜固有层Ig A浆细胞数量、黏膜SIg A分泌量及IL含量,提高断奶仔猪肠道黏膜细胞免疫。     

牛瘤胃微生物的分离鉴定与生化特性分析

【目的】通过对瘤胃液中分离所得的菌株进行研究,为益生菌制剂的制备提供基础数据。【方法】采集10头健康荷斯坦奶牛的瘤胃液,通过涂布、特性培养、纯化等步骤获得单一菌株,提取细菌DNA,进行16S rDNA的PCR扩增。通过16S rDNA基因测序鉴定后进行序列比对并构建系统发育树,确定菌株种类。对不同种类的细菌进行0～48 h的培养测定其生长特性,并进行耐酸碱和耐胆盐试验。【结果】通过涂布分离菌株得到20株分离菌,经PCR扩增后测序发现20株菌属于7种不同的菌,大致确定L7为解淀粉芽孢杆菌、K7为枯草芽孢杆菌、S7为嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌、C2为地衣芽孢杆菌、M7为马链球菌、F7为弗氏酸柠檬杆菌、T7为吉氏库特菌。通过生长曲线可以看出,7株菌分别在24～36 h达到最快生长期。M7和K7对酸有较强的耐受性,而S7、C2和F7对酸性较为敏感,C2对碱的耐受性最强,而T7对胆盐的耐受性最强,S7对胆盐最不耐受。【结论】本研究从瘤胃中分离得到的7个菌株对酸碱和胆盐具有不同程度的耐受性,以及最适生长周期。     

饲粮中不同比例桑叶粉对湖羊瘤胃上皮组织结构的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮中不同比例的桑叶粉对育肥湖羊瘤胃上皮组织结构的影响。选取3月龄育肥湖羊40只,随机分为5组,每组8只。各组用桑叶粉分别替代饲粮中精料的0(A组)、15%(B组)、30%(C组)、45%(D组)、60%(E组)。预试期2周,正试期8周。结果表明:1)B组和C组瘤胃重/复胃重显著高于A组(P0.05)。2)各组瘤胃乳头宽度的差异不显著(P0.05)。3)对于瘤胃上皮的角质层宽度,A组高于其他各组,其中显著高于C组和D组(P0.05);对于瘤胃上皮颗粒层宽度,除D组显著高于E组(P0.05)外,其余各组间差异不显著(P0.05);对于棘突层和基底层宽度,与A组相比,桑叶粉处理能提高棘突层和基底层的宽度,但是作用不显著(P0.05),D组和B组的基底层宽度显著高于C组(P0.05)。总之,用桑叶粉替代15%~45%的精料能在一定程度上提高湖羊复胃的重量,促进的棘突层和基底层细胞的分裂,从而促进瘤胃上皮组织发育,同时,也有效降低了瘤胃上皮角质层的宽度。     

Proliferation in the Gastric Epithelium of Bovine Abomasum during Foetal Development as Revealed by Ki-67 Immunocytochemistry

For the first time, proliferative cells in the abomasal mucosa of 30 bovine foetuses with a crown-rump length of 34 to 1000 mm (approximately 45-250 days of gestation) were detected using the antibody MIB-1 against the (human) nuclear-associated protein Ki-67. At the beginning of mucosal development, the epithelium is stratified and MIB-1 positive cells are scattered all over the epithelium. With the formation of gastric pit/gland invaginations, the proliferative cells are mostly confined to the basal half or third of the gastric pit/gland unit, both in the regio glandulae propriae and in the regio glandulae pyloricae. From the 27th week in the regio glandulae propriae and the 30th week in the pyloric gland region, respectively, the proliferative cells move upwards and are situated in the bottom of the pit and the upper part of the gland, whereas the base of the gland is free of labelling.     

Gas Chromatographic Determination of Volatile Fatty Acids in Aqueous Media its use in Bovine Rumen Fluid and in Silage

A rapid quantitative method for the gas chromatographic determination of volatile fatty acids in aqueous media is described. It includes the use of formic acid for the elimination of “ghost peaks” and of iso-valeric acid as an internal standard. The method has been used for the examination of bovine rumen fluid and of silage.Statistical treatment of the result shows that the fluid from lactating cows has a significantly higher content of butyric acid than has the fluid from dry cows; such a difference could not be demonstrated as to acetic, propionic and valeric acid.Some experience from the determination of the volatile fatty acids in silage is also reported.