皖西大别山药用脊椎动物资源与利用研究

研究了皖西大别山野生药用脊椎动物资源的分布及应用。该区现有野生药用脊椎动物5纲58科123种,其中国家I级保护动物2种,II级保护动物9种。并就如何保持动物资源的可持续发展和合理利用进行了探讨,提出了药用动物资源保护及其开发利用的若干建议,以推动当地经济的发展。     

抚顺林区野生药用真菌资源调查

森林资源丰富的抚顺林区中,生长着种类繁多的野生大型真菌,其中具药用功能的真菌种类很多。为了解野生药用真菌资源状况,进行了此次专项调查。调查采用标准地调查与线路调查相结合的方法。经对采集的标本整理鉴定,抚顺林区中野生药用真菌为116种。分别隶属2亚门5纲10目29科。为其保护和利用提供依据。     

内蒙古高格斯台罕乌拉国家级自然保护区野生动物多样性及保护

2012~2014年间对内蒙古高格斯台罕乌拉国家级自然保护区进行了野外考察,记录到两栖类1目2科3种,爬行类1目1科1种,鸟类14目39科110种,哺乳类3目5科8种,共记录到122种野生动物。相加已有的考察数据后,共统计到5纲29目70科的255种动物。其中:国家Ⅰ级保护动物2种,Ⅱ级保护动物37种;被列入中国濒危动物红皮书的18种;被列入中国濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约的38种;国际自然保护联盟受胁动物5种,上述珍稀濒危物种共48种,占保护区总种数的18.82%。结合实地考察所了解情况就保护区野生动物多样性和珍稀濒危动物资源的保护管理与利用提出了相应的对策和建议。     

博峪河保护区动植物资源特点与保护对策

以博峪河省级自然保护区野生动植物资源为研究对象,开展了野生动植物种类、国家重点保护对象、影响因素等方面的研究。结果表明:保护区分布高等植物有133科528属1 185种,国家重点保护植物有10种,其中:国家Ⅰ级保护植物3种,国家Ⅱ级保护植物7种;保护区分布脊椎动物5纲27目62科236种(亚种),国家重点保护动物有39种,其中:国家Ⅰ级保护动物10种,国家Ⅱ级保护动29种。根据保护区内野生动植物分布特点和影响保护区因素,提出了加强巡护监测、社区共管、宣传教育、能力建设等保护对策。     

江西龙虎山中华秋沙鸭自然保护区野生动植物资源调查

调查确定江西龙虎山中华秋沙鸭自然保护区维管束植物有190科603属1 280种,其中国家Ⅰ级重点保护植物2种,国家Ⅱ级重点保护植物18种;野生脊椎动物5纲33目87科266种,其中国家Ⅰ级保护动物有3种,国家Ⅱ级保护动物有28种。提出一些保护管理建议,加强保护管理。     

朝阳市野生大型真菌调查报告

通过对朝阳市野生大型真菌资源调查,初步鉴定为3纲8目28科57属98种。其中食用真菌42种,药用真菌58种,有毒菇类5种。为更加系统地研究、更为有效地保护和合理开发利用野生大型真菌资源提供科学依据。     

高速公路穿越吉林扶余洪泛湿地自然保护区影响评价区的生物多样性调查研究

本文对京哈高速长春至拉林河段改扩建工程穿越吉林扶余洪泛湿地省级自然保护区影响评价区内的动植物资源进行了实地调查,结果表明:路域1000 m范围内约有野生维管植物53科148种,其中,蕨类植物3科5种、裸子植物1科1种、被子植物49科142种;野生脊椎动物6纲24目41科72种,其中,圆口纲1目1科1种、硬骨鱼纲4目7科14种、两栖纲1目3科4种、爬行纲1目1科3种、鸟纲13目22科37种、哺乳纲4目7科13种.评价区内有国家重点保护鸟类2种,分别是白尾鹞和小杓鹬.     

文昌市东北部5个不同植被类型样地动物调查分析

2015年7月至2017年5月,分别对文昌东北部森林生态系统5个不同植被类型监测样地共进行了10次动物全面的系统调查,调查结果:陆栖脊椎动物4纲17目32科72种。其中两栖纲1目2科2种;爬行纲1目1科1种;鸟纲13目28科66种;哺乳纲2目2科3种。在72种脊椎动物中,有国家Ⅱ保护动物有9种,省级保护动物24种,被列入中国红皮书名录的有5种,被列入CITES附录Ⅱ的物种有6种。该区域5个不同植被类型监测样地的动物主要以鸟类为主,共有66种,占调查记录到物种数的91.67%。两栖、爬行及兽类调查记录的物种数较少。     

江西铜钹山自然保护区动植物资源调查

调查确定江西铜钹山自然保护区维管束植物有192科706属1540种,其中国家Ⅰ级重点保护植物5种,国家Ⅱ级重点保护植物15种;野生脊椎动物5纲32目86科275种,其中国家Ⅰ级保护动物有3种,国家Ⅱ级保护动物有28种。建议加大措施,进一步做好保护管理工作。     

西天目山野生蔬菜的垂直分布特征及其利用

野生蔬菜在食用、药用等方面有着较为广阔的利用前景,对野生蔬菜分布特征进行调查可以更好地对其进行利用。浙江临安西天目山地区优越的地理位置为各类野生蔬菜的生长提供了良好的生存环境。为探明野生蔬菜在西天目山的分布情况,该研究采用路线调查法对该地区野生蔬菜的垂直分布特征进行了分析,并对其开发和利用前景进行了讨论。主要调查结果如下:(1)共发现野生蔬菜33种,隶属于20科32属。(2)在调查的5条路线中,海拔为300—450 m有野生蔬菜19种,优势种有一年蓬、苦苣菜和野茼蒿;400—450 m的2条路线中有野生蔬菜19种,野艾和菊芋为优势种;海拔750—900 m有野生蔬菜5种,一年蓬为优势种;900—1 100 m有野生蔬菜7种,蘘荷和车前草为优势种。(3)西天目山野生蔬菜种类和数量随海拔增高呈现明显下降趋势。上述结果表明,西天目山地区的野生蔬菜种类丰富,群落数量多,具有广阔的发展和利用空间。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.