信息采撷

新生仔猪的精氨酸营养母乳中精氨酸(精氨酸是新生仔猪的一个必需氨基酸)的浓度特别低,这样内源合成的精氨酸在维持哺乳仔猪精氨酸动态平衡中扮演着至关重要的角色。相反地,和1~3日龄哺乳仔猪相比,由谷氨酸/谷氨酸盐和脯氨酸(内源精氨酸)肠内合成的瓜氨酸在7~21日龄哺乳仔猪体内     

新生仔猪精氨酸营养研究进展

新生仔猪出生至7日龄,通过母乳和内源合成的精氨酸基本能满足其需要.此后母乳精氨酸含量下降,内源精氨酸合成减少,满足不了新生仔猪最佳生长需要而使仔猪处于亚生长状态.通过给新生仔猪口服N-氨甲酰谷氨酸,可促使肠细胞精氨酸合成增加而改善仔猪生长.     

精氨酸营养(一):精氨酸族氨基酸在猪营养与生产中的重要作用<上篇>

精氨酸、谷氨酰胺、谷氨酸、脯氨酸、天冬氨酸、天冬酰胺、乌氨酸和瓜氨酸可在大多数哺乳动物(包括猪)体内通过复杂的器官间代谢进行相互转化.小肠、肾脏和肝脏是这些氨基酸代谢的主要场所,皮质醇则是这些代谢的一个重要调控激素.由于这些氨基酸(除乌氨酸和瓜氨酸之外)通常大量地存在于植物和动物的组织蛋白中,所以养猪生产者习惯上不大关心猪日粮中精氨酸族氨基酸的添加问题.然而,最近的研究结果表明,这些氨基酸在养分代谢和免疫应答上起着重要的调控作用,从而会影响猪的饲料利用率.精氨酸和谷氨酸就是其中的典型代表,它们具有明确的功能,因此被广泛地应用于猪肉生产中.由瓜氨酸在小肠中合成减少所引起的精氨酸缺乏,是限制哺乳仔猪获得最佳生长性能的主要因素.酶学和代谢学研究结果均表明,对于7～21日龄哺乳仔猪而言,肠上皮细胞线粒体内N-乙酰谷氨酸的生物利用率低下应为通过谷氨酸和脯氨酸合成瓜氨酸受到阻碍负责.因此,无论在日粮中添加精氨酸还是口服N-胺基甲基麸胺酸(N-carbamylglutamate,N-乙酰谷氨酸的一种稳定的代谢类似物)都能提高哺乳仔猪的肌肉蛋白合成率和增重.此外,在早期断奶的仔猪日粮中添加谷氨酸已可防治其小肠萎缩.并且提高了仔猪的生长性能.值得注意的是,在妊娠30～114d的小母猪日粮中添加精氨酸,也会显著地提高产活仔数和窝初生重.大规模地使用饲料级精氨酸和谷氨酰胺为提高全球养猪生产的动物健康和养分利用率展现了广阔的前景.     

日粮中添加N-氨甲酰谷氨酸(NCG)对断奶仔猪生长的影响

试验旨在探讨仔猪在断奶后2周内日粮中添加精氨酸内源合成激活剂:N-氨甲酰谷氨酸(NCG)对精氨酸内源合成、肠道形态以及生长性能的影响。试验选取23±3日龄健康断奶阉公猪(杜×长×大)180头,并按体重、窝别等随机分为3个处理,处理1:对照组,饲喂基础日粮;处理2:精氨酸组,基础日粮添加1%L-精氨酸,处理3:NCG组,基础日粮添加0.05%NCG;每个处理6个重复(圈),每圈10头。试验末每圈选取1头仔猪采血并屠宰取空肠中段,测定血浆精氨酸浓度、血浆生长激素浓度以及空肠形态。经过试验,得出以下结论,断奶仔猪日粮中添加N-氨甲酰谷氨酸(NCG)可以改善断奶仔猪的生长,并不是通过提高采食量来实现的,而是通过增加内源精氨酸合成,提高血浆生长激素水平,以及恢复小肠形态等方面作用,最终促进断奶仔猪生长。     

精氨酸族氨基酸在猪营养与生产中的重要作用〈上篇〉

精氨酸、谷氨酰胺、谷氨酸、脯氨酸、天冬氨酸、天冬酰胺、鸟氨酸和瓜氨酸可在大多数哺乳动物（包括猪）体内通过复杂的器官间代谢进行相互转化。小肠、肾脏和肝脏是这些氨基酸代谢的主要场所,皮质醇则是这些代谢的一个重要调控激素。由于这些氨基酸（除鸟氨酸和瓜氨酸之外）通常大量地存在于植物和动物的组织蛋白中,所以养猪生产者习惯上不大关心猪日粮中精氨酸族氨基酸的添加问题。然而,最近的研究结果表明,这些氨基酸在养分代谢和免疫应答上起着重要的调控作用,从而会影响猪的饲料利用率。精氨酸和谷氨酸就是其中的典型代表,它们具有明确的功能,因此被广泛地应用于猪肉生产中。由瓜氨酸在小肠中合成减少所引起的精氨酸缺乏,是限制哺乳仔猪获得最佳生长性能的主要因素。酶学和代谢学研究结果均表明,对于7～21日龄哺乳仔猪而言,肠上皮细胞线粒体内N－乙酰谷氨酸的生物利用率低下应为通过谷氨酸和脯氨酸合成瓜氨酸受到阻碍负责：因此,无论在日粮中添加精氨酸还是口服N－胺基甲基麸胺酸（N—carbamylglutamate,N－乙酰谷氨酸的一种稳定的代谢类似物）都能提高哺乳仔猪的肌肉蛋白合成率和增重。此外,在早期断奶的仔猪日粮中添加谷氨酸已可防治其小肠萎缩,并且提高了仔猪的生长性能。值得注意的是,在妊娠30～114d的小母猪日粮中添加精氨酸,也会显著地提高产活仔数和窝初生重。大规模地使用饲料级精氨酸和谷氨酰胺为提高全球养猪生产的动物健康和养分利用率展现了广阔的前景。     

N-氨甲酰谷氨酸的生物学功能及其在猪生产中的应用

N-氨甲酰谷氨酸是N-乙酰谷氨酸类似物,能够有效激活内源性精氨酸的合成,提高母猪产仔数和仔猪出生重,促进仔猪生长发育。文章主要就N-氨甲酰谷氨酸的生物学功能及其在猪生产中的应用作一综述。     

精氨酸在断奶仔猪营养应用中的研究进展

精氨酸对于幼龄仔猪是一种必需氨基酸,具有重要的生理代谢和营养作用。作为一种营养调节剂,无论是在日粮中添加精氨酸,还是添加精氨酸生素(AAA),N-氨甲酰谷氨酸(NCG),N-乙酰谷氨酸(NAG)调节内源性精氨酸的合成,都是提高仔猪体内精氨酸含量、促进断奶仔猪生长发育的有效措施。本文就精氨酸对断奶仔猪生长性能、肠道健康、抗氧化应激的影响等三方面进行综述。     

N-氨甲酰谷氨酸对小鼠精子畸形试验的影响

<正>N-氨甲酰谷氨酸(NCG)是一种白色细小粉末,不溶于水,有效成分含量为98.3%。国内外研究资料表明,NCG作为一种绿色高效的功能性氨基酸促进剂,具有极高的药用价值[1]。作为精氨酸(Arg)内源激活剂可以提高机体Arg含量,改善动物生产水平和健康状况。NCG是尿素循环中鸟氨酸生成瓜氨酸的中间体N-乙酰谷氨酸(NAG)的类似物,是内源性Arg合成途径中的必需辅助因子和限制性因素之一[2]。而     

N-氨甲酰谷氨酸在养猪生产中的应用

N-氨甲酰谷氨酸(N-carbamylglutamate,NCG)是一种新型的猪用饲料添加剂,在饲料中按一定比例添加可显著提高猪的繁殖性能和生产性能。N-氨甲酰谷氨酸(NCG)主要通过促进精氨酸的内源合成,提高母猪窝产仔数和初生重,增强公猪的繁殖力,促进仔猪的生长和发育。作者将NCG在养猪生产中的应用进行了综述,以期为提高养猪生产效率提供参考依据。     

N-氨基甲酰谷氨酸在仔猪生产中的应用

N-氨基甲酰谷氨酸是一类新型饲料添加剂,具有相对成本低,效果明显,体内代谢稳定等特点。它能有效激活仔猪内源性精氨酸的合成,改善仔猪肠道功能,提高仔猪免疫性能,在畜牧业生产中被广泛使用。本文就N-氨基甲酰谷氨酸的生物学功能及在仔猪生产中的应用作一综述。     

Citrulline and intestinal fatty acid-binding protein: longitudinal markers of postweaning small intestinal function in pigs?

The objective of the current study was to investigate whether plasma citrulline or intestinal fatty acid-binding protein (I-FABP) concentrations might be used as longitudinal markers for small intestinal function in piglets after weaning. Plasma citrulline and I-FABP concentrations were measured longitudinally in weaned and unweaned piglets, and related to intestinal absorption values (i.e., plasma mannitol and 3-xylose concentrations in a sugar absorption test). Within each litter (n = 10), 2 piglets with a close-to-litter-average BW were selected. At 20.8 +/- 0.4 d of age, the selected piglets per litter were either weaned conventionally (CW) or remained with the sow (UNW). One day before, and 0.5, 2, 4, and 7 d after weaning of the CW piglets, the selected piglets of both groups were subjected to a sugar absorption test. After a 2-h fast, piglets were administered an oral dose of 2 mL/kg of sugar solution, containing 50 mg/kg of mannitol and 100 mg/kg of 3-xylose. One hour after administration, a blood sample was collected from a jugular vein for determination of plasma I-FABP, citrulline, mannitol, and 3-xylose concentrations. Plasma I-FABP concentration showed great variation within treatments, and no difference was observed in plasma I-FABP concentrations between the CW and UNW treatments (P = 0.63). The absorption of 3-xylose was not different between treatments (P = 0.83). Mannitol absorption, however, was less in the weaned CW piglets compared with the UNW piglets (P = 0.003), with the nadir on d 4 postweaning. Weaning also reduced plasma citrulline concentrations in the CW treatment compared with the UNW treatment (P < 0.001). On d 4 and 7 postweaning, plasma citrulline concentrations of CW piglets were less (P < 0.001 and P = 0.0013) than preweaning values. Furthermore, in the CW treatment, plasma citrulline concentrations correlated with plasma mannitol concentrations at d 4 postweaning (r = 0.89, P = 0.008) and overall (r = 0.76, P = 0.001). Based on these results, plasma citrulline concentration seems to be a possible marker for monitoring intestinal function in pigs after weaning.     

Postnatal changes of plasma amino acids in suckling pigs

Amino acids, ammonia, urea, orotate, and nitrate plus nitrite (stable oxidation products of nitric oxide) were determined in plasma of 1- to 21-d-old suckling pigs. Jugular venous blood samples were obtained from pigs at 1, 3, 7, 14, and 21 d of age for analysis of plasma amino acids and metabolites by HPLC and enzymatic methods. Plasma concentrations of arginine and its immediate precursors (citrulline and ornithine) decreased (P < 0.01) progressively (20 to 41%) with increasing age from 3 to 14 d. Plasma concentrations of glutamine declined (P < 0.01) progressively (10 to 31%) during the 1st wk of life. Plasma concentrations of branched-chain amino acids, threonine, and alanine decreased (P < 0.01) (5 to 12%) in 14- and 21-d-old pigs, compared with 1- and 3-d-old pigs. There were no postnatal changes (P > 0.05) in plasma concentrations of other amino acids. Plasma concentrations of ammonia increased (P < 0.01) by 18 and 46%, whereas those of nitrate plus nitrite decreased (P < 0.01) by 16 and 29%, in 7- and 14-d-old pigs, respectively, compared with 1- to 3-d-old pigs. Because arginine plays a crucial role in ammonia detoxification via the hepatic urea cycle and is the physiological substrate for nitric oxide synthesis, our results of the decreased plasma concentrations of arginine and nitrate plus nitrite, as well as the increased plasma ammonia concentration, indicate a hitherto unrecognized deficiency of arginine in 7- to 21-d-old suckling pigs. Arginine is an essential amino acid for piglets and has a great potential to enhance neonatal growth; therefore, further studies are necessary to elucidate the mechanism responsible for arginine deficiency in sow-reared piglets and to identify hormonal and metabolic means for improving neonatal arginine nutrition and growth.     

仔猪精氨酸的内源合成及其影响因素

由于精氨酸及其代谢产物具有广泛生物学作用,使得近年来研究者们在生理、生化和营养等方面对其作了大量的研究。母乳严重缺乏精氨酸,仔猪精氨酸内源合成对精氨酸的平衡起了重要作用,使得哺乳仔猪精氨酸的内源合成成为精氨酸营养的研究核心。通过对精氨酸内源合成路径和场所的了解,研究者们进一步研究了精氨酸内源合成的影响因素,主要有仔猪日龄、日粮中精氨酸的水平、乳酸盐和皮质醇的浓度等。本文就仔猪精氨酸内源合成的途径和场所、内源合成的量、影响因素以及精氨酸的需要量等进行了综述,重点阐述了精氨酸内源合成的影响因素。     

母仔猪精氨酸的生理代谢与营养作用

精氨酸又称蛋白氨基酸,传统上,精氨酸不被认为是母仔猪的必需氨基酸,但是现代品种的猪生长更快,瘦肉率更高,孕育的胎儿更多,因此,对精氨酸有更高的生理需求量。大量研究表明,日粮中添加0.5%至1%精氨酸可以改善母仔猪的生产性能和繁殖性能。文章综合论述了母仔猪精氨酸的生理代谢和营养作用。     

Dietary glutamine supplementation enhances expression of ZO-1 and occludin and promotes intestinal development in Min piglets

Forty-eight Min piglets at 7 days of age were randomly divided into two groups which were fed with 0% and 0.8% glutamine, respectively. Supplementation with 0.8% l-glutamine, the average daily gain (ADG) were significantly increased, and the concentrations of glutamine, glutamate, arginine and citrulline in plasma were significantly improved (P?P?P?P?相似文献   

功能性氨基酸——精氨酸和精氨酸生素在猪生产中的研究与应用进展

功能性氯基酸——精氦酸（Arg）具有重要的生理、代谢和营养作用,几乎机体中所有组织均利用Arg合成胞浆蛋白和核蛋白,精氨酸在促进肌肉蛋白质合成、增强机体的免疫力、细胞分裂、伤口复尿和激素分泌等各种生理过程中,也都有着重要的角色。Arg为条件性必需氨基酸,在应激状态下和特殊生长阶段,为必需氨基酸,仔猪体内合成的精氨酸不能满足生理代谢需要。但是精氨酸的吸收与赖氨酸等桔抗,因此,对精氨酸及其内源性合成调控研究具有极大的应用价值和实践意义。精氨酸生素（Arginineactivatoradditive,AAA）是N-乙酰谷氨酸（N-acetylglutamate,NAG）的类似物,作为一种新型的功能性氨基酸,可以有效调控内源性精氨酸合成,进而促进动物生长性能。本文就精氨酸和精氨酸生素特别是其对机体内源性精氨酸合成调控及其在仔猪和母猪中的研究进展与应用作一综述。     

Infusion of glucagon-like peptide 2 with an arginine deficient diet increases endogenous arginine synthesis from proline in parenterally-fed neonatal piglets

Parenteral feeding can be used to induce intestinal atrophy in piglets, and this atrophy is believed to be associated with the inability of parenterally-fed piglets to maintain arginine status via synthesis. Glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2) has been shown to maintain intestinal structure and blood flow during intravenous feeding. GLP-2 infusion was hypothesized to increase the rate of endogenous arginine synthesis from proline in parenterally-fed piglets receiving an arginine deficient diet. Male piglets (n = 10, 1.5–2.0 kg), fitted with jugular vein catheters for diet and isotope infusion, and femoral vein catheters for blood sampling (d 0), were allocated to a continuous infusion of either GLP-2 (10 nmol/kg/d) or saline into the jugular vein. Piglets received 2 d of a complete diet, followed by 5 d of an arginine deficient (0.60 g/kg/d) diet. A primed, constant infusion of [guanido-¹⁴C]arginine measured arginine flux (d 6), and of [U-¹⁴C]proline (d 7) measured proline conversion to arginine. There were no differences between groups in plasma ammonia, urea and arginine concentrations and arginine flux. Piglets receiving GLP-2 had a greater jejunal mucosal mass (P = 0.003) and a two-fold greater rate of arginine synthesis from proline (P = 0.03). This study indicates that the intestinal metabolism of circulating precursors may be important for arginine synthesis in parenterally-fed neonates.     

Arginine catabolism in lactating porcine mammary tissue

In vivo studies have shown that the uptake of plasma arginine by the lactating porcine mammary gland greatly exceeds the output of arginine in milk, but little is known about the metabolic fate of arginine in this organ. The objective of this study was to quantify arginine catabolism via arginase and nitric oxide synthase pathways in the mammary tissue of sows on d 28 of lactation. Mammary tissue slices (approximately 60 mg) were incubated at 37 degrees C for 1 h in 2 mL of Krebs bicarbonate buffer containing 0.5 or 2 mM L-[U-14C]arginine, and arginine metabolites were measured using HPLC and radiochemical techniques. Rates of arginine utilization were similar to rates of urea production. Proline, ornithine, urea, glutamate, glutamine, CO2 and polyamines (putrescine + spermidine + spermine) were formed from arginine, accounting for 46, 31, 17, 2.3, 1.5, 0.22, and 0.30%, respectively, of the metabolized arginine carbons. Relatively small amounts of arginine were utilized for nitric oxide and citrulline synthesis, with citrulline accounting for 2% of the metabolized arginine carbons. Production of all arginine metabolites increased with increasing extracellular arginine concentrations from 0.5 to 2 mM, indicating a high capacity for arginine degradation. Consistent with the metabolic findings, the activities of arginases, ornithine aminotransferase, and pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase were high, whereas those of pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase, ornithine decarboxylase, and nitric oxide synthases were relatively low, and there was no proline oxidase, ornithine carbamoyltransferase or pyrroline-5-carboxylase synthase activity in the mammary tissue. Our results demonstrate for the first time that proline, ornithine, and urea were the major products of arginine catabolism via the arginase pathway in lactating porcine mammary tissue and provide a biochemical basis to explain a relative enrichment of proline but a relative deficiency of arginine in sow's milk.     

Estimation of endogenous protein and amino acid ileal losses in weaned piglets by regression analysis using diets with graded levels of casein

Background： Many studies have investigated endogenous loss of proteins and amino acids （AAs） at the ileal level in growing pigs. However, only a few studies have researched this subject in piglets. Knowledge regarding AA ileal digestibility in piglets would be helpful during the formulation of diets for weaning piglets, rather than just using coefficients obtained in growing pigs. Therefore, in this study, we sought to estimate endogenous protein and AA ileal losses in piglets. Furthermore, apparent and true ileal digestibility （AID and TID） of protein and AAs from casein were measured. Results： The average flow of protein was 20.8 g/kg of dry matter intake （DMI）. Basal protein loss, as estimated by regression, was 16.9 g/kg DMI. Glutamic acid, arginine, and aspartic acid （2.2, 1.4, and 1.2 g/kg DMI, respectively） were the AAs for which greater losses were seen. The AID of protein and AAs increased as the protein level in the diet increased. A higher increment in AID was observed between diets with 80 and160 g CP/kg of feed; this finding was mainly attributable to increases in glycine and arginine （46.1% and 18%, respectively）. The TID of protein was 97.8, and the TID of AAs varied from 93.9 for histidine to 100.2 for phenylalanine. Conclusions： The basal endogenous protein loss in piglets was 16.9 g/kg DMI. Endogenous protein was rich in glutamic acid, aspartic acid, and arginine, which represented 32.7% of endogenous protein loss in weaning piglets. The TID of casein was high and varied from 93.0 for histidine to 100.2 for phenylalanine.