Specific resistance to soybean stem canker conferred by the Rdm4 locus

The Rdm4 gene from soybean cv. Hutcheson has been extensively used to incorporate resistance to soybean stem canker (SSC), caused by Diaporthe phaseolorum var . meridionalis (Dpm), into soybean commercial cultivars. The objective of this work was to characterize the inheritance of the Rdm4 locus in different populations derived from the cross: J77-339 ( rdm / rdm , susceptible) × Hutcheson ( Rdm4 / Rdm4 , resistant) in independent interactions with two local isolates of Dpm. Four F₂ populations were obtained and two were advanced to the F₃ generation as separate F_2:3 families to perform progeny tests. Each population was inoculated with the CE109 and/or CE112 isolates of Dpm. Within each plant–pathogen interaction, the resistance gene segregated as completely dominant. However, cross resistance, or opposite disease reactions, to CE109 and CE112 isolates of Dpm were observed in four F_2:3 families, indicating an intergenic recombination event between two nonallelic genes interacting specifically with each isolate of Dpm. The distance between them, estimated as the recombination fraction, was 29%, suggesting that both genes were not tightly linked, but close enough to segregate together in most crosses. Results indicated the existence of a genomic region in cv. Hutcheson composed of race-specific resistance loci with at least two Rdm genes: the previously recognized Rdm4 and a novel gene, tentatively named Rdm5 , conferring specific resistance to Dpm isolates CE109 and CE112.     

普通小麦-柔软滨麦草易位系M97抗条锈基因的遗传分析和分子作图

为了明确M97抗条锈性遗传规律,在苗期用7个小麦条锈菌系对M97与感病品种铭贤169的杂交后代F1、F2、F3和BC1代进行抗条锈性遗传分析,并对M97抗Sun11-4的抗条锈基因进行SSR分子标记。M97对Sun11-4和Sun11-11的抗病性均由1对显性基因控制,对CY29、CY30、CY33的抗病性由1显1隐2对基因共同控制,对CY31的抗病性由2对显性基因独立或重叠作用控制。以接种Sun11-4的F2代分离群体构建作图群体,筛选到Xwmc222、Xwmc147、Xbarc229和Xwmc339等4个与抗病基因连锁的SSR标记,其遗传距离分别为3.4、4.8、7.6和12.1 cM。将该抗病基因定位于小麦1DS染色体,且该基因不同于已知的抗条锈基因,暂命名为YrM97。用YrM97两侧遗传距离最近的2个标记Xwmc222和Xwmc147对42个黄淮麦区主栽小麦品种进行分子检测,仅有9.5%的品种具有与YrM97相同的标记位点。     

小偃9366抗条锈病基因的遗传分析及分子作图

为了明确小偃9366抗条锈病遗传特点,对小偃9366与铭贤169及其杂交F₁、F₂、F₃和BC₁F₁代进行温室苗期抗条锈性遗传分析,选取400余对SSR引物对接种CYR31的群体进行分子标记,并利用目标基因的侧翼引物分析99个黄淮麦区主栽小麦品种。小偃9366对CYR25的抗病性由1显、1隐2对基因独立控制,对CYR27的抗病性由3对显性基因控制,其中2对基因表现累加作用,对CYR30 和CYR31的抗病性均由1对显性基因独立控制,对Su11-4的抗性由2对隐性基因独立控制。位于2AL上的6个标记Xwmc794、Xwmc455、Xwmc261、Xgwm47、Xgwm294和Xcfd168与抗CYR31基因(暂命名Yrxy9366)连锁,与目的基因的遗传距离分别为10.8、6.5、3.2、4.4、16.0和32.8 cM,将Yrxy9366定位在2AL上。利用Xwmc261、Xgwm47两个引物分析99个黄淮麦区主栽小麦品种,仅5%检测到同源片段。研究表明Yrxy9366是一个新的抗病基因。     

小麦品系中梁93444的抗条锈性遗传分析与分子作图

为明确抗锈品种中梁93444抗条锈基因及遗传特点,用CYR30、CYR31、CYR32对该品种、铭贤169及杂交组合进行遗传分析,用SSR技术对分离家系F_3-3进行PCR扩增和电泳分析。结果显示,中梁93444对CYR30、CYR31的抗病性均由1对显性和1对隐性基因控制,对CYR32由2对显性互补基因控制;F_3-3分离家系对CYR32的抗病性由1对显性基因控制,该基因暂命名为Yr93444。对F_3-3分离群体进行SSR标记,建立了与该基因连锁的8个标记Xgwm122、Xwmc702、Xwmc644、Xwmc794、Xgwm328、Xwmc455、Xgwm372、Xwmc819,遗传距离分别为38.1、30.7、22.9、15.6、10.0、6.9、3.5和2.8 cM。 应用SSR标记、中国春及缺四体将Yr93444定位于2AL上。系谱分析和SSR分子标记检测表明,该基因是来自中间偃麦草的新抗条锈基因。用与该基因紧密连锁的SSR标记Xgwm372和Xwmc819检测中梁品种和黄淮麦区主栽品种,发现89%中梁品种含该抗病基因,而86%黄淮麦区主栽品种不含该抗病基因,表明该基因应用潜力很大。     

三个小麦-簇毛麦易位系抗条锈性遗传及基因间关系分析

采用8个我国当前流行的条锈菌生理小种(菌系)对三个易位系进行抗锈性评价,并用CYR30、CYR31、Su-4和单孢菌系CYR32-6对三个易位系与感病品种铭贤169配制的F1、BC,1F1和F2代株系以及三个易位系之间双列杂交的F2株系进行遗传分析和等位性分析.结果表明:三个易位系是优秀的小麦抗条锈病资源;V9128-1对CYR30、CYR32-6和Su-4的抗病性由1对显性基因控制,对CYR31的抗病性由1显1隐2对基因独立控制,V9128-3对四个菌系的抗病性均由1对显性基因控制,V3对CYR32-6和Su-4的抗病性均由2对显性基因互补作用控制,对CYR31的抗病性由1显1隐2对基因独立控制或由1对显性基因控制;V9128-1与V9128-3对CYR31、CYR32-6和Su-4有相同或紧密连锁的抗病基因,且对CYR30、CYR32-6和Su-4的抗病基因与V3都不同.但与V3含有相同或紧密连锁的抗CYR31基因.     

小麦抗源武汉2号和品冬34的抗条锈性遗传分析

为明确小麦品种武汉2号和品冬34对小麦条锈菌流行小种的抗病性及抗病遗传规律,用小麦条锈菌生理小种CYR29、CYR31、CYR32、CYR33以及致病类型Su11-4、Su11-5、Su11-11、PST-Ch42在苗期接种小麦品种武汉2号和品冬34进行抗病性鉴定,并用武汉2号和品冬34分别与感病亲本铭贤169进行杂交,对F₂群体和F_2：3家系在温室进行苗期遗传分析。结果表明：武汉2号对CYR29和CYR32表现感病,对其它小种和致病型均表现抗病,且对CYR31的抗性由1对隐性基因控制;品冬34对所测试的小种和致病类型均表现高抗,且对CYR32的抗性由1对显性基因控制。     

中国小麦条锈病菌鉴别寄主中4抗病基因遗传组成分析

中4是中国小麦条锈菌生理小种的重要鉴别寄主之一。采用常规杂交遗传分析法和花粉母细胞染色体镜检,明确中4抗条锈病基因遗传组成,并探讨利用中国春ph1b突变体分析小麦近缘属(种)抗条锈病基因。将中4分别与中国春ph1b突变体和感病品种铭贤169杂交,对亲本及其杂交后代进行苗期抗条锈性鉴定和遗传分析,发现中4对条锈菌小种CY31和CY32的抗病性由1对显性基因控制;通过等位性分析和抗谱比较,发现中4对小种CY32的抗病基因与T. spelta album、Moro及K733中的抗条锈病基因不同,对中国春ph1b突变体×中4组合的F2代植株染色体数目及其核型变化的研究表明,F2代单株的抗条锈性与来自中间偃麦草X组染色体增加有关,并导致F2单株染色体数目发生变化,且X组染色体在F2代群体对小种CY31表现为抗病和感病植株中随机分布。     

Identification of allele specific AFLP markers linked with bacterial wilt [Ralstonia solanacearum (Smith) Yabuuchi et al.] resistance in hot peppers (Capsicum annuum L.)

Even though the bacterial wilt is identified as the most destructive disease in hot peppers world-wide, robust molecular markers that facilitate marker assisted selection are absent till date. Kerala Agricultural University (India) has released two hot peppers named Ujwala and Anugraha which show high level field resistance to this pathogen. The variety Anugraha was developed through backcross breeding between a high yielding but highly susceptible variety Pusa Jwala with the highly resistant Ujwala, using Pusa Jwala as a recurrent parent. Thus, Pusa Jwala and Anugraha are near isogenic lines (NILs) differing for the resistance to bacterial wilt only and the resistance is governed by a homozygous recessive (rr) gene action. The F₁s of Anugraha × Pusa Jwala were selfed to generate the segregating F₂ population. The F₂ population has been field screened, 10 highly susceptible and 10 most resistant plants were identified and DNA from these plants were bulked separately. Bulked segregant analysis with AFLP primer combination EcoACT + MseCAC was done using the DNA from donor parent Ujwala, susceptible parent Pusa Jwala, resistant parent Anugraha, bulked susceptible F₂ and bulked resistant F₂ plants. On resolution using capillary electrophoresis system in genetic analyzer, the AFLP products have yielded three polymorphic bands (103, 117, and 161 bp) which were linked with the resistant recessive allele and three polymorphic bands (183, 296, 319 bp) linked with the dominant susceptible allele of the bacterial wilt resistance gene. The results were confirmed through co-segregation analysis in most resistant and susceptible plants of F₂ segregating population.     

小偃6号成株期高温抗条锈性遗传分析

为揭示小偃6号抗病机制和培育持久抗病品种,采用常规杂交分析方法,在小麦抽穗期利用小麦条锈菌小种CYR30、CYR32和Su11-4对小偃6号、铭贤169及其杂交F1、F2、F2∶3接种,平均气温达到21℃时对小偃6号进行了抗条锈性调查和遗传分析。结果显示,接种CYR30、CYR32时,F1代表现高感,F2代群体中抗感分离比例符合1 R∶15 S的理论比例。接种Su11-4时,F1代表现高抗,F2代群体中抗感分离比例符合3R∶1S的理论比例。研究表明小偃6号对CYR30、CYR32的抗病性均由2对隐性基因累加作用控制,对Su11-4的抗病性由1对显性基因控制。     

Genetic control of sorghum resistance to leaf anthracnose

A study was carried out to investigate the inheritance of resistance to anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum sublineolum, in sorghum. Crosses between resistant and susceptible parents and backcrosses between F₁ plants and the susceptible parents were carried out under field conditions. The F₁ generations and the segregant populations were evaluated under artificial inoculation conditions in the greenhouse. In the F₁ generation of all crosses with the respective isolates, all of the plants presented a resistance reaction except for the F₁ plants resulting from the BR009 × SC283 cross. In the F₂ generation, the frequencies of resistant and susceptible plants conformed to the hypothesis that one gene with two alleles controls host resistance, except in one cross. Out of the eight backcrosses, six presented segregation that corresponded to the hypothesis formulated. For most crosses, resistance was dominant, and the proportions of resistant and susceptible plants in the segregant populations conformed to the frequencies expected under the hypothesis of gene‐for‐gene resistance and dominant gene action.     

Inheritance of mefenoxam resistance in Phytophthora nicotianae populations from a plant nursery

Three sexual crosses involving isolates of P. nicotianae with differing sensitivity to mefenoxam were established to study the inheritance of mefenoxam resistance. Mefenoxam sensitivity was determined by measuring the mycelial growth on both mefenoxam-amended clarified V8 agar and non-amended agar and then calculating the relative growth. When both parents had the same phenotype (both were resistant or both were sensitive), all F ₁ progeny had the parental phenotype and no segregation for a major effect gene was observed in sensitivity to mefenoxam. However, variations in the mycelial growth of progeny indicated the segregation of minor-effect genes. When the cross involving the mefenoxam-resistant isolate 3A4 and a sensitive parent, the F ₁ progeny segregated for mefenoxam resistance in a ratio of 1:1 (resistant: sensitive), indicating that the mefenoxam resistance is controled by a single dominant gene. Mating type was not linked to the mefenoxam-resistance gene locus. One RAPD marker linked in trans to the MEX locus was obtained by bulked segregant analysis using RAPD markers and was converted to a sequence characterized amplified region marker (SCAR). The SCAR maker identified in this study is a limited but useful tool for differentiating homozygous resistant isolates from sensitive isolates of P. nicotianae.     

Molecular basis of resistance to acetolactate synthase-inhibiting herbicides in Sisymbrium orientale and Brassica tournefortii

Three Australian Sisymbrium orientale and one Brassica tournefortii biotypes are resistant to acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicides due to their possession of an ALS enzyme with decreased sensitivity to these herbicides. Enzyme kinetic studies revealed no interbiotypic differences within species in K_m (pyruvate) (the substrate concentration at which the reaction rate is half maximal) but a greater V_max (the rate when the enzyme is fully saturated with substrate) for two of the resistant S orientale biotypes over susceptible levels. F₁ hybrids from reciprocal crosses between resistant and susceptible biotypes of S orientale showed an intermediate response to chlorsulfuron compared to the parental plants. ALS herbicide resistance in S orientale segregated in a 3:1 (resistant:susceptible) ratio in F₂ plants with a single rate of chlorsulfuron, indicating that resistance is inherited as a single, incompletely dominant nuclear gene. Two regions of the ALS structural gene known to vary in ALS-resistant biotypes were amplified and sequenced. Resistant S orientale biotypes NS01 and SS03 contained a single nucleotide substitution in Domain B, predicting a Trp (in susceptible) to Leu (in resistant) amino acid change. Two adjacent nucleotide substitutions (CC T to AT T) predicting a Pro (in susceptible) to Ile (in resistant) change in the primary amino acid sequence were identified in Domain A of resistant S orientale biotype SS01. Likewise, a single nucleotide substitution at the same site in the resistant B tournefortii biotype predicts a Pro (in susceptible) to Ala (in resistant) substitution. No other interbiotypic nucleotide differences predicted amino acid changes in the sequenced regions, suggesting that the amino acid substitutions reported above are responsible for resistance to ALS-inhibiting herbicides in the respective biotypes. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry     

New gene for bacterial blight resistance in rice located on chromosome 12 identified from minghui 63, an elite restorer line

ABSTRACT Bacterial blight, caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, is a serious disease of rice worldwide. A new dominant gene for bacterial blight resistance in rice, Xa25(t), was identified from Minghui 63, a restorer line for a number of rice hybrids that are widely cultivated in China. This gene conferred resistance to Philippine race 9 (PXO339) of X. oryzae pv. oryzae in both seedling and adult stages. It was mapped to the centromeric region of chromosome 12, 2.5 cM from a disease resistance gene-homologous sequence, NBS109, and 7.3 cM from a restriction fragment length polymorphism marker, G1314. The genomic location of this gene is similar to the previously identified blast resistance genes, Pi-ta and Pi-ta2.     

小麦抗白粉病基因Pm2的SSR标记筛选

为筛选与小麦抗白粉病基因Pm2紧密连锁的分子标记,将感病品种Chancellor与Pm2的近等基因系杂交,获得F1、F2分离群体,采用分离群体分组法对Pm2进行了微卫星(microsatellite,又称simple sequence repeats,SSR)标记分析.结果表明,定位于小麦5D染色体上的71对SSR引物中有12对引物能在Pm2的近等基因系、Chancellor间稳定地揭示出多态性差异,7对引物Xcfd189、Xcfd29、Xcfd8、Xcfd102、Xcfd7、Xcfd57和Xgwm190分别能在抗病、感病池间和F2分离群体的抗病、感病单株间稳定地扩增出特异性产物.7对引物所扩增的特异谱带分别为:Xcfd189360、Xcfd29190、Xcfd8160、Xcfd102250、Xcfd7200、Xcfd57245和Xgwm190210,它们与Pm2基因间的遗传距离分别为0、1.5、2.3、5.4、10.2、31.5和54.3 cM,其中标记Xcfd189360与Pm2共分离,标记Xcfd29190、Xcfd8160和Xcfd102250与Pm2紧密连锁,可用于Pm2的标记辅助选择.     

大豆对灰斑病菌15号小种的抗病基因定位及标记检测

为明确大豆对灰斑病菌15号小种的抗性位点,以大豆抗病品种垦丰16、感病品种绥农10及其杂交F₂、F₃代群体为试验材料,在接种鉴定的基础上,运用SSR标记技术及分离群体组群分析法(BSA法)对垦丰16抗病基因进行了定位,并应用108份大豆新品系对标记进行了符合性检测。结果表明,垦丰16对15号小种的抗性受1对显性基因控制,抗病基因位于大豆染色体组的J连锁群上,将该基因定名为Rcs15。用Mapmaker/Exp 3.0 b进行连锁分析,获得了5个与抗病基因紧密连锁的SSR标记:Satt 529、Satt 431、Sat_151、Satt 547和Sat_224,标记与抗病基因间的排列顺序和遗传距离为Sat_151-10.7 cM-Satt 529-18.5 cM- Rcs15-6.7 cM-Satt 547-7.8 cM-Sat_224-10.7 cM-Satt 431。标记符合性检测结果显示,Satt 547和Sat_224的检测准确率达到85%以上,可用于分子标记辅助选择育种和抗源筛选。     

Characterisation of a protein from Venturia inaequalis that induces necrosis in Malus carrying the Vm resistance gene

Apple scab (black spot) is caused by the fungus, Venturia inaequalis. Race 1 isolates of this fungus are avirulent on Malus hosts carrying the resistance gene V_m. Detached leaves from a V_m host (resistant, differential host 5) and ‘Royal Gala’ (susceptible, host 1) were inoculated with a conidial suspension of V. inaequalis. In the resistant reaction, a hypersensitive response (HR), characterised by necrosis and the accumulation of autofluorescent materials in epidermal and mesophyll cells, was observed at the site of fungal penetration. No HR was observed in the susceptible host. V. inaequalis grown in vitro produced an elicitor that induced necrosis, similar to the HR, when infiltrated into leaves of the resistant V_m host. No response, however, was observed in the susceptible host. The elicitor was proteinaceous and a fraction with elicitor activity was isolated using ultra-filtration, acetone precipitation and ion-exchange chromatography. The elicitor activity was resistant to boiling but it was abolished by digestion with proteinase K. The protein fraction contained three major proteins all with low isoelectric points (pI 3·0–4·5). The fraction also elicited necrosis in the differential host 4, but not in any of the other resistant hosts tested, including differential hosts 2, 3, and 6. Therefore, the fraction may contain elicitors with more than one host specificity.     

我国小麦地方品种蚂蚱麦、小白冬麦、游白兰、红卷芒抗白粉病性遗传分析

我国地方品种是小麦白粉病抗性的重要来源之一,为了对地方品种抗源的利用奠定基础,采用常规杂交方法,以感病品种Chancellor分别与我国小麦抗病地方品种蚂蚱麦、小白冬麦、游白兰、红卷芒进行正交和反交,获得F₁、F₂代。根据白粉菌菌株的毒谱选用E09菌株对Chancellor与小白冬麦、游白兰、红卷芒的杂交后代进行苗期抗性鉴定和统计分析,选用E30菌株对Chancellor与蚂蚱麦的杂交后代进行苗期抗性鉴定和统计分析。结果表明4个品种在正、反交情况下均表现出由一对隐性基因控制的抗性,说明这4个地方品种属于核遗传,其抗性是由一对隐性基因控制的。     

甘蓝型油菜对核盘菌及其毒素的抗性遗传分析

采用Griffing双列杂交第四类遗传试验设计,运用朱军发展的加性-显性遗传模型,直接估算了甘蓝型油菜抗核盘菌及其毒素草酸的遗传方差、遗传力和基因效应.抗病性鉴定采用温室病圃和草酸浸根鉴定法,它们分别鉴定了对核盘菌和草酸的抗性.结果表明,油菜对核盘菌及草酸的抗性加性方差和显性方差均极显著(P＜0.01),抗病性主要由加性和显性基因控制,且对核盘菌抗性的加性方差大于显性方差,而对草酸抗性则是显性方差大于加性方差.油菜对核盘菌和草酸的广义遗传力分别为0.750和0.576,狭义遗传力分别为0.403和0.236.高遗传力表明可通过适当的抗病性鉴定方法有效地培育抗病品种(系).基因效应评价结果表明,抗、感亲本的基因效应是不同的,其中抗病亲本783-3具有较理想的加性效应值,同时在多数组合中有较低的显性效应值,是抗病育种的优良亲本,而感病亲本相反.抗×感病的后代既可能为抗病,也可能为感病.     

Rph20: adult plant resistance gene to barley leaf rust can be detected at early growth stages

Rph20 is the only designated gene conferring adult plant resistance to leaf rust in barley, and to date, it has not displayed race specificity. It is not known at what particular growth stage the onset of Rph20 resistance occurs, or if the expression of the gene could be observed in controlled greenhouse assays. The present studies demonstrated that Rph20 can be identified reliably under greenhouse conditions in 5-week-old seedlings under normal temperature conditions (22?±?2 °C), although the resistance becomes effective at 4 weeks in certain genetic backgrounds. The resistance conferred by Rph20 was strongest and best expressed at cooler temperatures (18?±?2 °C). The effectiveness of Rph20 at cooler temperatures may have important implications in the epidemiology of barley leaf rust under field conditions, by preventing the carryover of inoculum through winter and early spring, leading to a delayed onset of rusting and subsequently lower, if any, yield losses. The detection of Rph20 in early growth stages could help simplifying the selection of the gene in breeding programs and in monitoring Puccinia hordei populations for pathogenicity.