烟草花药培养中染色体加倍的简便方法

花粉培养开始之前，直接用秋水仙碱处理烟草花蕾上剥离的花药，并对处理药的小孢子二倍化及其发育进行了研究。用产生小苗的花药占培养花药的百分数来表示处理对花药培养的影响，该百分率随秋水仙碱浓度和处理时间的增加而降低。由秋水仙碱处理的花药发育成的二倍体植株的比例较高。特别是０．４％秋水仙碱８小时处理获得的二倍体比例最高。长成的植株未出现二倍体嵌合体和生理损害。烟草单倍体育各中，花药培养开始之前用秋水仙碱处     

辐射亚洲百合鳞茎(M_1)染色体畸变研究

6 0 Coγ射线辐照亚洲百合Pollyana品种的鳞茎 ,辐照后的当代植株 (M1)花粉母细胞减数分裂出现明显的辐射效应 ,染色体数目和结构发生了变异。多次实验证明 ,花粉败育时期推测在四分体形成之后     

高温诱导银白杨花粉染色体加倍研究

以银白杨为试验材料,在掌握小孢子母细胞减数分裂规律的基础上采用高温处理诱导花粉染色体加倍,对不同处理温度和处理持续时间在不同减数分裂时期的诱导效果进行了研究。结果表明：温室水培条件下,银白杨完成小孢子母细胞减数分裂大约需3~4d,不同时期和花药颜色变化有相关性;高温诱导银白杨2n花粉的最佳时期是中期Ⅰ,处理条件为36℃持续4h,最高2n花粉百分率39.6%,平均2n花粉百分率32.75%。高温处理后导致银白杨散粉延迟,相对于同一环境条件下的正常花芽散粉晚大约2~3d, 且花粉量很少。     

秋水仙碱诱导银白杨花粉染色体加倍及其细胞学效应研究

为推动银白杨倍性育种进展,利用秋水仙碱溶液注射处理,对银白杨花粉染色体加倍技术进行了研究,并通过常规压片及间接免疫荧光技术观察了秋水仙碱处理对小孢子母细胞染色体行为和微管骨架分布的影响。结果表明:(1)施加秋水仙碱处理可诱导银白杨花粉染色体加倍,在小孢子母细胞减数分裂细线末期-粗线期施加0.5%秋水仙碱溶液注射处理7次,可获得最高达82.23%的2n花粉。由于注射处理5次与7次诱导效果差异不显著,从节约成本和降低毒害考虑,在实际应用中以0.5%秋水仙碱溶液注射处理5次为宜;(2)秋水仙碱处理导致银白杨小孢子母细胞减数分裂过程染色体行为异常,包括双线期细胞核仁数目增多、微核形成,终变期染色体紧贴核仁,中期I染色体发生极度收缩聚集成团;(3)受秋水仙碱影响,银白杨小孢子母细胞细胞质微管骨架分布发生紊乱。粗线期小孢子母细胞内微管骨架不再呈网状均匀分布于细胞质,而是聚集呈短带状,从而失去对染色体行为的控制。     

秋水仙碱诱导粗皮桉花粉染色体加倍研究

目前自然界仍未发现天然多倍体桉树的存在,建立人工诱导桉树未减数2n花粉技术体系对于推进桉树的多倍体种质创制及遗传改良的意义重大。本研究以粗皮桉为对象,探究其花蕾发育与小孢子母细胞减数分裂进程的特点,并对不同发育阶段花蕾施加秋水仙碱处理,诱导粗皮桉花粉染色体加倍。结果表明,待观察到小孢子母细胞减数分裂开始后48 h,即处于细线期至粗线期的花蕾占比最高时,在靠近花序位置的花枝上切口并导入0.5%浓度的秋水仙碱溶液处理6 h的效果最佳,人工诱导2n花粉的有效诱导率达到31.34%。诱导获得的粗皮桉2n花粉较普通单倍性花粉的形态差异显著。本研究揭示了粗皮桉花蕾发育与小孢子母细胞减数分裂的时序性关系,建立了基于花蕾着生位置和发育时数,即时判别粗皮桉小孢子母细胞减数分裂时期的方法,明确了采用秋水仙碱溶液处理诱导粗皮桉花粉染色体加倍的最佳时机和处理条件,为进一步开展桉树多倍体种质创新工作奠定了重要基础。     

利用快速原位杂交技术进行植物染色体细胞学分析

介绍一种用于植物染色体分析的快速荧光原位杂交技术（一个工作日内即可完成），该技术适用于大麦、鹰嘴豆、白三叶草、黍、黑麦、甘蔗、小麦、山羊草属亚种、赖草属亚种的染色体分析。整个基因组ＤＮＡ和克隆的核ｒＤＮＡ被用作探针。相对于传统方法而言该方案具有简洁、灵敏的优点，并使荧光原位杂交成为一项细胞学分析的常规技术。     

毛百合根尖染色体Giemsa C-带分析

本研究利用Giemsa C-带方法对毛百合（Lilium dahuricum Ker-Gawl）根尖染色体进行了分析。研究结果表明毛百合试管苗的染色体倍性变异丰富,染色体倍性变异包括二倍体（2n=2×=24）、三倍体（2n=3×=36）、四倍体（2n=4×=48）到六倍体（2n=6×=72）。对二倍体毛百合的C-带结果进行分析,其带型公式为：2n=2×=24=2CI＋＋2CI＋T＋T＋＋6I＋2I＋＋2I＋＋2I＋T＋＋2I＋T＋＋2I＋T＋＋2T＋＋2T＋。每条染色体上都显示出显著的特征带,而且带纹的深浅差异明显。强带主要集中在长短臂上。因此,GiemsaC-带方法可以将毛百合（L.dahuricum）的每条染色体区分开。     

泸定百合过氧化氢酶(Ls-Cat1)基因的克隆及表达分析

过氧化氢酶(CAT)参与植物的多种胁迫反应。为探究百合中的CAT基因与百合抗镰刀菌病害的关系,根据百合尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)诱导的泸定百合(Lilium sargentiae Wilson)SSH文库中筛选到的CAT基因中间序列片段,通过RACE结合RT-PCR技术从泸定百合中克隆到1个CAT基因全长c DNA序列,该基因全长1 743 bp,包含1个1 479 bp的开放阅读框,编码492个氨基酸,命名为LsCat1(Gen Bank登录号:KU355272)。序列比对分析表明,Ls-Cat1编码的氨基酸序列中包含已确定的CAT保守基序。系统进化树分析显示,Ls-Cat1与其它物种CAT基因编码的氨基酸序列具有较高的相似性。qPCR结果显示,Ls-Cat1经百合镰刀菌诱导后明显上调表达,推测该基因可能与百合抗镰刀菌病害相关。本研究结果为揭示百合对镰刀菌枯萎病的抗病分子机制提供了一定的理论依据。     

Effect of sublethal chlorinated discharges on PCB accumulation in transplanted Asiatic clams (Corbicula fluminea)

From 1987–1990, uncontaminated Asiatic clams (Corbicula fluminea) were placed in cages and transplanted into two streams receiving industrial discharges to help identify and quantify polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) contamination to the streams. Clams accumulated substantial PCB residues at most sites monitored, with the exception of the sites closest to chlorinated discharges. Clams placed nearest to the chlorinated stream reaches consistently underestimated PCB contamination, based on the amount of PCBs found in fish and sediment at those sites. In a separate experiment, clams exposed in stream-side tanks to untreated (total residual chlorine ranged from 0.02–0.07 mg^?1 L daily) and dechlorinated stream water exhibited differing degrees of valve movement, growth, and PCB accumulation after a four-week exposure to the two treatments. Clams exposed to untreated (chlorinated) stream water closed their shells more often, exhibited less growth, and accumulated substantially lower PCB concentrations than clams exposed to dechlorinated stream water. Clams apparently close their shells to avoid chlorine exposure, thus isolating clam tissues from PCBs found in the stream water and in the clams' food. Because chlorine and PCBs occur together in many industrial discharges, this finding is a significant consideration for monitoring programs that utilize clams to assess PCB bioavailability.     

水稻二化螟雄蛾飞行活动节律的研究

利用性信息素技术试验研究了水稻二化螟越冬代和第 1代雄蛾飞行活动节律 ,确定其飞行起止时间为1 6 :0 0～ 6 :0 0 ,高峰期为 1 9:0 0～ 2 4 :0 0。第 1代雄蛾较越冬代雄蛾飞行能力低 ,其活动高峰期推迟了 2h ,且第 1代雄蛾 1 :0 0～ 2 :0 0时有一小活动高峰期。在较大面积二化螟诱捕中心区与边缘地带单盆诱蛾量有明显差异 ,而边缘地带二化螟雄蛾种群密度较大 ,这是因其种群迁入所致     

柚(Citrus grandis Osbeck)第一染色体的显微分离

本研究利用显微操作技术分离木本果树植物柚单个染色体，以Guan溪蜜柚的20个良好的染色体分裂相为基础，建立Guan溪蜜柚染色体核型图，并以此为依据，识别第一染色体，红显微操作，将单条是一染色体放入Eppendorf管中，为木本植物小型染色体的微切割，微分离和微克隆奠定了基础。     

东方百合鳞茎更新发育的碳同化物积累与分配

本文通过测量不同发育时期的碳水化合物含量来研究东方百合“Sorbonne”的碳代谢。东方百合鳞茎中的淀粉含量自下种后迅速下降,可溶性总糖和蔗糖含量在内层鳞片中于盛花期前逐渐增加,随后呈下降趋势。用扫描电镜观察到鳞片细胞中明显的淀粉颗粒,并随鳞茎的发育充满整个细胞腔。14C示踪技术分析表明,含苞期的14C-同化物分配以地上部为主,集中在花苞部位;花后期的14C-同化物分配以地下鳞茎为主,其中下位叶标记处理的鳞茎分配量占植株总14C的比例达85.8%,证实了植株的光合产物在花后期主要供应鳞茎发育膨大所需。     

Hybridization Between Wild and Domesticated Types of Phaseolus vulgaris L. (Fabaceae) in Argentina

A polymorphic population of Phaseolus vulgaris L. var. aborigineus (Burkart) Baudet growing in northwestern Argentina was studied. In order to know the origin of this polymorphism, plants belonging to the var. aborigineus, others showing floral dimorphism and individuals with weedy type characters were collected. Their seeds, obtained after fieldwork treatments of autogamy and free pollination in order to know their reproductive system, were sown in a greenhouse. Information of their growth was recorded and several numerical analyses were performed. With the results obtained, we concluded that those individuals that showed floral dimorphism are probably a result of hybridization and/or introgression between the var. aborigineus and cultivated forms that grow in the area. This hypothesis is supported by the presence of divergent segregation in the offspring. Also, the offspring of the F1 was followed and allowed us to conclude the possible existence of degeneration of the hybrid progeny. This degeneration indicates that an unwanted gene flow in the area could lead to a decline in the wild bean population. The vigour and high reproductive success of the offspring belonging to the individuals corresponding to the var. aborigineus, whose progenitor was treated for outcrossing, and the existence of plants with weedy type characteristics, are indicative of the necessity to preserve this germplasm in order to evaluate its agronomic potential as brief as possible. The population here studied constitutes a wild-weed–crop complex growing in Argentina.     

烟草染色体倍性快速鉴定方法

摘要: 对两个杂交组合(G28 × NC2326和K326 × Coker176) F1烟草 (Nicotiana tabacum) 花药培养诱导出763个不同倍性植株。基于植株的花和种子结实率常规鉴定倍性水平比较，用气孔保卫细胞叶绿体数目预测植株倍性准确率达93.52%。表明采用气孔保卫细胞叶绿体计数法可以在苗期快速、准确地确定植株染色体倍性。同时, 在移栽前间接地鉴定、筛选出叶绿体数<14的单倍体苗，作进一步秋水仙碱加倍处理，以减少对单倍体材料的浪费，加快DH群体构建速度。     

A New Basic Chromosome Number for the Genus Brachiaria (Trin.)Griseb. (Poaceae: Panicoideae: Paniceae)

The genus Brachiaria (Trin.) Griseb. has been characterized as having two basic chromosome numbers to this date: x = 7 and x = 9, with the predominance of the latter. Cytological studies performed on five accessions of Brachiaria dictyoneura (Fig. et De Not.). Stapf revealed a new chromosome number for the genus, x = 6. The origin of x = 6 is still unknown. All accessions examined for this species presented 2n = 24 and typical meiotic abnormalities of polyploids. The use of such accessions in the Brachiaria hybridization breeding program is discussed.     

现代百合品种培育的技术途径及其杂交特殊现象的机制

为了减少百合(Lilium)育种的盲目性,提高育种效率,本文主要以作者在百合育种工作中的结果和经验为基础,对现代百合品种与野生种的关系、百合组内杂交和组间杂交的差异、现代百合品种的育种途径、非整倍体百合的培育以及百合杂交中特殊现象的机制与新假说(即:百合倍性间杂交的胚乳中含有5个或以上相同基因组是其发育和杂交成功之关键)等方面进行了概述,为百合育种工作者提供有益的参考资料。     

小麦背景中披碱草部分染色体的FISH鉴定

为了建立小麦背景中粗穗披碱草(Elymus trachycaulus)和纤毛披碱草(Elymus ciliaris)染色体的跟踪鉴定方法,本研究利用寡聚核苷酸Oligo-pSc119.2-1和Oligo-pTa-535-1为探针的双色荧光原位杂交(FISH)和以(GAA)8为探针的单色FISH,分别对4个小麦-粗穗披碱...