Introduction of Pinus radiata for afforestation： a review with reference to Aba, China

Pinus radiata D. Don, native to a Californian coastal environment, has been introduced to many parts of the world as an exotic species for afforestation. It is now a major plantation species in the Southern Hemisphere. In 1990, it was introduced to the heavily degraded, dry Min river valley area in Aba prefecture of Sichuan Province, P. R. China. Survival and growth of young trees planted at several sites appear to be reasonable. This review is to serve as an introduction to the large body of literature on P.radiata for forest scientists in China. It covers the following aspects: P. radiata in its native environment and in ex situ plantations,provenance and genetic variations, environmental limitations and climate niche, diseases and pests, lessons from unsuccessful introductions, and the use of P. radiata for ecological restoration. The early growth of P. radiata planted in the dry river valley area is briefly described. Potential problems associated with the introduction of P. radiata in Aba and future research needs are also identified.     

Problems and relevant strategies on natural forest protection in Changbai Mountain forest area

Changbai Mountain forest area is not only is a national timber base but also a green ecological defense for Songliao Plain of NE China. The Natural Forest Protection Project of this area has an important bearing on the social and economic sustainable development of Jilin Province or even the whole forest area in NE China. This paper summarized general conditions of natural forest in Changbai Mountain state-owned forest area and put forward six problems need to be urgently solved and five strategic suggestions on natural forest protection and sustainable management.     

Discussion on Status and Functions of China’s Forestry

In recent years, the quantity and quality of global forest resources are declining continually. Contrarily, the both in China are increasing, which is deeply related to the sustainable forest management and eco-system management in China. With the trend that world community knows more about the important role of forest, more and more functions of forest are recognized. The impact and functions of China’s forestry deserve more concern. Based on some experiences in the field of forestry research, the authors introduced and analyzed the key role of China’s forestry for the sustainable development, and explained the functions of China’s forestry, such as ensuring ecological safety, addressing climate change, improving economic development, promoting social harmony and prospering ecological culture.     

Analysis of Forest Biodiversity Changes in China

By reference of the evaluative data of forest biodiversity changes in China from 1973 to 1998, the variation analysis models of the pressure index of forest biodiversity, forest ecosystem diversity and forest species diversity, as well as the general index of forest biodiversity are developed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Furthermore established is the relevant model of mutation of forest diversity potential functions. This paper points out that changes of forest biodiversity are generally unsteady, especially for the pressure index . The ecosystem diversity index and the species diversity index always fluctuate, resulting in the erratic changes or mutations of general index of forest biodiversity in China.     

Characteristics of soil seed bank in plantation forest in the rocky mountain region of Beijing, China

We investigated characteristics (scales and composition) of soil seed banks at eight study sites in the rocky mountain region of Beijing by seed identification and germination monitoring. We also surveyed the vegetation communities at the eight study sites to explore the role of soil seed banks in vegetation restoration. The storage capacity of soil seed banks at the eight sites ranked from 766.26 to 2461.92 seeds·m -2 . A total of 23 plant species were found in soil seed banks, of which 63 80% of seeds were herbs in various soil layers and 60% of seeds were located in the soil layer at 0 5cm depth. Biodiversity indices indicated clear differences in species diversity of soil seed banks among different plant communities. The species composition of aboveground vegetation showed low similarity with that based on soil seed banks. In the above- ground plant community, the afforestation tree species showed high importance values. The plant species originating from soil seed banks represented natural regeneration, which also showed relatively high importance values. This study suggests that in the rocky mountain region of Beijing the soil seed banks played a key role in the transformation from pure plantation forest to near-natural forest, promoting natural ecological processes, and the role of the seed banks in vegetation restoration was important to the improvement of ecological restoration methods.     

Mapping the potential distribution suitability of 16 tree species under climate change in northeastern China using Maxent modellingOA

Knowledge on the potential suitability of tree species to the site is very important for forest management planning. Natural forest distribution provides a good reference for afforestation and forest restoration. In this study, we developed species distribution model(SDM) for 16 major tree species with 2,825 permanent sample plots with natural origin from Chinese National Forest Inventory data collected in Jilin Province using the Maxent model. Three types of environmental factors including bioc...     

Evaluating Natural Forest Management Efficiency

According to the structure-based forest management theory,the appraisal indices system of natural forest management efficiency was established from spatial utilization,species diversity, constructive species competition and tree composition,which could be used to depict stand status,and its metewand was given.Relative weight was endowed by The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP),and then the conception of natural forest management efficiency comprehensive appraisal index was put forward for the first time and applied to four different sampling plots of natural forest, three of them from Dongdapo forest region,Jiaohe, Jilin province,and one from Baihua forest area, Xiaolongshan,Gansu province,China.The results are as following:the stand status was obviously improved after being managed and plot A,B got a mark of "medium" while C and D were "perfect". From high to low,the arrangement of forest management efficiency comprehensive appraisal index was C>D>A>B.This appraisal result abided by the phenomenon detected in the practical field.The forest management efficiency comprehensive appraisal index brought up in this paper could be taken as a way of comprehensive quantitative change of stand state which directly reflects the effort of forest management and affords scientific basis of natural forest management effort.     

Effects of management regimes on carbon sequestration under the Natural Forest Protection Program in northeast China

Carbon sinks constitute an important element within the complex phenomenon of global climate change,and forest ecosystems are important global carbon sinks.The Natural Forest Protection Program(NFPP) is an ecological program in China that was established after catastrophic flooding in the country in 1998.The goals of the NFPP are to curb the deterioration of the ecological environment,strengthen the protection and restoration of habitat to increase biodiversity,and rehabilitate natural forests to support sustainable development in forest regions.This study looked at changes in carbon sequestration in a forested area of northeast China after the inception of the NFPP.The program divides China's natural forests into three classes—commercial and two types of noneconomic forests—that are subject to management regimes prescribing varying levels of timber harvest,afforestation,and reforestation.During the 18-year period from 1998 to 2015,the total amount of carbon sequestration increased at an average annual rate of 0.04 MT C.This trend reflects a transformation of forest management practices after implementation of the NFPP that resulted in prohibited and/or restricted logging and tighter regulation of allowable harvest levels for specific areas.In documenting this trend,guidelines for more effective implementation of forestry programs such as the NFPP in other countries in the future are also suggested.     

Using Virus to Restore and Construct Stable Forest Ecosystem for Pest Insects Control

Using the viruses to sustainable control forest pest insects were reviewed in this paper. And the status of forest pest insects and bio-control technique in China were introduced. The criterion of stable ecological system and the methods of restoration and construction were also analyzed. Meanwhile, the experiment in which 4 species of insect viruses were used and successfully control the forest pest insects persistently indicate that the insect viruses play an important role in restoring and constructing stable forest ecology system.     

Management Strategies and Research Orientations of Forest Diseases and Pests in China

Forest diseases and pests are perceived as a growing hazard to China economy. It is a common conclusion that the actualities of forest pests in china are no effective measures to the old important pests, some secondary pests are ascending to chief pests, increasing devastation from exotic pests, frequent ecological pest eruption induced by environmental detriment and host-leading diseases to threaten the "Western Development Project "in China, which is the most important economical strategy to China; that inducement of current forest pests results from ecological function loss and dangerous exoticpest intruding, On the basis of these cognitions, we suggest that strategies of management pests to natural forest would be stressed to maintain its innate capacities to adjust pests in virgin forest and resume such function in intermpted one, that to artificial forest would establish self-control in afforestated stands and develop resistant tree varieties and species, especially those in landscape trees. In re     

中国吉林森林生态网络现状与展望

本文概要介绍了吉林省生态环境概况、林业建设成就与问题,论述了本省森林生态网络建设面临的任务及亟待解决的八个方面的问题,并对生物技术、信息技术、新材料技术及无公害森林保健技术在森林生态网络建设的应用前景进行了展望。参9。     

吉林省森林生态建设面临的问题和对策(英文)

吉林省是我国重要林业省份,本文分析了吉林省生态建设现状和趋势,揭示了所面临的生态与经济问题。将吉林省划分为三个经济区：中西部农牧区、东部低山丘陵多种经营区和长白山国有林区。讨论了每个区的生态建设、发展方向和任务,并对该省的林业生态可持续发展提出了对策和建议。     

大黑山生态修复区典型植物群落物种多样性变化特征分析

以大黑山水土保持生态修复工程示范区为研究区域,运用典型植物群落物种组成和群落物种多样性指数方法,对大黑山水土保持生态修复区典型植物群落物种多样性变化特征进行了研究,结果表明,生态修复区内天然次生林植物群落形成了乔灌草相结合的稳定的植物群落结构。人工林植物群落按生长型可以划为明显的乔木层和草本层2层群落结构类型;典型植物群落物种多样性指数的排序为:蒙古栎+蒙椴植物群落(Ⅱ)>山杏+黄榆植物群落(Ⅰ)>蒙古栎植物群落(Ⅲ)>油松+山杏混交植物群落(Ⅴ)>油松纯林植物群落(Ⅳ)>油松+沙棘混交植物群落(Ⅵ)>油松疏林植物群落(Ⅶ)。天然次生林植物群落的物种多样性要大于人工林植物群落。天然次生林植物群落由于远离人类活动区,长期以来受人为干扰较小,逐渐形成了相对比较发达的草本层植物群落。     

Understory diversity and composition after planting of teak and mahogany in Yogyakarta,Indonesia

ABSTRACT

Forest rehabilitation is when a desired tree species is planted in degraded forests or lands. Rehabilitation by planting a single tree species is a common way to restore exploited forests to maintain ecological processes. We compared woody and herbaceous understory vegetation between forests rehabilitated by mahogany (N = 12) or teak (N = 12) planted from 1941 until 2003 in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Understory vegetation of these areas was compared with that of three native forests. Species richness, species diversity, density of plants and proportion of native plants did not differ between the rehabilitated areas and the native forest. Recently rehabilitated areas were different from the native forests while 41–74 yr after rehabilitation, characteristics of understory vegetation approached those of native forest. We described species composition using ordination, and found it to differ between areas rehabilitated with teak and with mahogany and, particularly, between the rehabilitated areas and the native forests. Time since rehabilitation and tree species planted were important for the species composition of understory vegetation. We conclude that the selection of species for rehabilitation and letting rehabilitated areas mature are important for understory development and species diversity.     

Intensive tree planting facilitates tropical forest biodiversity and biomass accumulation in Kibale National Park, Uganda

The extensive area of degraded tropical land and the calls to conserve forest biodiversity and sequester carbon to offset climate change demonstrate the need to restore forest in the tropics. Deforested land is sometimes replanted with fast-growing trees; however, the consequences of intensive replanting on biomass accumulation or plant and animal diversity are poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to determine how intensive replanting affected tropical forest regeneration and biomass accumulation over ten years. We studied reforested sites in Kibale National Park, Uganda, that were degraded in the 1970s and replanted with five native tree species in 1995. We identified and measured the size of planted versus naturally regenerating trees, and felled and weighed matched trees outside the park to calculate region-specific allometric equations for above-ground tree biomass. The role of shrubs and grasses in facilitating or hindering the establishment of trees was evaluated by correlating observed estimates of percent cover to tree biomass. We found 39 tree species naturally regenerating in the restored area in addition to the five originally planted species. Biomass was much higher for planted (15,675 kg/ha) than naturally regenerated trees (4560 kg/ha), but naturally regenerating tree regrowth was an important element of the landscape. The establishment of tree seedlings initially appeared to be facilitated by shrubs, primarily Acanthus pubescens and the invasive Lantana camara; however, both are expected to hinder tree recruitment in the long-term. Large and small-seeded tree species were found in the replanted area, indicating that bird and mammal dispersers contributed to natural forest restoration. These results demonstrate that intensive replanting can accelerate the natural accumulation of biomass and biodiversity and facilitate the restoration of tropical forest communities. However, the long-term financial costs and ecological benefits of planting and maintaining reforested areas need to be weighed against other potential restoration strategies.     

珠海市淇澳岛红树林引种扩种问题的探讨

文章论述了珠海淇澳岛引种扩种红树植物的重要意义；分析了引种无瓣海桑对红树资源的恢复，物种多样性和林分质量的提高，乡土植物的天然更新和扩散，大米草的控制等作用；并探讨了无瓣海桑引种对生态的影响。最后还提出了红树林引种扩种需要加强的措施。     

桂西南岩溶区不同恢复模式群落生物量及林下植物多样性

[目的]研究桂西南岩溶区不同恢复模式群落的生物量及其林下植物多样性的特点,为该区域的生物多样性保护、生态功能恢复效果评价积累基础数据。[方法]以桂西南岩溶区4种不同恢复模式为研究对象,采用样方法对林下植物多样性进行研究;采用收获法研究灌木层与草本层的地上、地下生物量及凋落物层现存量;采用异速生长模型来估算乔木层的地上生物量,并参考IPCC根茎比来量化乔木的地下生物量。[结果]表明:共调查记录林下植物85种,隶属于46科,81属,其中,灌木植物25科,46属,50种;草本植物21科,35属,35种;不同恢复模式群落生物量的变化趋势为自然恢复林(166.66 t·hm-2)任豆林(48.61 t·hm-2)吊丝竹林(36.54 t·hm-2)灌草坡(0.96 t·hm-2)。[结论]不同恢复模式灌木层物种丰富度差异不显著,最高的为灌草坡(16种),其次为任豆林(15种),最低为自然恢复林(12种);草本层物种丰富度最高的为任豆林(12种),其次为灌草坡(10种),最低为自然恢复林(4种)。自然恢复林乔木不同组分生物量与任豆林、吊丝竹林之间差异显著(P0.05);灌草坡的灌木、草本地上生物量与吊丝竹林、任豆林、自然恢复林之间差异显著(P0.05)。吊丝竹林、任豆林的灌草生物量表现为草本层灌木层,而灌草坡与自然恢复林的灌草生物量则表现为灌木层草本层。     

碳中和战略下林业碳汇引入生态修复司法之效能探究

2022年以来,部分法院接力推动林业碳汇引入生态修复司法的进程,并最终得到司法解释的认可,形成了林业碳汇替代性赔偿方案。林业碳汇交易系实现碳达峰、碳中和的重要路径,生态环境司法也提出要服务碳达峰、碳中和的实现。在此背景下,分析该方案的实践样态,探查林业碳汇引入生态修复司法的现实需求、原有制度的缺陷以及引入基础,揭示林业碳汇替代性赔偿方案的潜在效能,特别是其对碳达峰、碳中和战略的重要意义,从而尝试给出加速林业碳汇法律化进程,明确林业碳汇替代性赔偿方案的属性及实用领域等针对性优化建议。     

Nitrogen dynamics during ecosystem development in tropical forest restoration

We considered whether ecological restoration using high diversity of native tree species serves to restore nitrogen dynamics in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. We measured δ¹⁵N and N content in green foliage and soil; vegetation N:P ratio; and soil N mineralization in a preserved natural forest and restored forests of ages 21 and 52 years. Green foliage δ¹⁵N values, N content, N:P ratio, inorganic N and net mineralization and nitrification rates were all higher, the older the forest. Our findings indicate that the recuperation of N cycling has not been achieved yet in the restored forests even after 52 years, but show that they are following a trajectory of development that is characterized by their N cycling intensity becoming similar to a natural mature forest of the same original forest formation. This study demonstrated that some young restored forests are more limited by N compared to mature natural forests. We document that the recuperation of N cycling in tropical forests can be achieved through ecological restoration actions.     

The role of exotic tree species in Nordic forestry

The selection of suitable tree species is a prerequisite for successful forestry, and the use of exotic species as an alternative to native species is often a relevant option. In this paper, we discuss this option in relation to the present and future wood production in Nordic forestry. We revisit the vegetation and forest history and its implications for the interest in using exotic species. We review to what extent exotic species can contribute to increased economic returns from forest plantings and the potential negative ecological effects associated with introduction of new species. Considering the expected climate changes, we discuss whether and how the increased use of exotic species can contribute to sustained and increased health and productivity of Nordic forests without jeopardising ecological and social values.