Influence of drying methods and agronomic variables on the chemical composition of mate tea leaves (Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hil) obtained from high-pressure CO2 extraction

The main objective of this work is to assess the influence of two drying methods (microwave and vacuum oven) and some agronomic variables (plant fertilization conditions and sunlight intensity) on the characteristics of mate tea (Ilex paraguariensis) leaves extracts obtained from high-pressure carbon dioxide extractions performed in the temperature range from 20 to 40 degrees C and from 100 to 250 bar. Samples of mate were collected in an experiment conducted under agronomic control at Ervateira Bar?o LTDA, Brazil. Chemical distribution of the extracts was evaluated by gas chromatography coupled with a mass spectrometer detector (GC/MS). In addition to extraction variables, results showed that both sample drying methods and agronomic conditions exert a pronounced influence on the extraction yield and on the chemical distribution of the extracts.     

Influence of agronomic variables on the macronutrient and micronutrient contents and thermal behavior of mate tea leaves (Ilex paraguariensis)

The influence of agronomic variables (light intensity, age of leaves, and fertilization type) on the content of macronutrients and micronutrients (potassium, calcium, sodium, magnesium, manganese, iron, zinc, and copper) of tea leaves was assessed by acid digestion, followed by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). The thermal behavior of mate tea leaves (Ilex paraguariensis) was also studied in this work. Samples of mate (Ilex paraguariensis) were collected in an experiment conducted under agronomic control at Erva-Mate Bar?o Commerce and Industry LTD (Brazil). The results showed that the mineral content in mate is affected by the agronomic variables investigated. In general, the content of mineral compounds analyzed is higher for younger leaves and for plants cultivated in shadow. Thermal analysis of samples indicated a similar behavior, with three typical steps of decomposition: loss of water, degradation of low-molecular weight compounds, and degradation of residual materials.     

Quantitation of methylxanthinic alkaloids and phenolic compounds in mate (Ilex paraguariensis) and their effects on blood vessel formation in chick embryos

Methylxanthinic alkaloids and phenolic compounds are related to the therapeutic properties of Ilex paraguariensis infusions. Considering the known vascular tropism of xanthines, an aqueous extract (mate) and caffeine were evaluated on blood vessel formation, in connection with the analysis of those secondary metabolites, which was performed in young and mature leaf samples collected in three cultivation systems located in the southern region in Brazil (Santa Catarina State). Samples of young and mature leaves from a monoculture cultivation system (MC) showed the highest content of phenolic compounds (149.68 microg/mL, young leaves; 135.50 microg/mL, mature leaves) and caffeine (young leaves, 148.07 microg/mL; mature leaves, 244.63 microg/mL) as compared to samples from agroforesty (AF) and shaded-native (NT) cultures. Theophylline was not detected in samples by reverse phase-high performance liquid chromatography, and mature leaves showed lower theobromine amounts (11.46 microg/mL). Treatments performed with mate aqueous extract and caffeine (1.03-4.12 microM/disk) in the yolk sac vascular membranes of 2-day-old chick embryos revealed pro-vasculo- and angiogenic properties as well as embryonic growth enhancement. These findings, uncoupled from any detectable embryotoxic effect, suggest a potential therapeutic and/or prophylactic use in cardiovascular disorders for caffeine and related constituents of mate plant extracts, an issue that waits further studies.     

The role of macronutrients in cabbage-head formation

Abstract

Cabbage plants were grown at graded levels of nitrogen supply and light intensity, and the combined effects on cabbage-head development were studied during the spring and autumn seasons.

The cabbage-head yield (i.e. dry weight of inner head leaves) was the highest at 50 ppm N in the nutrient solution, followed by 500 and 5 ppm N at full light intensity, and decreased with decrease in the, light intensity by shading. The decrease in cabbage-head yield caused by the shading was greater at high nitrogen levels during the autumn (low solar energy) season than during the spring (high solar energy) season. As the nitrogen supply increased or the light intensity decreased during both the spring and autumn seasons, nitrogen, especially soluble N, accumulated and the carbohydrate (sugar and starch) content decreased in the plants. Cabbage-head development occurred efficiently when the total N content in the outer leaves remained at about 2–3% and the carbohydrate production was large at full light intensity.     

Selective liquid CO2 extraction of purine alkaloids in different Ilex paraguariensis progenies grown under environmental influences

In this investigation, liquid carbon dioxide at 20 degrees C and 150 bar was used for the selective extraction of caffeine and theobromine from dry leaves of mate. A comparison between the chromatograms from CO2 extraction and traditional solvent extraction supports the selectivity of carbon dioxide for these purine alkaloids. The advantages of selective liquid CO2 extraction in terms of speed and resolution of UV/HPLC is also evidenced. A randomized block design of experiments was proposed to investigate the influence of 16 progenies of Ilex paraguariensis grown in 3 diverse sites on the contents of caffeine and theobromine in liquors of mate leaves obtained by extraction with compressed CO2. A significant effect of both these factors on the parameters investigated was observed by involving the F distribution in the statistical analysis. A cluster analysis based on the experimental uncertainties in the contents of these two methylxanthines has identified from four to six different groups of mate progenies.     

遮光处理对温室黄瓜幼龄植株叶片光合参数的影响

以黄瓜品种“津优35号”为试材,在温室内设置遮光20%（T1）、遮光40%（T2）和遮光60%（T3）3个处理,处理时间为5、10、15、20、25d,以自然光强为对照（CK）,测定不同处理下黄瓜幼龄植株叶片光合参数和荧光参数。结果表明：遮光处理下黄瓜叶片的叶绿素a、叶绿素b和总叶绿素含量均有不同程度增加,叶绿素a/b的值减小,遮光25d后,T3、T2、T1处理的叶绿素a含量较CK分别高30.6%、16.5%、15.4%;不同遮光处理下黄瓜叶片的光饱和点（LSP）、最大光合速率（Pmax）以及表观量子效率（AQE）随着处理天数的增加而减小,光补偿点（LCP）则随处理天数的增加而升高。处理25d后,T1、T2、T3处理的黄瓜叶片气孔导度分别较CK低47.3%、57.4%、57.9%,蒸腾速率分别比CK低34.7%、34.0%和52.4%;随着处理天数的增加,黄瓜叶片的气孔限制值（Ls）和水分利用效率（WUE）均呈增加趋势;遮光处理黄瓜叶片的光系统II潜在效率（Fv/Fm）随着遮光天数的增加呈下降趋势,而光化学淬灭（qP）减小,同时非光化学淬灭(qN)增大。本研究证实遮光导致黄瓜叶片叶绿素含量增加,光合能力降低。     

若干阔叶树树冠各层叶气孔密度及光照条件对气孔密度的影响

４０种阔叶树树冠的外、中、内层同龄叶中，均以外层叶的气孔密度最高，其次为中层叶，内层叶气孔密度最低。新银合欢和马尖相思幼苗在高光照强度下所形成的叶气孔密度最高，中等光照者次之，低光照者最低。在蓝光照射下形成的叶气孔密度最高，其次为红光照射者，自然漫射光下最低。这说明光照强度和光波长对气孔密度有深刻影响。     

Stimulatory effect on pea of Typha Angustifolia L. extracts and their chemical composition

In this study, the influence of aqueous and organic extracts of different plant parts (flowers, leaves, and stems) of Typha angustifolia on the germination and early seedling growth of field pea (Pisum sativum L.) was evaluated. Chemical composition of extracts of different plant parts of Typha was also determined. Aqueous (20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 g L^?1) and organic extracts (at 0.5, 1, and 2 mg mL^?1) were applied to the seeds of two pea cultivars, Douce de Provence and Lincoln, placed in Petri dishes. Application of extracts had a beneficial effect on germination and early seedling growth of both pea cultivars. However, aqueous extract of leaves showed the most beneficial effect at 60 and 40 g L^?1 for the cultivars Douce de Provence and Lincoln, respectively. The effect could be attributed to the allelochemicals present in the aqueous extracts. Petroleum ether and chloroform extracts of leaves had the most stimulating effect on the germination and early seedling growth of pea. Analysis of Typha extracts indicated the presence of vitamin E in leaves, which could be responsible forthis stimulation. Moreover, Typha leaves also had substantial amount of flavonoids. In conclusion, the allelopathic activity of of Typha was dependent on the plant part, the solvent nature, the concentration of the extracts tested, and on the pea cultivar. Application of leaf extract was the most effective in improving the germination rate and early seedling growth of pea.     

利用3D模型模拟天空与叶面散射对玉米冠层截光率的影响

该文利用并行蒙特卡罗光线跟踪模型定量分析了天空散射与叶片散射对玉米冠层截光率的影响.模拟试验表明:相同辐射强度时,冠层截获的光强与受剑照射的叶片在天空散射时都比直接辐射时多;当太阳高度角小于60°时,冠层在阴大截获的总光强小于晴大,但至少60%的叶片在阴大截获的光强大于晴大时截获的光强;叶片散射对冠层光分布的影响与波长...     

高CO2浓度和遮荫对小麦叶片光能利用特性及产量构成因子的影响

CO2和光能是植物光合作用的动力和底物,它们的变化必然引起植物光合特性和生长的变化。研究大气CO2浓度和光强变化对植物光合生理的影响,有利于认识作物对全球生态变化的生理响应机制。试验以高大气CO2浓度和遮荫为处理手段,通过测定小麦(Triticum aestivum)旗叶的光合气体交换参数、光强光合速率响应曲线和产量构成因子,分析光强光能利用效率之间的关系,研究高大气CO2浓度(760μmol.mol 1)和遮荫对小麦叶片光合特性及产量构成因子的影响。结果表明,高大气CO2浓度下,小麦叶片的净光合速率(Pn)增加;同时最大净光合速率(Pnmax)、光饱和点(LSP)、光补偿点(LCP)显著升高;遮荫处理使小麦叶片的Pnmax、LSP、LCP降低。正常光照下大气CO2浓度升高使小麦叶片呼吸速率(Rd)显著下降,遮荫后大气CO2浓度升高对Rd无显著影响。大气CO2浓度升高能显著提高小麦叶片表观量子效率(AQY),而遮荫对AQY的影响因大气CO2浓度而异,高大气CO2浓度下遮荫使AQY显著提高,正常大气CO2浓度下遮荫则使AQY明显下降。高大气CO2浓度下遮荫使小麦株高、穗长增加,而穗粒数、单株穗粒重、千粒重减小。受光合特性的变化和光强限制,高大气CO2浓度下遮荫使小麦叶片呼吸增强,导致Pn下降,不利于干物质积累和籽粒产量的形成。     

Use of 1,10‐phenanthroline in estimating metabolically active iron in plants

Abstract

If calcifuges are forced to grow on a calcareous soil, they usually develop chlorosis. However, total leaf iron (Fe) does not often correlate well with Fe deficiency symptoms. The extraction of ‘active’ Fe by 1 M HCl or Fe chelators, e.g., 1,10‐phenanthroline, may reflect the relation between chlorosis and Fe‐concentration in the leaves better than total Fe does. Extraction of ‘active’ Fe from leaves of wild plants by 1,10‐phenanthroline, citric acid and HC1 was compared. The 1,10‐phenanthroline was chosen for further methodological studies. All samples were extracted at indoor light conditions and analyzed by AAS because dark incubation did not influence the oxidation state of Fe and non‐specific light absorbance seemed to be high in colorimetric analysis. Washing of leaf material with H₂O seemed to clean the leaf surfaces equally well as with 0.1 M HCl. Only fresh leaf material was extracted, as pretreatment (freezing or drying) changed the extractability of Fe. An extraction time of 16 h was adequate for the herbaceous plants tested but not for Carex pilulifera, where extracted Fe increased linearly with time. The age of the extractant solution may play a role because 1,10‐phenanthroline had lost part of its chelation capacity after 6 weeks. The ratio of leaf weight:extractant volume did not influence the amount of Fe extracted, provided the same amount of chelator was supplied. The 1,10‐phenanthroline did not interfere with the Fe determination by AAS, and HCl pH 3 as used for the preparation of the extractants had only a marginal influence on Fe extractability compared to 1,10‐phenanthroline at pH 3. To get comparable results the extraction method should be standardized as much as possible. Samples can be stored in the refrigerator for several hours before adding the extractant and the extracts can be stored for a few days or frozen and measured on the same day, with the same instrument setting.     

LED绿光对生菜生长和品质的影响

在全人工光型植物工厂内以水培奶油生菜（Lactuca sativa L.）为试验材料,运用光质及光强可调节的LED植物生长灯,以8：00-24：00照射强度为200μmol·m-2·s-1的白光为基础光（对照W）,依次以强度为50（WG50）、100（WG100）、150μmol·m?2·s?1（WG150）的绿光取代相等强度的白光照射生菜,并测定生菜叶片生物量、形态、叶片数以及叶绿素、硝态氮、维生素C、可溶性糖、粗纤维和淀粉的含量,以探究绿光对生菜生长及品质的影响,为LED绿光的供光策略提供参考。结果表明：（1）在50μmol·m-2·s-1的绿光处理下,生菜地上部叶绿素含量显著高于对照,地上部干重较对照提高3.69%。（2）随着绿光强度的增加和基础白光强度的减弱,生菜地上部可溶性糖和维生素C含量均呈现先升高后降低的趋势,二者均在WG50处理下达到最高,并显著高于对照（P＜0.05）,而在WG150处理下达到最低,并显著低于对照（P＜0.05）。（3）与对照相比,绿光处理均降低了生菜叶片中淀粉、粗纤维以及硝酸盐的含量,其中硝酸盐含量在WG50处理下达到最低。说明50μmol·m-2·s-1强度的绿光有促进生菜干物质积累以及提升生菜品质的作用。     

钙对低温高光锻炼下烤烟幼苗光合的促进效应

以烤烟品种龙江911为材料,研究了喷施CaCl2对烤烟幼苗低温高光锻炼过程中光合和叶绿素荧光特性的影响.结果表明:低温高光锻炼过程中,烤烟幼苗的净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)和实际光化学效率(φPSⅡ)均明显低于未锻炼幼苗,说明低温高光锻炼虽然能够增强烤烟幼苗的抗逆性,但却降低了其光...     

光照度对猪粪污水条件下红假单胞菌光合产氢的影响

研究了猪粪污水条件下,光照度对红假单胞菌(Rhodobacter sphaeroides)1.1737菌株进行光合产氢的影响,结果表明球形红假单胞菌的产氢活性随着光照度的增大而增大,在高于1000 lux光照度下比在低于1000 lux光照度下产氢活性显著提高。在1600 lux光照度下产氢速率达到最大,而在1200、1600和2000 lux光照度下产氢量差别相对比较小,说明光照度增加到一定程度后对细菌产氢活性的影响将会逐渐减少,对产氢量和产氢速率的提高无明显作用。     

三种植物提取物对菟丝子及大豆生长发育和宿主保护酶活性的影响

利用不同浓度的苦楝树皮和叶、隆缘桉叶和乌桕叶的乙醇提取物对菟丝子及其宿主大豆幼苗进行处理,15d后评价三种提取物对菟丝子和大豆幼苗的影响。结果表明：三种提取物在低浓度时对菟丝子及其宿主大豆幼苗生长发育均无显著影响,在高浓度（0.25g/mL）下,桉树叶提取物对大豆和菟丝子的损伤程度分别达到了64%和70%,苦楝树皮提取物对菟丝子损伤程度为78%,但对大豆幼苗仅为7%。桉树叶和苦楝树皮提取物处理均导致大豆叶片超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性升高,最高值分别为相应对照组的2.37倍和2.0倍;但对过氧化物酶（POD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性的影响不同,桉树叶提取物使大豆幼苗POD活性最大值为对照组的2.28倍,而苦楝树皮提取物处理则是CAT活性升高,最大值为对照组的1.58倍,提示桉树叶提取物对大豆较强的伤害作用与其较低的CAT活性有关。     

泡桐、杨树叶水浸液对作物种子萌发的化感作用

为了研究农林复合生态系统中树种对农作物种子萌发的影响,以泡桐和杨树为对象,采用振荡溶解的方法提取泡桐和杨树叶浸出液,通过测定种子萌发率,研究树叶水提取物对小麦、玉米、大豆种子萌发的化感作用。结果表明：（1）杨树和泡桐叶水提取物质量浓度达到50 mg/mL对大豆的发芽率、发芽速率有明显抑制作用;杨树叶水提取物质量浓度达到10 mg/mL和泡桐叶水提取物质量浓度高于20mg/mL对小麦、玉米有显著的抑制作用。（2）杨树叶水浸液对3种作物种子萌发的化感作用（RI=15.147）大于泡桐叶（RI=13.973）。（3）杨树和泡桐叶水浸液对3种作物种子的化感抑制作用强度依次为小麦>玉米>大豆,而且随着杨树和泡桐叶水浸液质量浓度的上升其化感抑制作用越来越强,作物种子的发芽率也越来越低。     

薄荷生长环境与其超弱发光特性的关系

为获得多个生长环境因素影响下植物的超弱发光特性,以薄荷为试验样品,采用二次正交旋转组合实验优化设计方案,研究了光照、温度、湿度和水分4个环境因素对薄荷叶片超弱发光值的影响,建立了4因素对超弱发光值的影响模型.通过分析发现,不同因素及其交互作用对超弱发光值影响的显著性也不同.其中光照和湿度的交互项对超弱发光值的影响最显著...     

氮素形态和光照强度对烟草生长和H2O2清除酶活性的影响

氮素形态和光照强度对烟草植株生长和H2O2清除酶活性影响的研究结果表明,在弱光下,氮素形态不影响植株生长,但在强光下,铵态氮明显抑制植株的生长。弱光下供应按态氮叶片叶绿素含量显著地高于供应硝态氮的叶片;而强光下供应铵态氮叶片单位鲜重叶绿素含量反而显著地低于供应硝态氮的叶片。强光下供应按态氮的叶片中MDA含量明显高于供应硝酸盐的叶片,但在弱光下则无明显的差异。供应硝态氮叶片中AsA含量高于供应铵态氮的叶片;但供应铵态氮叶片中DAsA含量高于供应硝态氮叶片,尤其是强光下其差异更大。光照强度的增加明显提高AsA-POD、MDAsA还原酶、DAsA还原酶和GSSG还原酶活性。强光下供应镀态氮叶片中AsA-POD和GSSG还原酶活性明显地高于供应硝态氮的叶片,而MDAsA还原酶活性则相反。弱光下供应铵态氮叶片AsA-POD和MDAsA还原酶活性明显高于供应硝态氮的叶片,而GSSG还原酶活性的差异则不显著。铵态氮不显著提高DAsA还原酶的活性。SOD和CAT活性在各处理之间差异不明显。增加光照强度和供应铵态氮都明显地提高AsA氧化酶活性。     

Eco-physiological and Antioxidant Responses of Holm Oak (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Quercus ilex</Emphasis> L.) Leaves to Cd and Pb

Plants of the urban environment are exposed to a wide range of pollutants, including heavy metals. This research studies in situ the eco-physiological and antioxidant responses of holm oak (Q. ilex) leaves to Pb and Cd to assess the mechanisms of metal tolerance in this species, widely used as biomonitor. Leaves of plants grown at parks and roadsides were analyzed for photosynthetic activity, Pb and Cd concentration in tissues and cell-free extracts, thiol groups, D1 and Rubisco protein content, ascorbic acid (AsA) amount, and catalase (CAT) activity. The main results evidenced that Cd concentration was higher in leaves collected at the park out from the downtown; whereas Pb was most abundant in leaves sampled at the roadside nearby the highway. Pb in cell-free extracts was higher in park than in roadside leaves. Although Cd in the leaf tissues was twofold lower than Pb, it was more abundant than Pb in cellular extracts deprived of all particulate matter. Leaves responded to different concentration of Cd and Pb modulating some eco-physiological and biochemical traits, roadside leaves showed reduced leaf lamina, higher content of photosynthetic pigments, hydrogen peroxide, and AsA, as well as higher CAT activity compared to park leaves. In the roadside leaves, a stress condition for photosynthetic apparatus can be hypothesized on the basis of the decline of photochemical activity, the increase of NPQ, and the reduction of Rubisco and D1 protein content. The elevated presence of thiol groups in these leaves suggests a possible role of Pb and Cd in activation of antioxidant responses.     

Squalene content and antioxidant activity of Terminalia catappa leaves and seeds

Squalene was identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) spiking analyses in the supercritical CO(2) extracts of freeze-dried abscisic leaves of Terminalia catappa L. When the freeze-dried abscisic, senescent, mature, and immature leaves and seeds were subjected to supercritical CO(2) extraction at 40 degrees C and 3000 psi and HPLC quantitation, squalene contents were 12.29, 2.42, 1.75, 0.9, and 0% in the extracts and corresponding to 1499, 451, 210, 65, and 0 microg/g in the freeze-dried sample, respectively. When the extracts were applied for antioxidative characterization by supplementation in an iron/ascorbate system with linoleic acid and in a pork fat storage system for inhibition of conjugated diene hydroperoxide (CDHP) formation or in a free radical scavenging system with 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH), the extracts of leaves exhibited potent antioxidative and DPPH scavenging activities and increased with an increase of leaf maturity. However, the seed extracts only exhibited potent inhibition of CDHP formation and very low DPPH scavenging activity.