瘤胃灌注大豆寡糖对绵羊消化道内营养物质流通与消化的影响

采用连续饲喂和瘤胃连续灌注法,研究了大豆寡糖（SBOS）对绵羊消化道内营养物质流通与消化的影响。将9只安装有永久性瘤胃瘘管、十二指肠瘘管和回肠瘘管的内蒙古半细毛羯羊分为3组。试验1组每天通过瘤胃连续灌注占基础日粮风干物质0.6%的SBOS;试验2组灌注占基础日粮风干物质1.2%的SBOS;对照组不灌注SBOS。结果表明：（1）灌注SBOS提高了瘤胃液相食糜流通速率、瘤胃食糜氮流通量、瘤胃微生物氮和十二指肠MN流通量;（2）瘤胃灌注1.2%的SBOS降低了DM、OM、ADF、NDF在十二指肠、回肠、直肠的流通量（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）,提高了它们在胃区、大肠中以及整个消化道的消化率（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）,提高了CP在小肠中的消化率（P〈0.05）,而瘤胃灌注0.6%的SBOS组与对照组相比,各项测定指标差异不显著。     

大豆寡糖对绵羊免疫功能的影响

9只体况良好、年龄相同、体重(37±1)kg的内蒙古半细毛羯羊,按体重原则随机分为3组,饲喂等量的基础日粮 不同水平大豆寡糖,比较了不同水平的大豆寡糖对绵羊免疫功能影响研究.结果表明:饲喂大豆寡糖增加了绵羊外周血中CD4 T淋巴细胞数量,提高了CD4 /CD8 值和血清中IgG、IgA含量.     

大豆寡糖对瘤胃微生物区系的影响

本文旨在研究大豆寡糖对绵羊瘤胃细菌总数、纤维分解菌数、甲烷产生菌数和瘤胃原虫数的影响.选用9只带有永久性瘤胃瘘管的试验羊,随机分为3组,饲喂相同的基础日粮,并在此基础上分别灌注占干物质采食量(DMI)1.2%、0.6%和0.0%的大豆寡糖.细菌和纤维菌的计数采用Hungate的滚管法;甲烷菌的计数采用最大可能计数法进行;原虫计数采用血球计数室计数法.结果表明,灌注大豆寡糖提高了瘤胃纤维分解菌的数量,降低了甲烷产生菌的数量.这表明大豆寡糖对绵羊瘤胃微生物区系有着较为显著的影响,有利于中性洗涤纤维(NDF)在瘤胃内的降解和减少饲料能量的损失.     

沙葱提取物对绵羊消化道乳酸菌产共轭亚油酸(CLA)含量的影响

本文选择了4只瘘管蒙古羯羊,通过在绵羊日粮中添加沙葱提取物,采集瘤胃液和食糜,分离和筛选乳酸菌,添加亚油酸培养来研究沙葱提取物对绵羊消化道乳酸菌产共轭亚油酸(CLA)含量的影响。结果表明,沙葱提取物显著提高绵羊瘤胃和十二指肠中乳酸菌的数量和CLA的含量,且十二指肠中的大于瘤胃中的。这为进一步调控绵羊瘤胃内环境,提高羊肉中CLA含量打下基础。     

蛋氨酸锌螯合物在绵羊体内消化代谢规律的研究

选用９只１．５岁安装永久性瘤胃瘘管,十二指肠近端和回肠末端Ｔ型痿管的内蒙古细毛羊羯羊进行配对分组试验,试验羊分３组（每组３个重复）,即对照组（基础日粮）、ＺｎＯ组和蛋氨酸锌组。试验结果表明：饲喂不同锌源绵羊瘤胃内锌的流量（ｍｇ／ｄ）间差异不显著;ＺｎＯ组和Ｚｎ－Ｍｅｔ组绵羊在十二指肠和回肠中锌流量显著高于对照组（Ｐ〈０．０５）。Ｚｎ－Ｍｅｔ组绵羊在十二指肠内锌的吸收率显著高于ＺｎＯ组和对照组,而Ｚ     

十二指肠灌注酵母培养物对绵羊血液生化指标、免疫及抗氧化功能的影响

通过十二指肠灌注不同剂量酵母培养物,探讨其对绵羊血液生化指标、免疫及抗氧化功能的影响。选用9只体况良好、体质量相近,装有十二指肠瘘管的小尾寒羊,随机分3组,每组3个重复,每个重复1只羊。分别在基础日粮条件下于十二指肠分期灌注占日粮干物质0.0%,1.5%,2.0%的酵母培养物。结果表明,十二指肠灌注酵母培养物能显著提高绵羊血清GLU、T-AOC和T-SOD含量(P0.05),而MDA含量显著降低(P0.05);同时还能提高血清IgG、IL-6、IL-2和IFN-γ含量(P0.05)。综合各项指标分析,十二指肠灌注酵母培养物对绵羊血液糖、蛋白质代谢相关指标影响不大,但在一定程度上提高抗氧化酶活性以及IgG、IL-2和IFN-γ含量。     

日粮中添加葵花籽和活性炭对肉羊瘤胃消化代谢和消化道食糜脂肪酸组成的影响

试验选用3只18月龄安装有永久性瘤胃瘘管、十二指肠近端瘘管和回肠末端瘘管的肉羊,采用3×3拉丁方设计,分别饲喂基础日粮(空白组)、基础日粮+葵花籽(对照组)、基础日粮+葵花籽+活性炭(试验组)研究日粮中添加葵花籽和活性炭对肉羊瘤胃消化代谢以及消化道中脂肪酸流通量的影响。结果表明:不同处理组试验日粮对pH、各挥发性脂肪酸比例以及乙酸/丙酸没有影响(P>0.05);对照组瘤胃中NH3-N浓度显著高于试验组与空白组(P<0.05);试验组瘤胃C18:2和c9,t11-CLA的含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05);十二指肠中,C18:1的含量试验组显著高于对照组和空白组(P<0.05);回肠中,对照组和试验组的c9,t11-CLA含量差异显著(P<0.05)。     

复合异位酸对山羊小肠氨基酸流通量和表观消化率的影响

试验研究了日粮添加复合异位酸对山羊小肠氨基酸流通量和表观消化率的影响。采用3×3拉丁方试验设计,选用3头安装有永久性瘤胃瘘管、十二指肠近端瘘管和回肠远端瘘管、平均体重为(25.4±0.75)kg的健康麻城黑山羊为试验动物。I组为空白对照,饲喂基础日粮。II组、III组分别饲喂含0.3%和0.6%复合异位酸(钠盐形式)的试验日粮。采用Co-EDTA标记法测定小肠氨基酸流通量和表观消化率。结果显示:III组缬氨酸和异亮氨酸十二指肠流通量极显著高于对照组(P0.01),亮氨酸和必需氨基酸显著高于对照组(P0.05);缬氨酸和丙氨酸的小肠表观消化率显著高于对照组(P0.05)。II组缬氨酸和异亮氨酸十二指肠流通量显著高于对照组(P0.05)。III组异亮氨酸十二指肠流通量显著高于II组(P0.05)。     

β-胡萝卜素对绵羊瘤胃微生物发酵参数的影响

试验采用自身对照法试验设计,选用6只安装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的去势蒙古公羊,分3组,即0.000%β-胡萝卜素(对照组)、0.005%β-胡萝卜素和0.008%β-胡萝卜素组,研究在日粮中添加β-胡萝卜素对绵羊瘤胃内环境及微生物发酵参数的影响。结果表明:日粮中添加β-胡萝卜素对绵羊瘤胃中pH值没有影响;日粮中添加β-胡萝卜素有降低绵羊瘤胃中氨态氮含量的趋势;日粮中添加β-胡萝卜素使绵羊瘤胃中菌体蛋白含量降低,且存在随β-胡萝卜素添加比例的增加菌体蛋白含量有降低的趋势;日粮中添加β-胡萝卜素有促进瘤胃中TVFA含量升高和降低乙丙比的趋势。     

豆粕型日粮条件下绵羊瘤胃内烟酸的产生、消失及流通规律

选用3只体重为35-43kg、安装永久性瘤胃瘘管、十二指肠近端瘘管的内蒙古半细毛羯羊，在饲喂豆粕型日粮条件下，通过非同位素标记烟酸的启动-连续灌注方法，测定绵羊瘤胃烟酸的基本产生、消失、外流速率及十二指肠的流通速率。试验结果表明，饲喂豆粕型日粮的绵羊瘤胃烟酸的基本产生速率为2．50mg／h。通过灌注的方法提高烟酸产量后，烟酸在瘤胃内的产生速率为5．06mg／h；消失速率则为1．90mg／h；瘤胃内烟酸的外流速率为3．16mg／h；同时得出烟酸在十二指肠的流通速率为1．73mg／h。     

Numbers and distribution of immune cells in the tunica mucosa of the small and large intestine of full-thickness biopsies from healthy pet cats

In this study, CD3(+) T lymphocytes and IgA(+) , IgG(+) and IgM(+) plasma cells were quantified in the tunica mucosa of the intestinal tract of 12 pet cats without gastrointestinal diseases. The study included full-thickness biopsies of the duodenum, jejunum, ileum and colon. The distribution and quantification of CD3(+) T cells, IgA(+) , IgG(+) and IgM(+) plasma cells within the intestinal tunica mucosa was performed by using immunohistochemical methods and computer-aided morphometry. CD3(+) T cells were significantly prominent in the villi and their numbers increased from duodenum to ileum but decreased towards the colon. The predominant type of plasma cells was IgA(+) cells, followed by IgM(+) cells. The number of IgG(+) cells was generally low compared to the other plasma cell types investigated. The results of the vertical distribution showed that IgA(+) and IgM(+) plasma cells were most numerous in the lower crypt areas, whilst IgG(+) plasma cells accumulated in the upper crypt region with a decline towards the villi and the lower crypt areas of control cats. All types of plasma cells showed a general decline from the duodenum towards the caudal sections of the intestinal tract regarding the horizontal distribution of plasma cells. This study provides a comprehensive overview on the vertical and horizontal distribution and the number of CD3(+) T cells and IgA(+) , IgG(+) and IgM(+) plasma cells in the intestinal tunica mucosa of pet cats.     

滩羊羔羊瘤胃和小肠菌群多样性的比较研究

目的 研究滩羊羔羊瘤胃和小肠菌群多样性的差异。方法 选取健康的断奶滩羊公羔,屠宰后采集瘤胃、十二指肠、空肠和回肠内容物,利用16S rDNA高通量测序技术分析瘤胃和小肠菌群结构及多样性。结果 十二指肠样品Chao1指数高于瘤胃、空肠和回肠,瘤胃样品Shannon指数和Simpson指数均高于其他部位,但差异不显著（P>0.05）。瘤胃液中拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）、螺旋菌门（Spirochaetae）、丝状杆菌门（Fibrobacteres）的相对丰度显著（P<0.05）高于十二指肠、空肠和回肠,十二指肠中广古菌门（Euryarchaeota）的相对丰度与瘤胃相比有升高的趋势（0.05<P<0.10）,空肠和回肠中厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）的相对丰度显著（P<0.05）高于十二指肠。瘤胃中的未鉴定菌属（Unidentified）、理研菌属_RC9（Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group）、密螺旋体属_2（Treponema_2）、瘤胃球菌属_NK4A214（Ruminococcaceae_NK4A214_group）、普雷沃菌属_UCG-001（Prevotellaceae_UCG-001）相对丰度显著（P<0.05）高于十二指肠、空肠和回肠,空肠中Family_ⅩⅢ_AD3011_group相对丰度显著（P<0.05）高于其他部位。结论 滩羊羔羊瘤胃中细菌的多样性更丰富,瘤胃微生物与十二指肠、空肠和回肠的细菌区系显著不同。     

Cell-mediated and humoral immune responses in pigs following primary and challenge-exposure to Lawsonia intracellularis

ABSTRACT: To investigate immune responses upon re-infection with Lawsonia intracellularis, local and peripheral humoral and cell-mediated immune responses to primary and challenge inoculations were studied in 22 pigs. Pigs were orally inoculated with virulent L. intracellularis at the age of 5-6 weeks, treated with antibiotics and challenged with a re-inoculation (RE) at the age of 12 weeks. Treatment control (TC) pigs received only the primary inoculation and challenge control (CC) pigs received only the secondary inoculation at 12 weeks of age. Following this regimen, all RE pigs were protected against the re-infection as defined by reduced colonisation and pathology of intestinal mucosa, absence of bacterial shedding and without increase in serum acute phase protein response. In the protected RE pigs, serum IgG responses were variable with both high and low responders. Serum IgA responses were not boosted by the re-inoculation, since identical intestinal IgA responses developed in response to the inoculation in both the susceptible CC pigs and the protected RE pigs. A memory recall cell-mediated immune response developed in RE pigs which was significantly stronger compared to the primary response in age-matched CC pigs as assessed by whole blood IFN-γ assay and by calculation of IFN-γ integrated median fluorescence intensity (iMFI) after flow cytometry. The major IFN-γ producing cells were identified as CD8+ and CD4+CD8+ double positive lymphocytes. The results indicate that cell-mediated immune responses are likely mediators of protective immunity against L. intracellularis, with CD8+ effector cells and CD4+CD8+ double positive memory T cells as main contributors to the antigen-specific IFN-γ production.     

Effect of vitamin E supplementation on lymphocyte distribution in gut-associated lymphoid tissues obtained from weaned piglets

Fifteen piglets were used to determine the effect of vitamin E supplementation on the number of CD4-immunoreactive (CD4+) T-lymphocytes, CD8-immunoreactive (CD8+) T-lymphocytes and IgA-immunoreactive (IgA+) B-lymphocytes per follicle in the Peyer's patch of distal ileum and the mesenteric lymph nodes of weaned piglets. Piglets, following a 3-day adaptation period after weaning, were assigned to one of three experimental groups: control (no vitamin E supplementation), vitamin E supplementation of 100 mg/kg of diet and vitamin E supplementation of 300 mg/kg of diet. Supplementation of vitamin E lasted for a period of 36 days. The basal diet contained 80 mg alpha-tocopherol/kg of diet. All piglets were killed at day 39 after weaning and samples of the distal ileum and adjacent mesenteric lymph nodes were collected. The number of cells for each lymphocyte subset was counted in the Peyer's patch and the mesenteric lymph nodes follicles, in cryostat sections processed for immunohistochemistry. Results showed that vitamin E supplementation (300 mg/kg diet) of piglets caused an increase (P < 0.05) in the number of IgA+ B-lymphocytes in the Peyer's patch, but not in the mesenteric lymph nodes, compared with the corresponding values in control animals. Vitamin E supplementation had no effect (P > 0.05) on the number of CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocytes in the follicles of the Peyer's patch and the adjacent mesenteric lymph nodes. Thus, vitamin E had relatively minor effects on distribution of the major immunocompetent cells in the gut. The numbers of CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocytes as well as IgA+ B-lymphocytes per follicle were higher by 26-77% (P < 0.05) in the mesenteric lymph nodes than the corresponding values in the Peyer's patch.     

寡果糖对人源菌群仔猪肠道中IgA和IgG分泌细胞的影响

本文主要研究寡果糖对人源菌群仔猪肠道中IgA和IgG分泌细胞的影响。通过无菌剖腹产获取15头无特定病原菌(specific pathogen free,SPF)仔猪,随机分为三组。第一组为SPF组,经口灌服磷酸钠缓冲液(内含10%甘油)以示对照;第二组为人源菌群(human flora-associated,HFA)组,经口服途径接种人源菌群;第三组为寡果糖(fructo-oligosaccharides,FOS)组,口服途径接种人源菌群且灌喂寡果糖。仔猪饲养于屏障系统内,无菌条件下人工哺育45天。应用免疫组织化学方法进行研究。结果表明:(1)所有仔猪小肠和结肠的固有层中均分布有IgA和IgG分泌细胞。(2)IgA和IgG分泌细胞在十二指肠中分布最多,随着肠段的向后推移IgA和IgG分泌细胞数量有逐渐下降趋势。(3)HFA组和FOS组IgA分泌细胞数量在回肠显著高于SPF组(P<0.01);十二指肠中HFA组IgG分泌细胞数量显著高于SPF组(P<0.01)。(4)FOS组IgA分泌细胞数量在空肠显著高于HFA组外(P<0.05),其他肠段总体上低于HFA组,但差异不显著。本结果提示给新生仔猪接种人源菌群能促进仔猪肠道中IgA和IgG分泌细胞的发育,而寡果糖使肠道IgA和IgG分泌细胞数量呈现下降的趋势。     

Passage of ribonucleic acid along the intestine of sheep.

Sheep (Flemish female x Texel male, 55 kg BW), fitted with a PVC cannula in the dorsal rumen and single T-shaped PVC cannulas in the proximal duodenum, distal duodenum, mid-jejunum and terminal ileum were fed hay or hay-concentrate diets at various levels of nitrogen and cell walls (NDF) (22 to 32 g N/d; 150 to 699 g NDF/d). Co-EDTA and Cr-NDF were used as markers to measure the flow rate of digesta. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) intestinal digesta and in rumen bacteria was determined with orcinol after extraction with sodium chloride, precipitation with tungstophosphoric acid and alkaline hydrolysis. The RNA:total N ratio in bacteria, harvested from the rumen, amounted to 0.70 (CV 4.4%). The apparent digestibility of RNA in different sections of the intestine was higher than of total N. About 6% of RNA entering the duodenum disappeared between the proximal and distal duodenum. At jejunum, the net disappearance of RNA amounted to 68% of the quantity which entered the proximal duodenum. A higher result of 71% was obtained at the ileum. Total net disappearance of RNA between the proximal duodenum and rectum averaged 75%. Sixteen percent of RNA leaving the ileum was apparently digested in the large intestine. The true digestibility of RNA between the proximal duodenum and the terminal ileum, as estimated by multiple regression analysis, amounted to 78%. Of the amount of RNA entering the ileum, 24% was of endogenous origin. At ileum, the RNA passage was positively related to the ileal flow of NDF (R2 = 0.67) and N (R2 = 0.94). The passage of RNA increased by 3 mg RNA per g ileal indigestible NDF. Ileal endogenous N consisting of approximately 2% of endogenous RNA-N. In conclusion, the digestion capacity in the first part of the small intestine is high. Rising flows of indigestible cell walls and nitrogen increase the loss of ileal RNA. Further, using RNA as a microbial marker to assess the amount of microbial protein entering the duodenum of ruminants, digesta samples should be collected immediately post pylorus at the proximal duodenum, in order to avoid underestimation of the microbial protein synthesis in the rumen.     

Specific mucosal IgA immunity in turkey poults infected with turkey coronavirus

The objective of this study was to elucidate the kinetics and magnitudes of specific IgA antibody responses in intestines of turkey poults infected with turkey coronavirus (TCV). Turkey poults were orally inoculated with TCV at 10 days of age. Intestinal segment cultures were administered for duodenum, jejunum, and ileum and the IgA antibody responses were analyzed at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, or 9 weeks post-infection (PI) in two different experiments. The kinetics of virus-specific IgA antibody responses in duodenum, jejunum, and ileum were similar: gradually increased from 1 week PI, reached the peak at 3 or 4 weeks PI, and declined afterward. The virus-specific IgA antibody responses in duodenum, jejunum, and ileum showed negative correlation with duration of TCV antigen in the corresponding locations of intestine with Spearman's correlation coefficient of -0.85 (p=0.034), -0.74 (p=0.096), and -0.75 (p=0.084), respectively. Moreover, the virus-specific IgA antibody responses in serum were positively correlated with that of duodenum (coefficient=0.829, p=0.042), jejunum (coefficient=0.829, p=0.042), and ileum (coefficient=0.771, p=0.072) segment cultures, suggesting that the induction of specific IgA response in serum was predictive of an IgA response in intestine. The results indicate that intestinal mucosal IgA antibodies to TCV are elicited in turkeys following infection with TCV. The local mucosal antibodies may provide protective immunity for infected turkeys to recover from TCV infection.     

不同粗精比日粮对绵羊小肠中瘤胃微生物蛋白质利用的影响

用4只装有瘤胃瘘管、十二肠瘘管和回肠瘘管的去势(公母各半)萨福克羊体重平均为(45.5±5.2)kg,在不同粗精比日粮条件下 ,研究瘤胃细菌、纤毛虫体蛋白质在小肠内的利用率。结果表明 :到达十二指肠的瘤胃细菌和纤毛虫的量 ,随日粮中精饲料水平的提高而显著减少(P<0.05)。与此相反 ,过瘤胃饲料蛋白质的量则显著增加(P<0.05)。小肠内的细菌利用率显著受日粮变化的影响 ,而纤毛虫利用率则不易受日粮影响且显著地高于细菌的利用率(P<0.05)。小肠内被吸收的细菌和纤毛虫对微生物氮的贡献率在全试验组中平均为50 %。     

Bronchoalveolar immune defense in cattle exposed to primary and secondary challenge with bovine viral diarrhea virus

To evaluate immune defense mechanisms against bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), four calves received primary and secondary intrabronchial infections with the cytopathic, type I Singer strain of BVDV. The cellular and humoral responses to these site-specific infections with BVDV were monitored by sequential bronchoalveolar lavages (BAL) conducted prior to infection (day 0, non-infected controls) and on days 4, 7, 10, 17 (day 31, secondary infection), 35, 38, 41, 48 and 62 post-infection. Peak quantities of BVDV were recovered from BAL on day 4. BVDV clearance from the lung was complete between days 17 and 31. Immune clearance of BVDV from the lower airways upon secondary infection was swift, within 4 days, and sustained throughout a 1-month period. Total numbers of BAL CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-lymphocytes increased >200-fold by day 10, and increased to levels >70-fold higher than background by 4 days after a secondary BVDV infection. gammadelta(+) T-lymphocytes increased 100-fold by day 7 and remained at levels at least 10-fold higher than pre-infection throughout the study. B-lymphocytes increased to levels 30-fold greater than pre-infection levels by day 10, and further increased to levels 100-fold higher following secondary BVDV infection. Activation (defined by the phenotype CD25(+)/CD62L(-)) and memory (defined by the phenotype CD45RO(+)/CD45R(-)) profiles of lymphocytes in the lower airways were characterized. Activated subpopulations of CD4(+) and CD8(+) cells increased nearly 300- and 150-fold, respectively, by day 10, and to levels 100- and 50-fold 4 days after the secondary infection. Memory subpopulations of CD4(+) and CD8(+) cells increased to levels 170- and 120-fold, respectively, by day 10, and to levels approximately 400- and 300-fold, respectively, 7 days after the secondary infection. The primary antibody response consisted of increased titers of anti-BVDV-specific IgA in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). A strong secondary antibody response with high levels of anti-BVDV-specific IgA and IgG in BALF before day 4 post-secondary BVDV infection, likely contributed, along with cellular defenses, to the rapid clearance of virus from the lung upon secondary exposure. These results demonstrate that primary infection of the bovine lung with BVDV initiates cell-mediated immune responses capable of clearing the virus within 2-3 weeks. Furthermore, populations of immune-activated and memory T-lymphocytes, combined with BVDV-specific antibody production, contribute to rapid BVDV clearance upon secondary exposure to the virus.     

氨基酸螯合锌在奶山羊肠道消化吸收规律的研究

本试验旨在研究氨基酸螯合锌(Zn-AA)在奶山羊体内的消化吸收规律及其在饲粮中的适宜添加水平.试验选取2.5～3.0岁,体重40～45 kg的关中奶山羊母羊6只,安装永久性瘤胃、十二指肠及回肠瘘管,首先从瘤胃灌注40 mg/kg的Zn-AA溶液,分别在灌注后的24、48、72、96、120、144和168 h采集十二指...