Evaluating Leaf Ash Content and Potassium Concentration as Surrogates of Carbon Isotope Discrimination in Grassland Species

Leaf ash content and potassium (K) concentration were evaluated as surrogates of carbon isotope discrimination (Δ) of the dominant species in an upland grassland in a 3-year experiment. Previous results reported positive correlations between Δ and ash content or mineral concentrations, attributing this relationship to the passive accumulation, through the transpiration stream, of minerals in the vegetative plant parts. We found only a weak positive correlation between Δ and ash content or K concentration in 1997 (r=0.79, P < 0.05 and r=0.77, P < 0.05, respectively). No significant correlation was found between the traits in 1998 and 1999. When four of the seven most abundant species ( Poa pratensis , Lolium perenne , Festuca valida and Taraxacum officinale ) were grown under different treatments (mixed sward, monoculture, and nitrogen and P additions in mixed sward), a curvilinear relationship between Δ and ash content or K concentration was evident. Thus, our findings suggest that leaf ash content and K concentration cannot serve as surrogates of carbon isotope discrimination (Δ). Small genotype × environment interactions were reported for the three traits measured; the interactions were smallest for ash content. A positive correlation between leaf ash content and soil water content (at 5 and 15 cm depth) was found for four species ( P. pratensis , L. perenne , F. valida and Achillea millefolium ) and for the community as a whole. No significant correlation was found between leaf K concentration and soil water content.     

Carbon Isotope Discrimination, Leaf Ash Content and Grain Yield in Bread and Durum Wheat Grown under Full-Irrigated Conditions

Integrative physiological criteria, such as carbon isotope discrimination (Δ) and (mineral) ash content (m_a) have been found to be very useful, under drought conditions, to elucidate the association between yield gains and variation of photosynthesis‐related traits and orientate future breeding efforts. Information on this association is scarce under irrigated conditions. The relationships between Δ, m_a and yield were studied in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum) under optimal (drip) irrigation in the arid conditions of north‐west Mexico. Carbon isotope discrimination was analysed on leaves at booting stage and anthesis and on grain at maturity, whereas ash content was measured on the flag leaf at anthesis and maturity. At anthesis, there were differences between bread and durum wheat during grain filling for Δ, but not for m_a. No relationship was found between grain yield and Δ. Leaf ash content at anthesis and maturity showed a broad variability within each species and were associated with grain yield. These results suggest that ash content in leaves could be also used as predictive criteria for yield not only under drought, but also under irrigated conditions, particularly when evaporative demand is high.     

Comparison the Content of Moisture,Ash and Extract from Stem and Root Bark of Eucommia ulmoides Oliver and Euonymus grandiflorus Wall. f. grandiflorus

[Objective]To compare the content of moisture,ash and extract of stem and root bark of Eucommia ulmoides Oliver and Euonymus grandiflorus Wall.f.grandiflorus.[Methods]According to the first method of aquametry(over-drying method)in the 2010 edition Chinese Pharmacopoeia appendix IX H,ash determination in appendix IX K,and extract measurement in appendix X A.[Results]Moisture content of stem and root bark of Euonymus grandiflorus Wall.f.grandiflorus was between 5.38%and 6.33%,while that of Eucommia ulmoides Oliver was between 5.36%and 6.90%(both in line with the stipulation in Chinese Pharmacopoeia that moisture content of Eucommia ulmoides Oliver herbs should at most be 13.0%);total ash content of stem and root bark of Euonymus grandiflorus Wall.f.grandiflorus was between15.88%to 19.43%,while that of Eucommia ulmoides Oliver was between 5.45%and 7.30%(The average content of Eucommia ulmoides Oliver was 6.29%,and it was in line with the stipulation in Chinese Pharmacopoeia that of total ash content of Eucommia ulmoides Oliver should at most be 10%;and the average content of stem and root bark of Euonymus grandiflorus Wall.f.grandiflorus was 17.36%,and it was higher than the stipulated level.);the acid-insoluble ash content of stem and root bark of Euonymus grandiflorus Wall.f.grandiflorus was between 1.88%and 2.64%,lower than that of Eucommia ulmoides Oliver(3.58%-4.10%);the content of 75%hot ethanol extract of Euonymus grandiflorus Wall.f.grandiflorus was the highest of 26.51%;and under the extract condition,the content of stem and root bark of Euonymus grandiflorus Wall.f.grandiflorus was between 19.36%and 26.45%,obviously higher than that of Eucommia ulmoides Oliver(14.96%-16.70%)(Both of that were in line with the stipulation in Chinese Pharmacopoeia,and the ethanol-soluble extract content of stem and root bark of Eucommia ulmoides Oliver should be at least 12.0%);there was little difference in ether volatile extract content of Euonymus grandiflorus Wall.f.grandiflorus and Eucommia ulmoides Oliver,respectively in the range of 0.33%-0.51%and 0.33%-0.56%.[Conclusions]The appropriate moisture content of Euonymus grandiflorus Wall.f.grandiflorus should not exceed 13%.Euonymus grandiflorus Wall.f.grandiflorus are widely used by of Yi nationality clinic,however it was few research on chemical components,bioactivity and the action mechanism of toxicology and pharmacology.Moreover results of this experiment showed that the content of ethanol-soluble extract of Euonymus grandiflorus Wall.f.grandiflorus was higher than that of Eucommia ulmoides Oliver by hot 75%ethanol extraction,while content of ether volatile extract in the two materials were similar.Therefore,bio-screening of main constituents and relevant researches on effects of toxicology and pharmacology should be done to testify and ensure the safety and validity of Yi Nationality clinic,developed and medical used scientifically and properly.     

不同春谷品种支链淀粉含量与营养品质指标及农艺性状的相关性分析

通过田间试验与品质检测,分析了4个不同春谷品种的支链淀粉含量与营养品质指标及农艺性状的内在联系,旨在为优质春谷品种选育提供理论依据。结果表明,各品种的支链淀粉含量存在显著差异;支链淀粉含量与灰分显著正相关,与粗蛋白及直链淀粉含量显著负相关;与刚毛长度极显著正相关,与穗粗和出谷率显著负相关。因此谷子品种选育中,可将不同品系的营养品质指标与农艺性状相结合,提高育种的针对性和效率。     

西藏拉萨市‘白燕2号’与箭筈豌豆不同混播比较研究

为了提高西藏高寒牧区饲草产量,缓解草畜矛盾。在西藏拉萨研究了‘白燕2号’与箭筈豌豆不同混播比例草地,在适宜刈割时期牧草养分比较研究。结果表明,各混播比例间的产草量、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗纤维、粗灰分、Ca和P含量差异显著,混播可显著提高产草量和牧草品质;且随着箭筈豌豆比例的增加,粗蛋白含量随之增加,最高为单播箭筈豌豆达到22.58%。各混播比例以H4为佳,鲜草产量达到7.71 kg/m2、粗蛋白含量达到13.66%、粗脂肪含量达到1.99%、粗纤维含量达到35.99%、粗灰分含量达到6.77%、Ca:P为5.36。在西藏气候适宜的地区可将‘白燕2号’与箭筈豌豆按此比例（箭筈豌豆40%+‘白燕2号’60%）混播推广以改善饲草品质。     

灰分对煤自燃特性影响的实验研究

为了研究灰分对煤自燃能力的影响作用,利用绝热氧化实验装置对不同灰分含量煤样进行升温氧化实验,采用R₇₀、T_CPT、B 3种指标表征灰分含量对煤样自发氧化过程的影响。结果表明：1）灰分含量越大,煤样低温氧化阶段温升速率越小,温升加速点温度越高,煤样的自发氧化过程越慢,煤越不易自燃;灰分含量大于40%后,煤自燃倾向性快速减弱。温升加速点是反应微观信息的零活化能温度的宏观累计结果,具有直观且滞后的特点。灰分越大,滞后越明显,温差越大。2）R₇₀、T_CPT、B 3种指标与灰分关系表现为二次函数。R₇₀和T_CPT两种指标显示灰分越大,自燃倾向性越弱,与实践经验相符。受水分权重影响,B指标显示煤样在灰分小于40%时,灰分越大,煤样自燃倾向性越强,这与实践经验相悖。因此,B在判定灰分对煤样自燃倾向性的影响时具有一定的局限性。     

酒钢集团脱硫石膏养分及重金属含量特征研究

脱硫石膏是盐碱地的有效改良剂,而重金属含量是限制其能否农业资源化利用的关键限制因素。为了掌握酒钢集团脱硫石膏农业资源化利用可行性,全面系统分析测定了酒钢集团脱硫石膏中的养分和重金属元素含量。研究结果显示,脱硫石膏中大量元素含量较低,而中微量元素含量较为丰富,其中钙、铁、锌、锰的平均含量分别达到了281560、8063、15388、1026 mg/kg。重金属铬、铅和镍含量低于耕地的国家土壤环境质量二级标准,镉含量虽超出耕地的国家土壤环境质量二级标准,但符合农用粉煤灰污染物控制标准。由此表明在适宜的施用量范围内,利用酒钢脱硫石膏改良盐碱地应该不会对土壤重金属含量产生显著的影响。     

不同生境条件对菊芋块茎的热值、C、N和灰分含量的影响

通过对盐碱地、弃耕地与农田三种生境条件下菊芋块茎的热值,C、N和灰分含量的测定,探讨不同生境条件对菊芋块茎热值,C、N和灰分含量的影响及其相互关系。结果表明:(1)生境条件对菊芋块茎的热值和灰分含量具有显著影响,其中农田环境条件下菊芋热值显著高于弃耕地与盐碱地(P<0.05),而盐碱地与弃耕地之间没有显著差异;灰分的含量表现出相反的关系,其盐碱地条件下菊芋块茎灰分含量要显著高于农田和弃耕地(P<0.05),而弃耕地与农田之间没有表现出显著差异。(2)热值与灰分、全N含量之间呈负相关。其中,热值与灰分呈极显著负相关(P<0.01),与全C含量呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。(3)盐碱地和农田两种生境条件下菊芋产量显著高于弃耕地(P<0.05),而农田与盐碱地的块茎产量没有显著差异。     

粉煤灰对高强混凝土收缩徐变的影响试验研究及其修正模型

粉煤灰对高强混凝土收缩徐变的影响直接关系到结构长期性能的合理确定。制作粉煤灰掺量分别为0、12%和24%的100 mm×100 mm×400 mm的C50混凝土棱柱体试件,在试验室条件下进行收缩及不同加载龄期的徐变试验,研究了粉煤灰对高强混凝土收缩徐变的影响。根据试验结果评估了目前常用的4种相关规范公式对高强混凝土收缩徐变的适用性,并引入粉煤灰影响系数以综合反映粉煤灰掺量和加载龄期对高强混凝土收缩徐变的影响,根据试验结果和现有研究成果提出了其修正模型。分析结果表明,JTG D 62和GL 2000推荐的收缩徐变预测模式与基准试件实测结果较为吻合,验证结论亦说明所引入的粉煤灰影响系数可应用于掺粉煤灰高强混凝土的收缩徐变预测。     

Quality Standard of RADIX ET RHIZOMA HERACLEI

[Objective]To provide references for the establishment of quality standard of RADIX ET RHIZOMA HERACLEI. [Methods]Pharmacognosy,characters and microscopic identification methods were adopted. With reference substances of RADIX ET RHIZOMA HERACLEI as the control,TLC identification was carried out. According to the methods in Chinese Pharmacopoeia( edition 2010),the moisture content,total ash content and acid-insoluble ash content were detected in ten batches of RADIX ET RHIZOMA HERACLEI. [Results]Characters of pharmacognostic identification of RADIX ET RHIZOMA HERACLEI were descibed. RADIX ET RHIZOMA HERACLEI and its reference substances had the same color of fluorescent spots. The moisture,total ash,acid-insoluble ash contents should be less than 12. 0%,8. 0% and 2. 0%,respectively; while the extracts content should be more than 23. 0%. [Conclusions]TLC identification had strong specificity; the research results provided references for the identification,development and utilization of RADIX ET RHIZOMA HERACLEI,as well as the quality standard establishment of RADIX ET RHIZOMA HERACLEI.     

钾肥对小黑麦拔节期生物量及品质的影响

通过对不同钾肥处理条件下小黑麦的地上生物量、地下生物量、株高、粗纤维、粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量的测定,探讨钾肥对拔节期小黑麦生长特性及营养物质含量的影响,为小黑麦钾肥管理提供理论参考。结果表明:小黑麦的地上生物量和地下生物量达到最高值,同时也获得最高株高;施用钾肥能够显著提高小黑麦的粗蛋白、粗纤维和粗脂肪含量(P<0.05),施钾量为0.157g/m²和0.304g/m²时各种营养物质达到最高值;钾肥施用能够显著降低粗灰分含量(P<0.05),当施钾量为0.157g/m²时灰分含量最低。     

早龄期加载对粉煤灰混凝土变形及强度的影响

研究了粉煤灰掺量、加载龄期和加载应力对粉煤灰混凝土早期变形及加载后强度变化的影响。研究结果表明：随着粉煤灰掺量增加,混凝土的变形量逐渐降低,当掺量为30%时,变形量减少了33.6%;随着加载龄期提前或加载应力增大,粉煤灰混凝土的早期变形量增大,其中,加载应力的影响尤其明显,60%加载应力（60%的标准养护条件下7 d轴心抗压强度）比20%加载应力下混凝土最终变形量增加了277.2%;混凝土初始加载时间提前或加载应力增大会导致加载后粉煤灰混凝土强度下降,加载应力比加载龄期对加载后粉煤灰混凝土强度的影响更明显。     

中国南瓜β-胡萝卜素含量配合力的研究

以16个具有代表性的中国南瓜自交系及其按Griffing双列杂交方法Ⅳ组配成的120个杂交组合为材料,对中国南瓜β-胡萝卜素含量的配合力进行了系统的研究,旨在了解不同南瓜自交系β-胡萝卜素含量的配合力特点。结果表明：在16个南瓜自交系中,从上海黄狼南瓜中选出的自交系‘百泉10’的一般配合力最大,其次是,‘百泉5’（来源于广东）,‘百泉4’（来源于黑龙江）。最小的是‘百泉2’（来源于北京）。在120个杂交组合中,特殊配合力最大的是‘百泉9’（来源于河南）ב百泉10’（来源于上海）,其次是‘百泉7’（来源于河南）ב百泉15’（来源于北京）、‘百泉4’（来源于黑龙江）ב百泉12’（来源于海南）,最低的是‘百泉1’（来源于湖南）ב百泉11’（来源于江西）。因此不同来源的南瓜自交系间一般配合力差异很大。自交系间地理差异越大,其间的特殊配合力往往越高。     

Influence of Cement Fineness and Components on Temperature Rise of Concrete

Adiabatic temperature rise of mass concrete is effected by many factors. Among those factors, the analysis of cement fineness and components is lacking. Influences of cement fineness, alkali content, replacement of fly ash, and gypsum content on temperature rise of concrete were investigated. The test results show that, temperature rise and temperature rise rate are improved with the increment of specific surface area of cement. When alkali content is ranging from 0.4% to 1.2%, the maximum temperature is reduced with the increment of alkali content, and the temperature-time will be extended whether too high or too low alkali content in cement. The increment of replacement of fly ash and gypsum content is good for reducing temperature rise of concrete.     

冻融环境下钢筋与粉煤灰混凝土的粘结性能

通过对内贴应变片钢筋的直接拔出试验,分析冻融作用下粉煤灰掺量对钢筋与粉煤灰混凝土间粘结性能的影响,得出冻融循环作用对钢筋与粉煤灰混凝土之间粘结性能的影响规律。试验结果表明：钢筋与粉煤灰混凝土的粘结强度随粉煤灰掺量的增加而降低;当粉煤灰掺量一定时,随着冻融循环次数的增加,混凝土强度有所下降,钢筋与粉煤灰混凝土间极限粘结强度降低;当粉煤灰掺量较大,达到40%时,随冻融次数的增加,钢筋粉煤灰混凝土试件极限粘结强度的下降幅度明显减缓,极限粘结强度对应的滑移量增大。表明掺入较多粉煤灰可使试件的冻融损伤现象得到缓解,冻融环境下钢筋混凝土的粘结性能得到提高。     

加拿大一枝黄花不同季节营养成分分析

为适时有效地利用加拿大一枝黄花资源,对其不同季节的营养成分进行测定和分析。利用重量法测定水分含量;通过高温电炉灼烧测定了总灰分含量;采用蒽酮比色法测定可溶性总糖含量;用碱与样品共热,破坏其中的还原糖,然后用间二苯酚比色测定蔗糖中的果糖部分,从而得出其蔗糖含量;用硫酸、碱、乙醇、乙醚相继处理样品,测定了其粗纤维含量;以考马斯亮蓝法测蛋白质含量。结果显示：随着季节变化水分含量呈下降趋势,叶片除了早春,均高于茎与根,3—6 月茎的含水量高于根,6—10 月则根高于茎。叶片灰分含量高于茎与根,且季节变化不大,5 月以前茎的灰分含量高于根,而6 月以后茎的灰分含量明显低于根。茎可溶性总糖含量在3—4 月均较高,5—11 月根的可溶性总糖含量明显高于茎与叶片;蔗糖的季节变化与可溶性总糖变化相似,11 月根蔗糖含量显著升高;粗纤维含量随季节变化而增高,茎高于根与叶。蛋白质含量随季节变化而减低,叶片蛋白质含量高于茎与根。     

普通小麦-野生二粒小麦染色体臂置换系籽粒与品质性状分析

野生二粒小麦在农艺性状和品质性状上具有丰富的遗传变异,这些优异基因的导入对促进优质小麦生产具有重要的意义。以普通小麦品种Bethlehem（BLH）为遗传背景的野生二粒小麦染色体臂置换系（chromosome arm substitution lines,CASLs）为材料,进行2年一点田间试验,考察籽粒（粒长、粒宽和千粒重）与品质相关性状（蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、沉降值、淀粉含量和灰分含量）。结果表明：CASLs群体中3AL 2年的粒长均显著长于亲本BLH,推测3AL染色体上至少有1个正效QTL控制野生二粒小麦的粒长,至少3个控制粒长的负效QTLs分别位于4BS、6BL和7BL,至少11个控制千粒重的负效QTLs分别位于2AS、5AS、6AL、7AS、1BS、1BL、4BS、4BL、5BL、6BL和7BL,至少6个与蛋白质含量正相关的QTLs分别位于6AL、1BS、2BS、3BL、7BS和7BL,至少3个控制湿面筋形成的正效QTLs分别位于2BL、7BS和7BL,至少3个控制沉降值的主效QTLs分别位于4AL、7AL和7BL,至少1个控制淀粉形成的负效QTL位点位于7BL;至少1个促进小麦籽粒灰分含量增加的QTL位于7BL上。相关性分析表明,千粒重与蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、沉降值和灰分含量呈显著或极显著的负相关,蛋白质含量与湿面筋含量、沉降值和灰分含量均呈极显著正相关,而与淀粉含量呈极显著负相关。综上所述,CASLs群体具有丰富的遗传多样性,且每个置换系只含有对应野生二粒小麦的染色体臂,各置换系有着不同的遗传特点,因此,可以综合利用置换系的有利性状对小麦目标性状进行遗传改良,进而为小麦育种提供更加丰富的遗传资源。     

有机废弃物醋糟、粉煤灰对高粱幼苗生长及光合速率的影响

以山西省醋糟作为研究对象,通过分析不同配比醋糟、粉煤灰对高粱幼苗生长及光合速率的影响,以期实现山西省醋糟的资源化利用。试验设置醋糟、粉煤灰4个处理及化肥对照,采用随机区组设计。结果表明:不同配比的醋糟、粉煤灰混合物具有提高高粱光合速率、叶绿素含量及幼苗生长的作用,其中以处理2(醋糟:粉煤灰=1:1配比)效果最好,其光合速率和叶绿素含量分别比对照提高了12.07%和6.47%;气孔导度和蒸腾速率分别比对照降低了17.39%、9.10%。综上所述,醋糟、粉煤灰混合物可以有效提高高粱幼苗生长、光合速率。     

不同养分配施对‘云烟87’叶绿素与SPAD的影响

为探讨N、P、K、S配施对烤烟叶绿素和SPAD的影响,以福建优质烤烟品种‘云烟87’为研究对象,通过二次通用旋转组合设计,研究不同施肥对SPAD值与叶绿素的影响及其相关性。结果表明：烤烟不同生育期不同施肥处理对SPAD值与叶绿素的影响差异明显,无氮处理在整个生育期SPAD值与叶绿素含量均最低,与其他处理间差异均达显著水平;多氮处理SPAD值与叶绿素含量在整个生育期均未达最大值。从团棵期到旺长期,随烤烟生长和叶片展开,叶中处SPAD值与均值间差异未达显著水平（除处理13、17外）,因此推荐测定SPAD的最佳部位为叶中处。用SPAD快速诊断烤烟叶片的叶绿素是可行的,但不同时期SPAD值与叶绿素相关性不同,团棵期SPAD值与叶绿素具有较好的二项式相关关系,叶绿素总量的回归方程为y=-0.0085x2+0.6803x-10.911 (r=0.7483),旺长期SPAD与叶绿素具有较好的乘幂相关关系,叶绿素总量的回归方程为y=0.004x1.7371 (r=0.8514)。     

Relationship between Carbon Isotope Discrimination, Ash Content and Grain Yield in Wheat in the Peninsular Zone of India

Carbon isotope discrimination (Δ) and ash content (m_a) have been proposed as indirect selection criteria for grain yield in wheat. The associations between Δ, m_a and grain yield were found, however, to depend highly on the environmental conditions, the organ sampled and the time of sampling. In this study, carried out in the warm conditions of the Peninsular Zone of India, the relationship between Δ, m_a and yield was studied in 30 bread and durum wheat cultivars under residual soil moisture stress (RSMS), post‐anthesis water stress (PAWS) and well‐watered (WW) conditions. Both Δ and m_a were analysed in young seedlings (four‐leaf stage), leaves at anthesis and grain at maturity. Ash content was also evaluated in leaves at booting stage and maturity. Grain Δ was lower under PAWS and RSMS than under WW, while seedling and leaf Δ did not significantly differ among water regimes. Grain yield was positively correlated to grain Δ under PAWS and negatively correlated to grain m_a under RSMS. A significant positive correlation was noted under RSMS and WW treatments between m_aL_m and grain yield. Ash content in leaf at maturity consequently appears to be a useful indirect selection criterion in environments where Δ does not show any correlation with yield. The results highlight the potential of Δ and m_a as indirect selection criteria for wheat yield in the conditions of the Peninsular Zone of India.