花铃期不同钾效率基因型棉花对干旱和低钾胁迫的响应差异

以钾高效和钾低效基因型棉花(HEG和LEG)为试验材料,研究了最优水肥(W1K1),干旱胁迫(W2K1),低钾胁迫(W1K2),干旱、低钾胁迫(W2K2)对其光合作用及水分、钾素利用率的影响。结果表明:干旱显著降低花铃期2种基因型棉花叶片净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr),导致蕾铃脱落,钾素利用率(KUE)降低,造成棉花减产。施钾促进叶片Pn及水分利用率(WUE)的提高,但基因型间存在差异,LEG叶片WUE与施钾量成正比,HEG相反。低钾胁迫下HEG的Pn、Tr下降,但Pn下降幅度小于Tr,WUE增大。较高的WUE有利于提高棉花Pn,降低蕾铃脱落率,促进钾素的高效吸收和运输。     

棉花花铃期土壤持续干旱胁迫对产量形成的调节效应

 通过花铃期不同持续时间土壤干旱处理,研究干旱胁迫对棉花产量形成的影响。表明持续干旱对子棉产量影响以单株成铃数＞成铃率＞单铃重。短期干旱胁迫W1处理增加成铃数显示子棉增产,同步抑制下部内围铃棉纤维和棉子的物质积累量,解除胁迫后形成盛花结铃阶段产量潜载优势,极显著提高下、中部外围和上部内围铃子棉产量,实现增产;花后持续20 d以上干旱胁迫效应会延续至花后50 d,整体降低各部位棉铃的积累物质供应量,产量器官虽具干物质积累相对优势,但子棉产量潜载势降低,单株成铃数、单铃重趋降显示子棉减产;干旱胁迫对子棉产量的调控显示区位效应,降产效应随干旱延长显示由下而上、由内而外区位拓展态势,解除胁迫可获得一定产量补偿。     

干旱对不同铃重棉花不同区位果枝叶可溶性蛋白及脯氨酸含量的影响

利用防雨旱棚,研究了水分胁迫下3个不同铃重基因型棉花不同部位内围果枝叶片中可溶性蛋白和脯氨酸含量的变化.结果表明:在两处理下,各品种不同部位棉叶中可溶性蛋白含量呈现出了不同的变化趋势,反映了棉花不同部位对水分胁迫适应能力的差异.干旱使各部位3个品种各铃期内围果枝叶可溶性蛋白含量降低,其中,下部果枝叶中大铃品种和小铃品种可溶性蛋白含量降低的幅度大于中铃品种,各品种的中部果枝叶中的可溶性蛋白含量变化比下部平缓,表明此部位果枝叶生理状态在棉铃发育过程中相对稳定.在水分胁迫下,各时期不同品种各部位果枝叶中脯氨酸含量均比对照增加;大铃品种各部位果枝叶在干旱胁迫下脯氨酸含量增加幅度小于中、小铃品种.不同部位果枝叶相比,干旱时脯氨酸含量增加幅度总体表现为:下部果枝叶＞中部果枝叶＞上部果枝叶.棉花品种存在着对干旱胁迫反应敏感程度不同的脯氨酸代谢调节机制,脯氨酸可以作为棉花抗旱性的参考性生理指标.     

全生育期干旱胁迫对棉花形态、生理、光合作用和产量的影响

为研究全生育期持续干旱处理对棉花生长发育和最终产量的影响,采用盆栽法,对新陆早19号、新陆早27号和新陆早54号进行轻度和中度干旱胁迫处理,在苗期、蕾期、花铃期和吐絮期测定形态学指标、生理指标和光合作用参数,收获时调查产量构成因素。结果表明:棉花的株高和茎粗随干旱胁迫的加强而下降;活性氧含量和抗氧化酶活性在不同生育期存在较大差异,相关性分析显示,活性氧含量与抗氧化酶活性间存在显著或极显著相关性,说明抗氧化酶活性随活性氧含量有规律变化,以清除体内过多活性氧,防止活性氧伤害;棉花蕾期光合作用随干旱胁迫的加强而降低,吐絮期(除新陆早27号)则随干旱胁迫加强而升高,可能由持续干旱处理使棉花生育后期所处发育阶段不同造成;干旱胁迫降低新陆早27号和新陆早54号的单株产量和纤维长度,轻度干旱胁迫对单铃重的影响较小,甚至起促进作用;棉花花铃期有4项指标与单株产量存在显著相关性,说明花铃期可能是受环境影响最大且决定最终产量的关键时期。     

干旱胁迫对彩色棉花农艺、品质性状及水分利用效率的影响

为了探索干旱胁迫对彩色棉花主要性状的影响及其水分利用机理,选用7个不同色彩的棉花品种(系),在常规灌溉、胁迫灌溉和生育期不灌溉3种环境条件下,调查其农艺性状、品质性状、水分利用效率(WUE)及产量。结果表明,干旱胁迫下不同色彩棉花品种的单株成铃数、单铃重、株高、花铃期叶片数、有效果枝数、收获指数、果节数、籽指、茎粗和果茎节间长度减少,衣分增加;灌水量减少一半,参试棉花品种的产量均降低,不灌溉处理的籽棉产量与常规灌溉间差异显著(P<0.05);籽棉产量的降低幅度品种间存在较大差异(P<0.05),棕色棉的减产幅度高于绿色棉。常规灌溉处理下,白色棉花水分利用效率高于棕色棉花和绿色棉花,而后二者差异不显著;干旱胁迫下,棕色棉花的水分利用效率高于绿色棉花。与水分利用效率相关的主要农艺性状、品质指标是：叶片数、单株成铃数、有效果枝数、果节数、株高、收获指数、单铃重、主茎节间长度、茎粗、籽指、衣分。     

脱叶剂对棉花叶片叶绿素荧光动力学参数的影响

利用叶绿素荧光动力学测定技术,对脱叶剂的不同喷施时间条件下棉花叶片光能吸收、传递、转换特性及棉花产量进行了研究。结果表明喷施脱叶剂降低了棉花叶片的光合功能,降低了最大光化学效率(Maximum photochemical efficiency,Fv/Fm)及PSⅡ反应中心开放部分的比例,使初始荧光(Minimal fluorescence,Fo)上升、光合电子传递速率(Electron transport rate,ETR)和PSⅡ总的光化学量子产量(Photosynthetic quantum yield,Yield)降低,提高了非光化学猝灭系数(Non-radiant energy,NPQ),说明脱叶剂胁迫下棉花叶片发生了光抑制,PSⅡ复合体受到损伤伴随着光合电子传递受阻。吐絮率10%时喷施脱叶剂使棉花铃重、衣分、皮棉产量显著低于对照。吐絮率50%时喷施脱吐隆300 g·hm~(-2)+40%乙烯利1200 m L·hm~(-2),第25天棉花脱叶率为90.1%,吐絮率为99.87%,对棉花铃重、衣分及皮棉产量影响最小且更有利于促进叶片脱落和棉铃成熟。     

不同生育时期水分胁迫对花生生长发育和产量的影响

旨在明确花生水分敏感时期,为花生进行科学合理灌溉、提高产量提供理论依据和技术指导。以中早熟大果型‘豫花9326’和早熟小果型‘豫花9936’为材料,在全自动防雨干旱棚条件下,通过人工控水的方法研究了苗期、花针期、结荚期和成熟期干旱胁迫对花生营养生长、生殖生长、产量、水分利用效率等的影响。结果表明：不同生长发育时期干旱胁迫均导致花生生长发育受抑制、产量降低。其中花针期干旱,影响最大,花针期干旱主茎高、侧枝长分别降低了42.1%、37.5%,产量降低了22.2%。其次是结荚期干旱和苗期干旱,成熟期干旱影响最小。通过对各指标的分析,苗期干旱、花针期干旱主要是影响了单株结果数,从而降低了产量;结荚期干旱、成熟期干旱则是降低了饱果率、百仁重、出仁率,进而影响了产量。本研究明确了花针期是花生对水分胁迫最为敏感的时期,对提高花生水分利用效率和我国干旱半干旱地区花生单产具有重要意义。     

干旱对不同铃重基因型棉花叶片细胞膜伤害、保护酶活性及产量的影响

 研究水分胁迫对棉花叶片细胞膜伤害、保护酶活性及产量的影响。结果表明,在水分胁迫下,各棉花品种各部位果枝叶片中MDA含量明显增加,增加幅度因品种、时期和植株部位不同差异较大,其中,以中铃品种果枝叶片中MDA含量增加幅度最小。水分胁迫下各品种、各部位果枝叶片SOD、POD酶活性在棉铃发育的多数时期都明显升高,其中上、中部果枝叶SOD酶活性在棉铃30 d日龄时最低,并且这一规律不因品种类型和果枝区位而改变;中铃品种上部和下部果枝叶SOD酶活性在干旱胁迫下增加的幅度大于大铃和小铃品种;就不同区位果枝叶各时期总体情况而言,以中部POD酶活性最高,下部次之,上部最低。干旱胁迫下中铃品种的铃重和产量变化幅度最小,表现出较强的耐旱性。     

棉花上部叶片叶绿素SPAD值动态变化研究

为了探索利用叶绿素SPAD值在不同生育阶段进行棉花营养诊断的方法,以2个早熟品种（‘中棉所36’、‘中棉所50’）和2个中熟品种（‘中棉所41’、‘鲁棉28’）为对象,研究了棉花主茎倒1至倒4叶在全生育期的叶绿素SPAD值动态变化,并研究了氮、磷施用量对鲁棉28蕾期、花期和吐絮期主茎功能叶的SPAD值影响。结果表明：2个早熟品种的棉花主茎叶全生育期SPAD值呈现倒一叶<倒二叶<倒三叶<倒四叶的规律,2个中熟品种在盛铃期以前主茎4片叶SPAD值也呈现和早熟品种一样的规律,但盛铃期以后SPAD值叶序变化不规则。在吐絮前,棉花主茎倒四叶SPAD值可以作为棉株营养诊断的参考,早熟品种棉花主茎倒一叶或倒二叶吐絮前10天和吐絮后10天左右的SPAD差值大小可以作为棉株衰老程度的参考值,中熟品种棉花主茎倒三叶吐絮前15天和吐絮后15天左右的SPAD差值大小可以作为棉株衰老程度的参考值。本试验条件下,纯氮用量高于270 kg/hm2,吐絮期主茎功能叶SPAD值与不施氮处理差异极显著,高氮处理利于主茎功能叶在吐絮期维持较高的SPAD值;纯P2O5用量在120 kg/hm2即能使吐絮期主茎功能叶维持较高的SPAD值,增加磷肥用量SPAD值反而下降。     

使用壮早丰避霜剂对棉花生长发育的影响

经过3年田间试验与示范，研制出棉花促早避霜剂—壮早丰(配方编号97BS8)。棉花系统喷施壮早丰后，棉株株高降低9．89％～22．58％，主茎节间和果枝节间缩短，棉花株型紧凑，协调了营养生长与生殖生长关系，内围铃增多，单株铃数和铃重增加，生育进程加快，吐絮期提早2～4d，皮棉比对照增产5．4％～17．93％，对棉花纤维品质无不良影响。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Evolution under domestication involving disturbance of genic balance

Summary An hypothesis is developed that the rapid change from wild plants into domesticated crops principally involves the selection of alleles with non-functional gene products which leads to reduced control of the highly integrated metabolism and morphogenesis previously accumulated by lengthy natural selection. Such disturbance of the genome produces altered physiological and morphological development which, although deleterious in nature, serves mankind better and has been selected.     

Genetic variation for disease and nematode resistances and forage quality in perennial diploid and tetraploid lucerne populations (Medicago sativa L.)

Summary Twenty-five lucerne populations of the Medicago sativa complex, which were either diploid or tetraploid and wild or cultivated, were analysed for their resistance to four different fungal diseases and to stem nematode. Forage quality, including stem digestibility and saponin content, was also tested.Populations varied in susceptibility to the diseases caused by Colletotrichum trifolii, Verticillium albo-atrum, Sclerotinia trifoliorum and Pseudopezizza medicaginis, and to the nematode Ditylenchus dipsaci. Except for Sclerotinia rot, sativa and falcata subspecies differed in susceptibility, but this grouping of populations did not account for the full range of variation among them. However, the resistance to P. medicaginis was much lower in the sativa than in the falcata populations.Populations also varied significantly in stem fiber content and digestibility. Stem digestibility was negatively correlated to forage yield. Wild sativa and falcata populations had lower fiber content and higher digestibility than cultivated sativa populations. The medicagenic acid was the sapogenin responsible for the anti-nutritional effect of the lucerne measured by the yellow mealworm larvae Tenebrio molitor. The medicagenic acid content was lowest for the pure sativa populations, highest for the pure falcata populations, and intermediate for the French sativa varieties that have some traits originating from falcata germplasm. Some populations could be used in breeding programs to improve disease and nematode resistance, and forage quality.     

Review of Effects of Active Components of Gastrodiae Rhizoma on Central Nervous System

In order to explore the pharmacological effects of active components of Gastrodiae Rhizoma on the central nervous system,through consulting related literatures,...     

Effects of Pb on Rhizosphere Soil Enzyme Activity and Chemical Constituents of Achyranthes bidentata Blume

[Objectives]The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Pb on rhizosphere soil enzyme activity and chemical constituents of Achyranthes bidentat...     

不同P-Zn配比对小麦幼苗微量元素营养的影响

采用了螯合-缓冲营养液培养方法对小麦进行了苗期培养试验,在3个P水平(0,0.6,3.0 mmol/L)和3个Zn水平(0,3,30 μmol/L)的完全组合下对小麦苗期生长及Zn、Fe、Cu、Mn营养进行了研究,旨在为小麦微肥施用提供理论依据.结果表明,P、Zn的正常供应促进了小麦生长,二者的缺乏与过量均会抑制小麦发育,且这种影响在冠部表现得更为明显.在小麦苗期,Zn与Cu的吸收存在明显的拮抗作用,但供Zn则促进了Zn和Cu的转运,而Mn转运则受到了抑制;过量供Zn时,大量Zn被转运到冠部,同时明显抑制了(Fe+Cu+Mn)的吸收总量;P的供应显著地抑制了Fe的吸收,但P的供应提高了Zn、Cu、Mn的转运率;P、Zn在对Zn与Fe、Cu、Mn间吸收竞争的影响中,Zn本身的影响要比P的影响更为明显,供Zn明显促进了小麦幼苗对Zn的吸收;在小麦幼苗冠部,Zn与Fe的竞争中,供P利于Zn的吸收,缺P则利于Fe的吸收;而Zn与Cu以及Zn与Mn间的竞争中,缺磷时利于Zn的吸收,供磷后则利于Cu和Mn的吸收.总之,小麦幼苗Zn、Fe、Cu、Mn营养中,P、Zn的不同配比会不同程度地改变Zn与Fe、Cu、Mn的协同或拮抗效应.     

Isozyme variation between diploid and tetraploid cytotypes of Glycine tabacina (Labill.) Benth.

Summary Glycine tabacina (Labill.) Benth. is a wild perennial species related to the cultivated soybean, G. max (L.) Merr. It is composed of diploid (2n=40) and tetraploid (2n=80) cytotypes. Currently, to differentiate the cytotypes, plants are grown out in the greenhouse and chromosome counts made on pollen mother cells. It is a laborious and time consuming process. The objective of this study was to determine whether electrophoretic techniques could be utilized to separate the cytotypes. Electrophoretic examination of seven isozyme systems from seed of 67 G. tabacina accessions revealed banding patterns that could be used to differentiate between diploid and tetraploid cytotypes in the species. Among the tetraploid accessions, the number of bands observed were always greater than the diploids. Some tetraploid banding patterns consisted of bands similar to the diploid tabacina and/or additional bands previously identified in other Glycine species. The patterns of isozyme multiplicity and variation in the tetraploid tabacinas suggests more than one mode of origin for the tetraploids.     

Some physiological and photosynthetic characters of rice × sorghum and rice × wheat hybrids

Summary Some photosynthetic characters as-leaf anatomy, leaf photosynthetic rate and CO₂ compensation pointdistinguishing C₃ and C₄ plants and physiological characters as leaf area ratio, nitrogen content, leaf stem ratio and total shoot-to-root and deep root-to-shoot ratios have been studied in rice × sorghum and rice × wheat hybrids. Rice × sorghum 1. has lower values of photosynthetic rate, leaf nitrogen, total root and deep root-to-shoot ratio and CO₂ compensation point as of rice parent where as, rice × sorghym 2. is superior in all these characters. Both hybrids lack kranz anatomy. Though both rice × sorghum hybrids show characters of C₃ rice plant but rice × sorghum 2. has improved drought tolerance and leaf characters in relation to yield. Rice × wheat hybrid have higher assimilatory area and higher total root-to-shoot ratio. Grains of rice × wheat hybrids are identical to rice grain. However, as grains of rice × wheat hybrid does not contain seed coat, it could be exploited as novel rice germplasm after improvement.Abbreviations T CO₂ compensation point - T21 CO₂ compensation point at 21% O₂ - T2 CO₂ compensation point at 2% O₂ - dR/sR deep Root-to-shoot Ratio - LAR Leaf Area Ratio - CER photosynthetic rate - TR/SR Total Root-to-Shoot Ratio