米糠常规营养成分表观消化率及氨基酸回肠末端消化率的测定

米糠是稻谷加工的主要副产品,由稻谷的果皮、种皮、外胚层、糊粉层、胚及少量胚乳组成。我国年产稻谷1.7亿吨左右,稻谷的出糠率在6%～7%之间,因此,我国的米糠饲料资源在1100万吨以上。米糠脂肪含量高(16%～18%),且多为不饱和脂肪酸,是动物必需脂肪酸的良好来源。粗蛋白质含量多在13%～15%之间,据此计算,我国每年可提供米糠蛋白质150万吨,而且一般认为其蛋白质的品质优于谷物饲料。饲料蛋白质的营养价值通常用其氨基酸的生物学效价来表示。但是,目前国内尚未见有关米糠的猪回肠末端氨基酸消化率的报道。本次试验用全收粪法测定米糠的常规营养…     

壳聚糖锌对断奶仔猪养分表观消化率和消化酶活性的影响

试验旨在探讨饲喂不同水平壳聚糖锌(CS-Zn)对断奶仔猪生长性能、养分消化率和消化酶活性的影响。选择体重7.25 kg左右断奶仔猪120头,随机分为5组(每组3个重复,每个重复8头)。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组在基础饲粮基础上分别添加50、100 mg/kg CS-Zn和100 mg/kg硫酸锌(ZnSO4)、3 000 mg/kg氧化锌(ZnO)(均以锌计),饲养期35 d。结果表明:与对照组和ZnSO4组相比,CS-Zn-100组能显著提高断奶仔猪日增重、降低饲料增重比(P<0.05),与高剂量氧化锌组无明显差异(P>0.05);与对照组和ZnSO4组相比,CS-Zn-100组显著提高了断奶仔猪对饲料粗蛋白的消化率(P<0.05);与对照组相比,CS-Zn-100组能显著提高断奶仔猪十二指肠和胰腺总蛋白水解酶活性以及十二指肠淀粉酶活性(P<0.05),与3 000 mg/kg ZnO组无显著差异(P>0.05)。结果提示,饲粮中添加100 mg/kg CS-Zn能明显提高断奶仔猪对饲料粗蛋白的利用率和断奶仔猪小肠的消化酶活性。     

盐藻粉、壳聚糖和VA对奶牛日粮中氮、钙与磷表观消化率的影响

试验主要通过研究壳聚糖、盐藻粉、VA对奶牛日粮中N、Ca及P表观消化率的影响,旨在为科学地确定奶牛日粮中壳聚糖、盐藻粉及VA的添加剂量提供理论依据。试验分两部分进行,试验一选用18头荷斯坦奶牛作为试验动物,随机分成壳聚糖组、盐藻粉组和对照组,每组6头,壳聚糖和盐藻粉在奶牛日粮中的添加剂量为15g/(d·头)、9mg/(d·头),对照组不添加。试验二选用24头荷斯坦奶牛作为试验动物,采用2×2随机试验设计分成4个处理组,各组在基础日粮中添加不同水平(110、165IU/kg·BW)及处理(未处理、过瘤胃保护)的VA。2个试验的试验期均为60d,其中预饲期10d,正试期50d。试验结果表明,奶牛日粮中添加壳聚糖可以显著地提高日粮N、P的表观消化率,降低Ca的表观消化率(P<0.05)。盐藻粉可以显著地提高日粮中N的表观消化率(P<0.05)。奶牛日粮中添加高剂量(165IU/kg·BW)的VA及过瘤胃保护的VA对日粮N、P、Ca的表观消化率无显著的影响,但N、P表观消化率有增加的趋势,Ca的表观消化率有降低的趋势。     

盐藻粉、壳聚糖和VA对奶牛日粮中氮、钙与磷表观消化率的影响

试验主要通过研究壳聚糖、盐藻粉、VA对奶牛日粮中N、Ca及P表观消化率的影响,旨在为科学地确定奶牛日粮中壳聚糖、盐藻粉及VA的添加剂量提供理论依据。试验分两部分进行,试验一选用18头荷斯坦奶牛作为试验动物,随机分成壳聚糖组、盐藻粉组和对照组,每组6头,壳聚糖和盐藻粉在奶牛日粮中的添加剂量为15g/（d·头）、9mg/（d·头）,对照组不添加。试验二选用24头荷斯坦奶牛作为试验动物,采用2×2随机试验设计分成4个处理组,各组在基础日粮中添加不同水平（110、165IU/kg·BW）及处理（未处理、过瘤胃保护）的VA。2个试验的试验期均为60d,其中预饲期10d,正试期50d。试验结果表明,奶牛日粮中添加壳聚糖可以显著地提高日粮N、P的表观消化率,降低Ca的表观消化率（P〈0.05）。盐藻粉可以显著地提高日粮中N的表观消化率（P〈0.05）。奶牛日粮中添加高剂量（165IU/kg·BW）的VA及过瘤胃保护的VA对日粮N、P、Ca的表观消化率无显著的影响,但N、P表观消化率有增加的趋势,Ca的表观消化率有降低的趋势。     

盐藻粉、壳聚糖和VA对奶牛日粮中氮、钙与磷表观消化率的影响

试验主要通过研究壳聚糖、盐藻粉、VA对奶牛日粮中N、Ca及P表现消化率的影响,旨在为科学地确定奶牛日粮中壳聚糖、盐藻粉及VA的添加剂量提供理论依据.试验分两部分进行,试验一选用18头荷斯坦奶牛作为试验动物,随机分成壳聚糖组、盐藻粉组和对照组,每组6头,壳聚糖和盐藻粉在奶牛日粮中的添加剂量为15 g/(d·头)、9 mg/(d·头),对照组不添加.试验二选用24头荷斯坦奶牛作为试验动物,采用2×2随机试验设计分成4个处理组,各组在基础日粮中添加不同水平(110、165 IU/kg·BW)及处理(未处理、过瘤胃保护)的VA.2个试验的试验期均为60d,其中预饲期10d,正试期50d.试验结果表明,奶牛日粮中添加壳聚糖可以显著地提高日粮N、P的表现消化率,降低Ca的表观消化率(P＜0.05).盐藻粉可以显著地提高日粮中N的表现消化率(P＜0.05).奶牛日粮中添加高剂量( 165 IU/kg·BW)的VA及过瘸胃保护的VA对日粮N、P、Ca的表观消化率无显著的影响,但N、P表现消化率有增加的趋势,Ca的表观消化率有降低的趋势.     

氨基酸螯合铁对早期断奶仔猪内脏铁含量及铁消化率的影响

为了比较氨基酸螯合铁对早期断奶仔猪内脏铁含量、铁表观消化率的影响,选择150头21日龄断奶仔猪(杜×长×大),在基础日粮添加100 mg/kg无机铁的基础上分别添加0、40、80、120、160 mg/kg氨基酸螯合铁构成5个试验组进行1～3周、4～6周及全期试验.结果表明:第21天和第42天,120 mg/kg氨基酸螯合铁试验组铁表观消化率极显著高于对照组(P<0.01);肝脏铁、脾脏铁都显著高于对照组(P<0.05).添加氨基酸铁螯合铁可提高早期断奶仔猪的铁表观消化率,增加体内铁贮.     

甘氨酸亚铁对断奶仔猪生长性能、铁表观消化率及血清铁相关指标的影响

本试验旨在研究甘氨酸亚铁对断奶仔猪生长性能、铁表观消化率及血清铁相关指标的影响。试验选取12头(28±1)日龄"杜×长×大"断奶仔猪,根据体重、健康状况等均衡分布原则分为2组,每组6个重复,每个重复1头仔猪,单个饲养于消化代谢笼。试验分为2个阶段,第1阶段:2组均饲喂缺铁基础饲粮10 d,使仔猪处于临近贫血状态;第2阶段:对照组在缺铁基础饲粮中额外添加100 mg/kg的硫酸亚铁(以铁计),试验组额外添加100 mg/kg的甘氨酸亚铁(以铁计),试验期10 d。结果表明:与添加硫酸亚铁相比,饲粮添加甘氨酸亚铁有降低仔猪料重比的趋势(P0.10),降低了4.57%,但对仔猪的平均日增重、平均日采食量无显著影响(P0.10);饲粮添加甘氨酸亚铁能显著降低粪中的铁排出量和铁排出总量(P0.05),分别降低了23.11%和22.09%;饲粮添加甘氨酸亚铁能极显著提高铁表观消化率和表观代谢率(P0.01),分别提高了13.34%和22.42%;同时,饲粮添加甘氨酸亚铁能显著提高血清中的铁饱和度和血液中的铁含量(P0.05)。综上,甘氨酸亚铁可提高断奶仔猪的生长性能,提高血液铁含量,改善仔猪铁代谢状况,降低粪便铁排出量,是一种绿色高效的新型补铁剂。     

盐藻粉、壳聚糖和维生素A对奶牛日粮中氮、钙与磷表观消化率的影响

试验主要通过研究壳聚糖、盐藻粉、维生素A对奶牛日粮中N、Ca及P表观消化率的影响,旨在为科学地确定奶牛日粮中壳聚糖、盐藻粉及维生素A的添加剂量提供理论依据。试验分两部分进行,试验一选用18头荷斯坦奶牛作为试验动物,随机分成壳聚糖组、盐藻粉组和对照组,每组6头,壳聚糖和盐藻粉在奶牛日粮中的添加剂量为15g(/d·头)、9mg(/d·头),对照组不添加。试验二选用24头荷斯坦奶牛作为试验动物,采用2×2随机试验设计分成4个处理组,各组在基础日粮中添加不同水平(110、165IU/kgBW,)及处理(未处理、过瘤胃保护)的维生素A。两个试验的试验期均为60d,其中预饲期10d,正试期50d。试验结果表明,奶牛日粮中添加壳聚糖可以显著地提高日粮N、P的表观消化率,降低Ca的表观消化率(P0.05)。盐藻粉可以显著地提高日粮中N的表观消化率(P0.05)。奶牛日粮中添加高剂量(165IU/kgBW)的维生素A及过瘤胃保护的维生素A对日粮N、P、Ca的表观消化率无显著的影响,但N、P表观消化率有增加的趋势,Ca的表观消化率有降低的趋势。     

秸秆生物处理技术研究(三)——全收粪法测定玉米秸秆全混饲粮养分的消化率

试验测定绵羊对未处理玉米秸秆（对照组）、微贮玉米秸秆、碱化玉米秸秆和羊草占６０％ 的全混饲粮中５ 种养分的表观消化率。结果表明,尽管三个试验组的干物质、有机物、中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维的表观消化率与对照组之间在统计上差异不显著,但微贮组的前４ 个指标分别比对照组提高９．２％ ,７．１ ％ ,６ ．６％ 和６．８ ％ ,微贮组、羊草组和碱化秸秆组粗蛋白质的表观消化率分别比对照组提高３５．３ ％ ,３３ ．６％ 和１９ ．９％（ Ｐ＜０ ．０１）。微贮秸秆组养分消化率可达到与羊草相同的水平。     

青鱼对8种常用蛋白源的表观消化率

为完善青鱼对常用蛋白源的可消化性数据,按照"70%基础饲料+30%被测原料"的饲料配制方法,用三氧化二铬为指标物,测定了青鱼鱼种[(23.5±2.2)g]对血粉、进口褐鱼粉、国产鱼粉、豆粕、花生粕、棉籽粕、葵仁粕、菜籽粕8种蛋白原料干物质、粗蛋白和磷的表观消化率。结果表明:青鱼对8种原料的干物质、蛋白质和磷表观消化率分别为49.29%~86.57%、74.82%~93.88%和23.06%~37.82%。     

凡纳滨对虾对家蝇蛆粉的表观消化率

以氧化钇(Y2O3)为指示剂,按照"70%基础饲料+30%试验原料"的方法测定了初始体重(2.20±0.15)g凡纳滨对虾对家蝇蛆粉的表观消化率。试验结果显示,凡纳滨对虾对家蝇蛆粉干物质、粗蛋白、粗脂肪和能量的表观消化率分别为68.18%、83.34%、89.26%和75.38%。凡纳滨对虾对家蝇蛆粉总氨基酸的消化率为86.56%,氨基酸消化率的变化范围为80.74%~92.31%,其中组氨酸、精氨酸、异亮氨酸和脯氨酸的消化率均在90%以上。研究结果为评价家蝇蛆粉的营养价值及其在凡纳滨对虾饲料中的应用提供了参考和依据。     

Apparent digestibility of macronutrients in captive babirusa (Babyrousa babyrussa).

The apparent digestibilities of macronutrients by babirusa (Babyrousa babyrussa) were measured. Three group-housed captive babirusa were fed a diet of pelleted feed, boiled potatoes, grains, vegetables, and fruits. To determine reproducibility of the results, two digestibility trials were conducted 5 wk apart. The apparent digestibilities for crude protein, crude fat, and nonstructural carbohydrates (nitrogen-free extract) were 71, 76, and 78% of intake, respectively. Average apparent digestibilities of neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber were 62 and 19% of intake, respectively. Hemicellulose (neutral detergent fiber minus acid detergent fiber) digestibility was 75%. Cellulose digestibility on average was 19% of intake, i.e., identical to acid detergent fiber digestibility because the diet did not contain a detectable amount of acid detergent lignin.     

水貂对5种非常规蛋白质饲料养分的消化利用率

试验旨在研究水貂对进口鱼粉、血浆蛋白粉、羽毛粉、猪血球蛋白粉和肠膜蛋白粉5种非常规饲料的表观消化率,为合理利用饲料资源提供科学依据。试验选取年龄、品种、体重相近,健康的准备配种期改良型黑色母貂30只,平均分成5组,每组6只。采用套算法测定了水貂对5种饲料原料干物质、能量、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗灰分和磷的表观消化率。试验结果表明:水貂对猪血球蛋白粉组干物质的表观消化率显著地高于进口鱼粉和羽毛粉组(P0.05),羽毛粉的干物质和能量表观消化率最低(P0.05)。猪血球蛋白粉的粗蛋白表观消化率组最高,羽毛粉组粗蛋白的表观消化率显著地低于其他各组(P0.05)。肠膜蛋白粉组粗脂肪表观消化率显著地高于血浆蛋白粉、羽毛粉和猪血球蛋白粉组(P0.05),但与进口鱼粉组差相比异不显著(P0.05);5种试验饲粮的蛋白质生物学价值和净蛋白利用率指标差异均不显著(P0.05)。因此,5种蛋白质饲料中养分表观消化率最高的是进口鱼粉,其次是肠膜蛋白粉、血浆蛋白粉和猪血球蛋白粉,羽毛粉最低。     

凡纳滨对虾对黑水虻幼虫粉营养物质的表观消化率

试验旨在研究凡纳滨对虾对餐厨垃圾和鸡粪饲养的两种黑水虻幼虫粉营养物质的表观消化率。以0.04%的氧化钇(Y_2O_3)为外源性指示剂,按照30%的待测原料和70%的基础日粮配制试验饲料。试验挑选360尾平均体重(6.54±0.06)g的凡纳滨对虾放入9个圆柱形玻璃纤维缸(水体体积为300 L)中,每缸放养40尾,随机分成3组,每组设置3个重复,采用饱食投喂法分别投喂3组饲料,每天投喂3次,于投饲2 h后用网捞法收集粪便,连续收集粪便到试验结束。结果显示:凡纳滨对虾对鸡粪养殖黑水虻幼虫粉的干物质、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、能量和总氨基酸的表观消化率分别为82.44%、88.85%、90.43%、83.42%和92.17%,各种氨基酸的消化率在87.98%~94.77%之间。凡纳滨对虾对餐厨垃圾养殖的黑水虻幼虫粉的干物质、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、能量和总氨基酸的表观消化率分别为82.15%、86.81%、90.51%、85.24%和92.10%,各种氨基酸的消化率在87.01%~95.43%之间。由此可见,黑水虻幼虫粉是凡纳滨对虾优质的动物蛋白源,可替代一定比例鱼粉。     

Apparent digestibility of nitrogen and amino acids in protein feedstuffs by growing pigs

Eight digestion trials were conducted with pigs fitted with ileal T-cannulas to determine the apparent digestibilities of N and amino acids in common protein feedstuffs. Trial-to-trial variation was minimal as determined by the variation in digestibilities for soybean meal, which was evaluated in each trial. Apparent digestibilities varied widely; ileal N digestibility ranged from 88 to 63%, and ileal lysine digestibility ranged from 93 to 40%. In general, ring-dried blood meal, corn gluten meal, Menhaden fish meal, poultry-by-product meal and extruded whole soybeans were the most digestible, followed by canola meal, sunflower meal, peanut meal and meat and bone meal. Cottonseed meal and feather meal were the least digestible. Mean values for each feedstuff agree well with published data. Variation in digestibilities among samples of the same feedstuff was greater for the meat and bone meals. Regression of ileal essential amino acid digestibilities on ileal and fecal N digestibility indicated that amino acid digestibilities can be predicted more precisely from ileal N digestibility than from fecal N digestibility. However, neither ileal nor fecal N digestibility could be used with a high degree of certainty to predict ileal amino acid digestibilities.     

Apparent digestibility and nutrient balance in lambs fed different levels of flatpea hay.

Apparent digestibility and nutrient utilization were studied in a digestion and balance trial with 30 wether lambs (BW 32 kg). Lambs were blocked by weight and allotted randomly to five diets with ratios of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) to 'Lathco' flatpea (Lathyrus sylvestris L.) hay of 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, and 0:100. Alfalfa was harvested in the early bloom stage and flatpea was harvested in the vegetative stage. Digestibilities of DM, NDF, ADF, cellulose, hemicellulose, and energy decreased linearly (P less than .05) as the level of flatpea hay increased to values of 53.3, 32.4, 39.9, 46.0, 40.5, and 52.5%, respectively, for 100% flatpea hay. Nitrogen retention (9 to 15% of intake) was not affected by level of flatpea hay. Ruminal pH, NH3 N, and blood urea N increased linearly (P less than .001) as level of flatpea increased in the diet, apparently a reflection of dietary N level. Calcium excretion decreased linearly (P less than .01) with increased proportions of flatpea hay and was related to dietary intake of Ca. Apparent absorption and retention showed a cubic effect (P less than .05). No clinical signs of toxicity were observed in any of the lambs during the 20-d metabolism trial. Vegetative flatpea is potentially valuable as a forage for feeding ruminants.     

Apparent digestibility of crude fibre in ponies fed either a low or high-protein diet

The question addressed was whether apparent crude fibre digestibility in ponies would change after lowering protein intake from adequate to borderline deficient. Four adult ponies were fed a low- and high-protein diet according to a cross-over design. The diets consisted of grass hay and concentrates and provided either 1.5 or 3.6 g digestible crude protein/kg^0.75 per day. The two whole rations provided 2.4 g crude fibre/kg body weight per day. Apparent crude fibre digestibility was not affected by protein intake (low-protein diet: 42.9 ± 4.03%; high-protein diet: 38.1 ± 1.14%, means ± SE, n =4). The low-protein diet caused a significant increase in the ratio of faecal: urinary nitrogen. It is suggested that, when the low-protein diet was fed, sufficient urea flew from the blood into the intestine and ammonia released in the hindgut was conserved so that microbial growth, and thus fibre fermentation, was maintained.     

壳聚糖对肉牛生长性能及营养物质消化率的影响

试验旨在研究壳聚糖(chitosan,CHI)对肉牛生长性能及营养物质表观消化率的影响。选择体重、月龄接近,健康无病的24头西门塔尔育肥公牛,随机分为3个日粮处理组,每组8头牛,饲养试验分前、中、后三期,每期28 d,共84 d。三组日粮分别是在基础日粮中添加0、500和1 000 mg/kg的壳聚糖配制而成。结果表明:试验全期500 mg/kg壳聚糖组的平均日增重(ADG)和日采食量(ADFI)最高、料肉比(F/G)最低;日粮添加500 mg/kg壳聚糖可提高肉牛干物质、蛋白质、能量和钙表观消化率。说明日粮中添加500 mg/kg壳聚糖可提高肉牛营养物质的消化率,进而促进肉牛的生长。     

Apparent digestibility of nitrogen and nitrogen retention of forages fed to steers in metabolism stalls

Holstein steers in metabolism stalls were utilized to determine apparent digestibility of N (DN), N retention (NR) expressed as a percentage of total N consumed, and Mcal/kg digestible energy (DE) when diets of seven different classes of forages were fed. The best predictive equation for digestibility of N in the 153 forages studied was DN(%) = -98.1065 + 11.4724 (%CP) + 41.4475 (DE) - .1498 (%CP)2 - 1.2541 (DE)2 - 1.9309 (CP) (DE), with R2 = .74 and Sy.x = 8.63, where %CP is the percent crude protein of the forage. The best predictive equation for DN of sorghum silages, corn silages, legume hays and temperate grass hays contained both %CP and DE as predictor variables. The best predictive equations for DN of sorghum-sudan and bermudagrass hays contained only %CP and (%CP)2 as predictor variables. The predictive equation for DN of 14 alfalfa hays involved only the linear relationship to %CP. The best scheme for predicting NR as a percentage of N consumed in 116 forages was a combination of three equations as follows: 1) NR(%) = -47.0797 + 6.4733 (%CP) - .1542 (%CP)2 for forages, where DE = less than 2.42 Mcal/kg; 2) NR(%) = -67.6306 + 10.1354 (%CP) - .2726 (%CP)2, where DE = 2.42 - 2.87 Mcal/kg; and 3) NR(%) = 28.3458 + 4.4722 (%CP) - .1263 (%CP)2, where DE = greater than 2.87 Mcal/kg; R2 = .42 and Sy.x = 14.86.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Apparent and standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids in diverse barley cultivars fed to growing pigs

The objectives of this study were to determine the chemical composition, ileal amino acid (AA) digestibility of barley varieties and to develop equations to predict the AA digestibility based on the chemical characteristics of individual barley. A wide selection of nine barley varieties in the main growing regions of China was used in the experiment. Ten crossbred pigs (30.9 ± 1.8 kg) were allotted to a 6 × 10 Youden Square. The treatments included a nitrogen‐free diet and nine barley test diets. Considerable variation was observed in the content of neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, crude protein (CP) and all AAs among the barley samples. The standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of indispensable AAs with the exception of arginine, phenylalanine and threonine were different (P < 0.05) among the nine barley sources tested. With R² values exceeding 0.50, significant linear regression equations for CP and threonine were obtained. In conclusion, significant differences existed in the ileal digestibility of CP and AAs among barley varieties. It is difficult to predict the SID of most of the amino acids in barely based upon chemical characteristics.