Relationships between liver element concentration and cause of death in perinatal lambs in Michigan, USA

Relationships were characterized between liver concentration of Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, P and Zn and cause of death in pre-weaned Michigan lambs. In 1986, the 888 lambs that died before weaning from 33 Michigan sheep producers were submitted to the Michigan State University Animal Health Diagnostic Laboratory for necropsy. Inductively coupled argon plasma emission spectroscopy was used to measure liver element concentrations. The five major causes of death discovered by gross necropsy were dystocia-stillborn, starvation-hypothermia, pneumonia, abortion and trauma. Each of the five causes of death had significant (P<0.05) associations with various liver element concentrations when evaluated with logistic regression. These results suggest that liver element concentrations in perinatal lambs dying of common production diseases can be expected to vary with the cause of death.     

Multielement assay of perinatal lamb livers by inductively coupled argon plasma emission spectroscopy

During the 1986 lambing season, 33 Michigan sheep producers submitted all lambs that had died before weaning to the Michigan State University Diagnostic Laboratory for necropsy. Inductively coupled argon plasma emission spectroscopy was used to measure 22 elements in the liver of 888 of the lambs submitted. Mean concentrations of each element were established and compared with literature values of established deficient, normal, and toxic concentrations. Mean values in milligrams per kilogram of wet weight were as follows: Al, 3.843; As, less than 1; Ba, 0.176; Ca, 128.2; Cr, 0.778; Cu, 56.82; Fe, 491.6; Hg, less than 2; K, 2,150; Mg, 138.4; Mn, 2.776; Mo, 0.489; Na, 1,384; P, 2,583; Pb, 1,453; Sb, less than 1; Tl, less than 5; Zn, 68.31. In only 11 lambs did the liver contain As, B, Cd, Co, Hg, Sb, Se, or Tl in detectable concentrations.     

Effects of exogenous somatotropin on the concentration of minerals in the tissues of growing ram lambs

Ten Suffolk ram lambs (mean BW 14.4 +/- 1.0 kg, 9 wk of age) were used to evaluate the effects of somatotropin (ST) on the concentration of minerals in tissues. Lambs were treated with daily injections of sterile saline (SAL; n = 5) or with bovine pituitary-extracted ST (.1 mg.kg BW-1.d-1; n = 5) for 13 wk. At slaughter at 22 wk of age, the liver, heart, kidneys, brain, spleen, lungs and testes were removed. Tissues were lyophilized, ground and analyzed for minerals. Daily treatment with ST had no influence on Ca, Na, K or the ratio of Na to K in tissues. Although P was lower (P less than .10) in the liver of ST lambs, the concentration of P remained within a normal range for sheep. The concentrations of both Mg (P less than .10) and Fe (P less than .05) were lower in the spleen of ST lambs. Splenic hypertrophy appeared to occur (P = .13) in ST lambs; the total splenic pool of Mg and of Fe did not differ (P greater than .10) between SAL and ST lambs. The concentration of several other minerals were lower in tissues of ST lambs: Cu in kidneys (P less than .10) and liver (P = .12); Zn (P less than .05) in liver, kidneys and lungs; and Mn in liver (P less than .05). By causing a reduction in the concentration of minerals in tissues, ST may increase the possibility of a metabolic insufficiency of a mineral. Exogenous treatment of animals with ST may modify the metabolic requirements for minerals and thereby increase dietary requirements.     

Content and distribution of macro- and micro-elements in the body of pasture-fed young horses

OBJECTIVE: To determine the content and distribution of Na, K, Ca, P, Mg, S, Cu, Mn, Fe and Zn in the body of pasture-fed young horses and then use a factorial model to calculate the dietary mineral requirements for growth. PROCEDURE: Twenty-one foals were killed at about 150 days of age and the organs, soft tissues, skin and bones and a sample of muscle were dissected out and weighted. The mineral concentrations of elements in all soft tissues and bones were measured by inductively coupled emission spectrometry. The total mineral element composition associated with a tissue was determined from the weight of tissue and its mineral element concentration. RESULTS: Expressed as a percent of total body mineral elements, muscle contained 20% Na, 78% K, 32% Mg, 62% Cu, 36% Mn and 57% Zn, bone contained 47% Na, 99% Ca, 81% P, 62% Mg, 30% Mn and 28% Zn while the organs accounted for a smaller percentage ranging from 0.06% for Ca to 26% for Fe. In liver Cu accounted for 9.2% of total body Cu. Each kilogram of empty body weight was associated with 1.0 g Na, 2.5 g K, 17.1 g Ca, 10.1 g P, 0.4 g Mg, 1.1 mg Cu, 0.39 mg Mn, 52.5 mg Fe and 21.4 mg Zn. CONCLUSION: The mineral element content of body weight gain is a component used in the factorial model to determine dietary mineral element requirements for growth. The calculated dietary mineral requirements, expressed per kg dry matter, for a 200 kg horse gaining 1.0 kg/day were 1.0 g Na, 2.1 g K, 4.6 g Ca, 3.5 g P, 0.7 g Mg, 4.5 mg Cu and 25 mg Zn.     

Concentrations of macro- and micro-elements in the milk of pasture-fed thoroughbred mares

OBJECTIVE: To determine the changes in Ca, P, Mg, Na, K, S, Cu, Fe and Zn concentrations of milk during the lactation in pasture-fed Thoroughbred mares and then calculate the dietary mineral requirements of the sucking foal and the lactating mare. PROCEDURE: Milk was sampled on days 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, 28 and at various times between 55 to 65, 85 to 95 and 135 to 150 days after parturition from 21 pasture-fed mares. The concentrations of macro- and micro-elements in the milk were determined by inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry. RESULTS: Concentrations (mg/L) of these elements were highest in colostrum (Mg 302, Na 561, K 955, S 1035, Cu 0.76, Fe 0.79 and Zn 5.5) except for Ca (1245) and P (895), which where highest on day 7. The mean milk mineral element concentrations (mg/L) over days 55 to 150 were Ca 843, P 543, Mg 47, Na 120, K 590, S 219, Cu 0.19, Fe 0.34 and Zn 2.1. The mean plasma element concentrations (mg/L) over the same period were Ca 120, P 77.1, Mg 17.0, Na 3110, K 168, S 983, Cu 1.1, Fe 1.5 and Zn 0.49. Concentration gradients between plasma and milk were observed and, in the case of Ca, P, Mg, K and Zn, their concentrations in milk were greater than those in plasma, while a reverse situation was observed for Na, S, Cu and Fe. CONCLUSION: With the exception of Ca and P, the highest concentrations of mineral elements were observed in the colostrum. The nursing foal should have access to good pasture or creep feed, because the intakes of Ca, P and Cu from milk may be less than optimum to meet the daily mineral element requirements.     

Content of minerals (Na,K,Ca,Mg) and of trace elements (Fe,Cu and Zn) in 13 different tissues of fallow deer (Dama dama L.) of various ages

At male deer in the age of 15 and 27 months, at experimentally induced cryptorchids and at castrated animals analyses of the content of Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu and Zn in 13 different tissues were performed. In the liver of newborn animals solely the content of Fe, Cu and Zn was determined. The significance of the content of the mentioned elements in the various tissues is described. In the liver of the newborn animals stores of Fe, Cu an Zn were identified. The values can be used as a basis for analyses at deer with a growth inhibition caused by a lack of sodium chloride Fe, Cu and Zn.     

Étude Biochimique des Sécrétions Génitales de Femelles Bovines Infécondes qui Présentent des Cycles Oestrals Normaux

Exocervical samplings of 57 cows' genital secretions (30 normal reproducing and 27 repeat breeder cows) were studied during estrus. An attempt has been made to detect the following electrolytes: A1, Ca, Co, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na and Zn in these secretions. Ca, K, Mg and Na were found. No significant difference is noted in the Ca, K and Mg concentration (P>0.05) between the two groups, whereas a highly significant difference (P<0.001) in exocervical Na concentration has been measured between these groups.     

Survey of the status of copper, interacting minerals, and vitamin E levels in the livers of sheep in Ontario

Livers from cull ewes and market lambs raised in Ontario were obtained to determine the status of specific minerals and vitamin E. Values for copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) obtained by atomic absorption and inductively coupled plasma--atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) were found to be statistically different but sufficiently biologically similar to allow the use of ICP-AES for screening groups of samples for deficient or toxic levels of those minerals. Toxic levels of cadmium were not found. Toxic levels of aluminum were found in 1 cull ewe and 1 market lamb. A significant proportion of both market lamb samples (40.0%) and cull ewe samples (50.0%) had high to toxic levels of Cu. In market lambs, Fe, Mn, molybdenum (Mo), selenium (Se), and Zn were not found to be important determinants of Cu level. In cull ewes, Fe, Mn, and Zn play a moderate role in the variability of liver Cu levels. Selenium was found to be present at marginal levels in 3.3% of cull ewe samples and in 42.6% of market lamb samples. Vitamin E was found to be low to deficient in 10.0% of cull ewe samples and in 90.0% of market lamb samples. In market lambs, only Mo was associated with Se levels, and no minerals were associated with vitamin E levels. In cull ewes, there was a strong association between Se and vitamin E. This survey demonstrates that marked nutritional imbalances of Cu, Se, and vitamin E exist in cull ewes and market lambs in Ontario.     

Concentration of copper, iron, manganese and zinc in muscle, fat and bone tissue of lambs of the breed German Merino Landsheep in the course of the growing period and different feeding intensities

A growth experiment with 108 lambs (breed German Merino Landsheep) was carried out in order to examine how gender, body weight and feeding intensity affect trace element concentrations in tissues and carcass. The lambs (50% male and 50% female) were fattened at three levels of feeding intensity ('low', 'medium' and 'high' by varying daily amounts of concentrate and hay) and slaughtered at different final body weights (30, 45 or 55 kg). Six male and six female animals were sacrificed at 18 kg live weight at the beginning of the comparative slaughter experiment. The left half carcass of each animal was divided into muscle tissue, fat tissue as well as bones and sinews and analysed for the trace elements copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn) as well as zinc (Zn). The body weight level influenced the Zn concentrations significantly in all tissues. In addition, the Fe concentration in the fat tissue was influenced by the body weight as well as the Cu content in the bone tissue. An influence due to gender could be seen for the Zn concentration in the muscle and fat tissue and for the Fe content in the fat and bone tissue as well as for the Cu concentration in the bones. The feeding intensity affected the Cu content in the muscle and bone tissue and also the Zn content in the muscle tissue. In the present study with lambs at body weight range from 18 to 55 kg on an average, 127 mg Fe, 87 mg Zn, 1.5 mg Cu as well as 1.1 mg Mn per kilogram dry matter were found in the bone tissue. In lamb muscle tissue combined from all parts (body weight range from 18 to 45 kg, both genders) the highest concentrations were for Zn and Fe [3.42 and 1.31 mg/100 g meat (wet weight basis)], while Cu remained far below these levels (0.08 mg/100 g meat and Mn was even below the detection limit of 0.025 mg/kg). Lamb muscle is a valuable source for highly available haem-Fe as well as for Zn and Cu in human nutrition.     

Mineral Status and Interrelationship in Soil,Forage, and Blood Serum of Horses in the Rainy and Dry Seasons

The objective was to evaluate the content of P, Ca, Mg, K, Na, Cu, Fe, Zn, Se, and Mn in soil, forage, and serum of horses in several production units (PU) during rainy and dry seasons and predict their concentration in serum from their content in soil and forage. Soil and pastures were sampled in the dry (November–December) and in rainy seasons (June–July), and blood samples were collected from the jugular vein of 76 horses in both seasons at four PU. The experimental design was a completely random design within a 4 × 2 (PU × season) factorial arrangement of treatments. Concentration of minerals in soil differed (P < .05) among PU, and contents of P, Ca, Mg, and K were low; Zn and Fe were high; and Cu and Mn were adequate. Mineral concentrations in forage differed among PU and season, and among PU within season (interaction P < .05). Contents of Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, and Cu were low; Fe was high; and P, K, Se, and Mn adequate. The mineral concentration in equine blood serum differed (P < .05) among PU and season. Overall, there were deficiencies of P, Ca, Mg, Na, Cu, and Se, but adequate amounts of K, Zn, and Fe. There are imbalances of minerals in soil and forages which effected their concentration inequine blood.     

Bulk and trace elements in the accessory glands of buffalo bulls.

Little is known of the importance of mineral levels in buffalo semen or the relationship of the level of various elements to spermatozoan activity. To establish a basis upon which further studies could be conducted, the accessory glands (seminal vesicles, prostate and bulbo-urethrals) of 43 buffalo bulls (2-4 years old) with intact testes and eight steers (3-4 years old) were analysed for their content of bulk and trace elements. The ash obtained from known weights of various accessory glands was used to determine the concentrations of Na and K using emission flame photometry. P was determined chemically, whereas Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe and Zn were assayed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The accessory glands of intact bulls varied significantly in the concentration of all elements except Fe. Ca and Cu were relatively more concentrated in the seminal vesicles. The prostate had the highest concentration of Zn, while the highest concentrations of Na, K, Mg and P were found in the bulbo-urethral glands. Age of the bulls had no marked effect on any of the elements studied except Cu which appeared to decrease significantly in older bulls. Seasonal variation was significant for the levels of K, Ca and Zn. Castration appeared to result in a highly significant reduction of Zn concentration in all accessory glands.     

Effects of dietary sewage solids on feedlot performance, carcass characteristics, serum constituents and tissue elements of growing lambs

Twenty fine-wool wether lambs were allotted randomly at weaning to be fed a conventional diet (CD) formulated for growing lambs, or the same basal mixture plus dried gamma-irradiated solids from primary sewage sludge (SS) incorporated as 7% of the dry matter. Feedlot performance and chemical elements in whole blood were monitored during 90 d, after which lambs were slaughtered and carcass data were collected. Concentrations of Ag, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, P, Pb and Zn were measured in livers, kidneys, bones, spleens and muscles. Sewage solids in the diet did not affect performance appreciably, although dressing percentages from lambs fed SS were 4% lower than CD-fed animals (P less than .05). Rib eye areas, fat thicknesses, quality and yield grades were similar (P greater than .05). Element concentrations in whole blood at weaning, after 56 d of the feeding trial and at slaughter did not differ (P greater than .05) between dietary groups. Serum chemistry determinations showed no biologically meaningful patterns related to diets. Lambs fed SS had higher (P less than .05) concentrations of Cu in livers (51.1 vs 34.3 +/- 3.8 micrograms/g, mean +/- SE) and Pb in kidneys (4.0 vs 2.2 +/- .3 micrograms/g) and lower (P less than .05) Mg in kidneys (.69 vs .72 +/- .01 mg/g). None of the elements in spleen and muscle tissue differed (P greater than .05) between diet groups. Lambs fed SS had elevated (P less than .05) bone Co, Cu, Fe, K and Na compared with those of CD.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Multielement assays of canine serum, liver, and kidney by inductively coupled argon plasma emission spectroscopy

Inductively coupled argon plasma emission spectroscopy was used to measure Al, As, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, Mg, Mn, Hg, Mo, P, K, Se, Na, Tl, and Zn in canine specimens (70 serum, 270 liver, and 200 kidney). Mean concentrations of each of these elements in detectable amounts in these samples were established, and histograms of the concentration distributions of elements in the samples were developed.     

新疆不同居群罗布白麻叶片的营养元素含量特征

对新疆阿勒泰市土山罗布麻保护区的5个不同居群的罗布白麻(Poacynum hendersonii)叶片中的N、P、K、Na、Ca、Mg、Cu、Fe、Zn和Mn 10种营养元素含量进行了测定和比较。结果表明,青杆中花麻为N Ca类型、特细叶中花麻和红杆中花麻为N K类型,N含量在特细叶中花麻中显著高于其他4个居群（P＜0.05）;中细叶中花麻为K Ca类型、白花中花麻为K N类型,其K含量显著高于其他3个居群。5个居群罗布麻叶片中4种微量元素的含量,除红杆中花麻居群中Mn含量最高外,其余4个居群均为Fe>Mn>Zn>Cu;各居群Fe和Zn含量无显著差异;各居群间Mn含量差异显著;青杆中花麻、红杆中花麻和特细叶中花麻Cu含量显著高于中细叶中花麻,白花中花麻与各居群间均无显著差异。相关分析表明,罗布白麻居群中Mg与Mn,K与P,Ca与Mg,Fe与Zn含量呈显著正相关性;而Na与Ca,K与Cu和Mn,P与Cu和N含量呈显著负相关（P＜0.05）。     

FAAS法测定羊奶中矿物质元素的含量

采用火焰原子吸收法（FAAS）分别测定羊奶中钾、钙、钠、镁、铁、锌、铜等元素的含量。结果表明,羊奶中钾、钠、镁、钙、铁、锌、铜的含量依次降低,且RSD均小于1．479,6。说明该方法测定羊奶中多种矿物元素的含量简便、灵敏、准确度高。     

Protein synthesis changes in the liver of piglets infected with Strongyloides ransomi

In piglets infected with Strongyloides ransomi, the incorporation of ¹⁴C-L-amino acid into liver protein was increased on days 7 and 14 post inoculation (PI), while on day 21 PI it was distinctly below the initial values.There was an increase of reduced glutathione (GSH) on day 7 PI and a decrease on day 14 PI. At day 21 PI the values were still below those of the controls.The concentration of plasma Cl, Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu and Zn decreased from day 13 PI. The plasma levels of Na, K, Fe and chloride returned to normal on day 23 or 29 PI, but the other electrolytes had not regained their normal values at the end of the experiment (29 day PI).There was no change in electrolyte concentrations in heart, kidney and skeletal muscle. In the liver the concentrations of Ca, Fe and Cu increased. In the spleen the contents of Ca and Cu increased, whereas the fat content distinctly decreased.The enzymes GOT, GPT, LDH, LAP, ICDH, ALD, AP, SP and γ-GT were measured in blood plasma. Only alkaline phosphatase (AP) decreased markedly.     

Effect of water restriction and dietary sodium on nutrient metabolism in lambs

Twenty-four Hampshire X Suffolk wether lambs (40 kg) were used in 2 X 2 factorial arrangement of treatments to study the influence of water restriction and high levels of dietary Na on nutrient utilization. Lambs were offered either a normal Na diet (.20% Na) or a high Na diet (1.77% Na). Additionally, the lambs were offered either a normal quantity of water (previously determined voluntary intake of lambs fed normal Na levels) or were restricted to a water intake 80% of normal. Each lamb received 800 g/d of a hay-corn diet (77.5% fescue hay) with an additional 38 g of NaCl offered to lambs on high Na treatments. The complete experiment consisted of 14 d of adjustment and 7 d of total collection with blood and ruminal characteristics measured on the last day of the collection period. A high Na intake decreased (P less than .05) the apparent digestibility of neutral detergent fiber, but tended to increase the apparent absorption of Mg. Plasma urea N concentrations were not affected (P greater than .05) by level of Na or water intake. Plasma Na and K concentrations were not affected (P greater than .05) by treatment regimen. A high Na intake increased (P less than .05) plasma Mg concentrations at 6 h post-feeding with a normal level of water intake, but decreased (P less than .05) Mg concentrations at 6 h with restricted water intake. Ruminal ammonia N and K concentrations at 2 h post-feeding were decreased (P less than .05) by a high level of dietary Na. Ruminal Na concentration was not affected (P greater than .05) by treatment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Concentration of Ca, P, Mg, Na and K in muscle, fat and bone tissue of lambs of the breed German Merino Landsheep in the course of the growing period

A growth experiment with 108 lambs (breed German Merino Landsheep) was carried out in order to examine how gender, body weight and feeding intensity affect major element concentrations in tissues and carcass. The lambs (50% male and 50% female) were fattened at three levels of feeding intensity ('high', 'medium' and 'low' by varying daily amounts of concentrate and hay) and slaughtered at different final body weights (30, 45 or 55 kg). Six male and six female animals were killed at a final body weight of 18 kg representing the live weight at the beginning of the comparative slaughter experiment. The left half carcass of each animal was divided into muscle tissue, fat tissue and bones/sinews and analysed for the major elements calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na) and potassium (K). The major element concentrations of all tissues were significantly influenced by the body weight. An influence of gender could be noticed for all elements except Ca in the muscle and fat tissue. In the bone tissue, however, only the elements Na and K were influenced by gender. The feeding intensity had no significant effect on the concentration of major elements in the tissues. In lamb muscle tissue combined from all parts (body weight range 18-45 kg, both sexes) the following concentrations of major elements were analysed: 323 mg K, 185 mg P, 61.7 Na, 20.2 mg Mg and 10.6 mg Ca (per 100 g meat, wet weight basis). In conclusion, the genotype investigated shows on the whole concentrations of major elements which are close to values reported for lambs in the literature.     

368味兽用中药材的性味,归经,毒性与11种元素含量关系的研究

本文分析了３６８味兽用中药材１１种元素含量与其法定药性、药味、归经、毒性的关系。结果表明：各类药１１种元素总平含量是寒凉药〉平性药〉温热药、咸味药〉辛味药〉甘味药〉甘味药〉酸味药、肾经药〉肝经药〉大肠经药〉胆经药〉脾经药〉胃经药〉心经药〉肺经药〉小肠经药〉膀胱经药。统计发现，高Ｆｅ、高Ｍｎ、低Ｋ分别是寒凉药、温热药和平性药的元素谱征；咸味药含Ｆｅ、Ｚｎ、Ｎａ高而Ｌｉ低，辛味药含Ｚｎ、Ｃａ低，甘味药     

Effects of dietary iron on performance and mineral utilization in lambs fed a forage-based diet

Twenty-four lambs, averaging 29 kg, were used to determine the effect of supplemental dietary Fe on performance and Cu, P, Zn and Mn utilization. Treatments consisted of supplemental Fe at 0, 300, 600 or 1,200 mg/kg diet as ferrous carbonate. The basal diet contained 154 mg Fe/kg diet and consisted of 90% Coastal bermudagrass pellets, 9.45% group corn, .5% sodium chloride and .05% vitamin mix. Lambs were slaughtered after having ad libitum access to diets for 98 to 121 d. Dietary Fe did not affect lamb gain or feed intake. Supplemental Fe increased Fe concentrations in liver (P less than .01), spleen (P less than .01) and bone (P less than .10), but not in kidney and muscle. Serum Fe concentrations and percentage transferrin saturation in serum were increased (P less than .01) by supplemental Fe at 28 and 84 d, but not at the termination of the study. Plasma Cu was decreased (P less than .01) at 56 d, whereas serum ceruloplasmin activity was reduced (P less than .01) at 28 d in lambs fed 1,200 mg Fe/kg diet compared with lambs fed 600 mg Fe/kg diet. Lower levels of Fe (300 and 600) reduced (P less than .01) ceruloplasmin by 56 d and plasma Cu by 84 d compared with controls. Liver Cu also was decreased (P less than .05) by supplemental Fe. Plasma P was decreased slightly (P less than .10) by 28 d and significantly (P less than .01) at the other sampling dates by supplemental Fe.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)