我国水产动物营养与饲料的发展概况及展望

一、我国水产动物营养与饲料的发展概况 我国水产动物营养研究始于50年代,但直至80年代才受到国家的重视和关注。近二十年来,在国家、地方水产院校和科研院所的共同努力下,水产动物营养研究取得了相当大的进展。与此同时,水产饲料工业也获得了迅猛发展。 (一)水产动物营养研究进展 从“六五”至今,国家和地方通过立项攻关,已基本摸清了我国主要水产养殖品种的生存、生产和健康所需要的营养元素。迄今为止已证明各种动物均不同程度需要大约50种以上的必需营养素;证明了主要营养素的营养需要量以     

水产动物营养与畜禽营养的比较

水产养殖业的迅速发展，带动了水产饲料工业的迅速发展。在这种情况下许多饲料厂家新建或扩建了水产饲料项目，有的饲料厂家按照畜禽饲料配方的设计原则进行水产饲料的设计，或将生产畜禽饲料用的机械设备直接应用于水产饲料的生产。实际上，由于水产动物和畜禽在生活环境、生活习性、消化生理等方面的不同，使得二者对营养物质的需求方面存在一定的差异。１　能量鱼虾是变温动物，故不需要消耗能量来维持恒定的体温；鱼虾生活在水中，由于水的浮力，只需要很少能量即可供给肌肉活动和维持在水中的位置；此外，鱼虾的Ｎ代谢废物是氨或三甲胺…     

水产动物饲料中大豆蛋白代替鱼粉的研究进展

1水产动物饲料中用大豆蛋白代替鱼粉的必要性与畜禽不同，水产动物对饲料中的蛋白质水平要求较高，一般是畜禽的2倍-4倍，水产动物饲料中的蛋白源几乎依赖于鱼粉。由于厄尔尼诺等不良气候影响及过度捕捞，导致全球鱼粉供应量持续下降，而据国际渔业协会的调查表明，近年来...     

柔性生产控制技术在饲料工业中的应用研究

目前国内饲料生产状况，大多数厂家以畜禽饲料生产为主，兼顾生产一些水产饲料、少数专业化的水产饲料生产厂家其工艺路线与加工设备在合理性、灵活性、及生产效率和质量控制等方面大都不尽如人意，这主要是由于水产动物的生活环境、采食习惯和消化系统特点等与陆上动物的差异很大，因而水产饲     

植酸酶在水产养殖上的应用

鱼类对饲料中磷的需要高于畜禽，为0．5％～0．6％，而鱼类消化系统缺乏内源性植酸酶，无法利用饲料中植酸结合态磷.目前水产养殖中常喂高鱼粉、骨粉含量饲料，而水产动物对鱼粉、骨粉等动物性饲料中磷的利用率     

水产膨化颗粒饲料生产工艺特点及危害分析

随着水产养殖业的迅速发展,传统的饲料已经不能满足水产养殖发展的需求,市场需求的水产饲料不仅应营养均衡、水稳定性好,而且不会对水产动物生存的水体环境质量产生影响。膨化颗粒饲料可较好地满足上述要求。但与传统的畜禽饲料的生产工艺相比,水产膨化颗粒饲料的生产工艺复杂,     

水产诱食剂的应用与研究

水产诱食剂广泛应用于各种水产饲料中,能改善饲料适口性,对促进水产动物摄食起到重要作用。本文综述了不同诱食剂的作用机理、功能特点及应用效果。     

中国水产动物营养研究与饲料工业的发展历程与展望

我国水产动物营养研究与饲料工业的发展历经四个阶段,在过去40年里,取得了举世瞩目的伟大成就,为我国水产养殖业的高速发展,产量雄踞世界第一,提供了物质的保障。鉴于此,本文围绕基本营养需求数据库的建立、饲料生产关键技术的研究开发与产业发展的带动、水产动物营养代谢研究新的突破等方面,阐述了我国水产动物营养研究与水产饲料工业的主要进展。在此基础上,剖析了我国水产饲料技术的创新特色,探讨了蛋白质生产的颠覆性技术,并展望了饲料与水产养殖的绿色发展前景。     

菹草的营养价值及其饲用现状研究进展

菹草是一种富含蛋白质、维生素和矿物元素的天然水生植物饲料,应用在动物养殖中可起到维持动物正常生长,提高动物免疫功能和繁殖能力,改善动物产品营养价值的作用.为了充分挖掘菹草的饲用价值,文章对其常规营养成分、氨基酸和维生素的组成与含量进行论述,并阐述了菹草在畜禽及水产养殖中的应用与发展现状,旨在为其更加广泛地应用于饲料生产...     

鱼用饲料开发之浅见

渔业产业化是提高效益 , 实现现代化的前提和保证 , 而饲料又是渔业现代化里一个重要的 部分 . 鱼类等水产动物属变温动物 , 生活在水体环境 , 这和畜禽相比 , 是较大的特点 . 在 20世纪 50年代 , 美国开始对鱼类营养进行研究 , 并对配合饲料进行试验 ; 日本也在 1955年对 虹鳟配合饲料进行研究 . 我国对鱼用饲料的研究较晚 , 在 20世纪 80年代才开始起步 .     

电感耦合等离子-质谱法测定饲料中钠、镁、铬、锰、铁、铜、锌、砷、硒、镉和铅

应用电感耦合等离子-质谱技术(ICP-MS),建立饲料中钠、镁、铬、锰、铁、铜、锌、砷、硒、镉和铅等元素的测定方法。对饲料样品的前处理方法、仪器工作参数和11种元素标准曲线进行优化;并以加标回收、分析方法比对和重复测试说明方法的准确性和精密性。方法在0～1 000 ng/ml范围内线性良好,仪器检出限为0.557 7～5.072 ng/ml,具有良好的精密度,其回收率在88.1%～104.4%之间,相对标准偏差小于5.0%。同时与原子吸收和原子荧光方法进行比对,测定结果相近。所建立的方法简单、快速,可替代原子吸收和原子荧光方法测定饲料中的11种金属元素,为饲料的质量控制提供理想的元素分析方法。     

Supplementation of broodmares with copper, zinc, iron, manganese, cobalt, iodine, and selenium

In experiment 1, 6 pregnant mares received a concentrate that contained a trace mineral premix that provided 14.3 mg Cu, 40 mg Zn, 28 mg Fe, 28 mg Mn, 0.08 mg Co, 0.16 mg I, and 0.16 mg Se/kg concentrate (group A). Seven mares received the same concentrate plus 502 mg Zn and 127 mg Cu once daily (group B). No differences (P > .05) in foal growth data, or Cu, Zn, and Fe concentrations of mare milk, mare serum, or foal serum were observed. In experiment 2, 6 pregnant mares received the same concentrate as group A (group C), and 8 mares received the same concentrate fortified with 4× the trace mineral premix (group D). Group C mares had higher serum Zn concentration at 1 day (P < 0.01) and 56 days (P < 0.04). Group C mares had higher milk Fe concentration at 28 days (P < .01), and group D mares had higher milk Cu concentration at 56 days (P < .01). Group C foals had higher serum Cu concentration at 14 days (P < .03). The results from this study provide no evidence to indicate that supplementing late gestating and lactating mares with higher dietary trace mineral levels than those recommended currently by NRC has any influence on foal growth and development, or on the Cu, Zn, and Fe concentrations of the mare milk, mare serum, or foal serum.     

Comparisons of Angus, Charolais, Galloway, Hereford, Longhorn, Nellore, Piedmontese, Salers, and Shorthorn breeds for weight, weight adjusted for condition score, height, and condition score of cows

Breed differences for weight (CW), height (CH), and condition score (CS) were estimated from records (n = 12,188) of 2- to 6-yr-old cows (n = 744) from Cycle IV of the U.S. Meat Animal Research Center's Germplasm Evaluation (GPE) Program. Cows were produced from mating Angus and Hereford dams to Angus, Hereford, Charolais, Shorthorn, Galloway, Longhorn, Nellore, Piedmontese, and Salers sires. Samples of Angus and Hereford sires were 1) reference sires born from 1962 through 1970 and 2) 1980s sires born in 1980 through 1987. The mixed model included cow age, season of measurement and their interactions, year of birth, pregnancy-lactation code (PL), and breedgroup as fixed effects for CW and CS. Analyses of weight adjusted for condition score included CS as a linear covariate. The model for CH excluded PL. Random effects were additive genetic and permanent environmental effects associated with the cow. Differences among breed groups were significant (P < 0.05) for all traits and were maintained through maturity with few interchanges in ranking. The order of F1 cows for weight was as follows: Charolais (506 to 635 kg for different ages), Shorthorn and Salers, reciprocal Hereford-Angus (HA) with 1980s sires, Nellore, HA with reference sires, Galloway, Piedmontese, and Longhorn (412 to 525 kg for different ages). Order for height was as follows: Nellore (136 to 140 cm), Charolais, Shorthorn, Salers, HA with 1980s sires, Piedmontese, Longhorn, Galloway and HA with reference sires (126 to 128 cm). Hereford and Angus cows with reference sires were generally lighter than those with 1980s sires. In general, breed differences for height followed those for weight except that F1 Nellore cows were tallest, which may in part be due to Bos taurus-Bos indicus heterosis for size.     

液相色谱-串联质谱法测定动物尿液中11种β-受体激动剂残留量的不确定度评估

采用液相色谱-串联质谱法测定动物尿液中11种β-受体激动剂残留量,对标准溶液、体积、质谱峰面积、浓缩过程及回收率等测定不确定度因素进行了分析,通过评定各不确定度分量及标准不确定度,得出11种β-受体激动剂的扩展不确定度在0.7 ～ 1.1 ng/mL范围内.由各因素对合成不确定度的贡献比分析可知,影响较大的因素为试验回收率及标准溶液浓度.     

Granulocyte isolation from whole blood of goat, sheep, cattle, horse, dog, pig, and man

A simple two step procedure for the isolation of caprine, ovine, bovine, equine, canine, porcine and human peripheral blood granulocytes is described. After enrichment of granulocytes by centrifugation, contaminating erythrocytes are lysed hypotonically. Recovery, purity, and viability of the granulocyte suspensions are determined. FACScan analysis of the cell suspensions measuring cellular size by forward and sideward light scatter is compared with the corresponding analysis of whole blood leukocytes. Constituencies of the isolated cell suspensions and loss of granulocyte subpopulations through isolation procedure is discussed with regard to granulocyte function assays.