东北虎肝中氨基酸的测定

用日立８３５－５０氨基酸分析仪测定了８只东北虎肝脏中的１９种氨基酸，方法采用保护性氧化盐酸水解蛋白质，分析采用包括含硫氨基酸微生物在内的５０ｍｉｎ快速分析法，所测得各种氨基酸（ＡＡ）含量较高，各ＡＡ之和达绝干肝重的６５．０８％，动物必需的种需ＡＡ都存在于东北虎肝脏中，且比例分布适当，故其具有较高生物学价值，为东北虎多方面的基础理论研究和实际应用提供可靠的资料。     

东北虎脾中氨基酸的测定

用日立８３５－５０氨基酸分析仪测定了８只东北虎脾样品混合物蛋白水解液中的１９种氨基酸。水解蛋白采用保护性盐酸水解法，采用包括含硫氨基酸衍生物在内的５０分钟快速分析法进行分析。结果测得的各种氨基酸含量均较高，氨基酸总量达于脾重的７５．４４％，即为鲜脾重的２０．４４％；东北虎脾中含有的氨基酸，含量丰富，比例合理，具较高的生物学价值。本次测定旨在为东北虎多方面的基础理论研究的实际应用提供可靠的资料。     

GSD－水解蛋白饲料的营养价值评定Ⅰ．鸡代谢能和氨基酸消化率测定

采用Ｓｉｂｂａｌｄｉ“ＴＭＥ”改良法，测定了中国人民解放军第３４１９工厂生产的ＧＳＤ－水解蛋白饲料的代谢能和氨基酸消化率。结果：该饲料粗蛋白质含量为８１．０６％，总氨基酸含量为６４．４５％，赖氨酸含量与豆粕接近（为２．３６％），可消化赖氨酸为１．１１％，总氨基酸真消化率为４４．５９％，总必需氨基酸真消化率高于总非必需氨基酸真消化率８个百分点；真代谢能值为６．７０５７ＭＪ／ｋｇ。结果说明，ＧＳＤ－水解蛋白饲料是一种值得开发的新型蛋白质饲料资源。     

家蚕雌蛾体中氨基酸的分析

分析了家蚕雌蛾体中氨基酸组成与含量,并对其进行了质量评价。家蚕雌蛾体富含氨基酸,检测到了17种水解氨基酸和15种游离氨基酸。水解氨基酸和游离氨基酸的总含量分别为53．37％和3．637％,其中人体必需氨基酸含量分别为20．36％和0．798％,占氨基酸总量的比值分别为38．15％和21．94％,接近或超过WHO推荐模式。研究结果显示,家蚕雌蛾是开发食品和药品的优质原料。     

云南黑山羊新品系羊肉品质特性的研究

对云南黑山羊新品系6月龄羯羊、公羊和1岁公羊进行肉品质特性研究。结果羊肉中水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗灰分6月龄公羊、羯羊、1岁公羊之间差异不显著（P〉0．05），17种氨基酸的大小顺序6月龄公羊〉12月龄公羊〉6Y1龄羯羊。1岁公羊肌间脂肪含量为3．70％，蛋白质含量达到21．78％，氨基酸总量达到67．23％，必需氨基酸41．50％，鲜味氨基酸总量为25．65％。必需氨基酸与氨基酸总量之比为41．64％，高于FAO／WHO的评价标准，是优质的蛋白质肉品。     

牦牛血清蛋白质的标定及应用

采用3种测定方法分析野牦牛、家牦牛和犏牛血清蛋白质的各组分含量、分子量及水解氨基酸、游离氨基酸的含量,比较其异同点,结果发现野、家牦牛具有基本相似的血清蛋白质组成,而γ-球蛋白占总球蛋白的比值、个别蛋白带分子重和氨基酸组成含量等方面有某些显著的差异,表明青海牦牛血清蛋白质发生了不同于野牦牛的遗传变异.在牦牛品种培育中利用两个参数(γ-球蛋白占总球蛋白的比值和血清中必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸之比值)作为选种标志有定向育种效果.     

八只东北虎肾,肝中蛋白质的分析

采用全自动凯氏定氮仪（日本ＫＪＥＬ－ＡＵＴＯＶＳ－ＫＴ－Ｐ）对八只东北虎的肾、肝含水率和蛋白质含量进行了测定。测得的含水率肾为６８．５２±１．９３％，肝为６５．１６±０．５５％；干燥东北虎肾和肝在ＣｕＳＯ２、Ｋ２ＳＯ４混合催化剂作用下被浓Ｈ２ＳＯ４于４００℃下消化后，用全自动凯氏定氮仪进行定氮，计算东北虎绝干肾和肝的蛋白质含量分别为６９．１６±２．６４％和７２、６８±１．１１％，相当干鲜肾和鲜肝重的２１．７４±１．２１％和２５．３２±０．４６％。由测定结果可见东北虎肾和肝中蛋白质含量丰富，具有较高的生物学价值。     

蚯蚓渣饲喂肉鸡的消化代谢试验

为了更好开发蚯蚓渣这一饲料资源．本试验分析了蚯蚓渣的常规营养成分和氨基酸含量．并采用全收粪套算法测定了肉鸡对蚯蚓渣主要养分的代谢率。结果表明：蚯蚓渣粗蛋白质含量高达56．79％．仅次于秘鲁鱼粉，优于国产鱼粉和优质豆粕；氨基酸种类比较全面，必需氨基酸含量高，其中蛋氨酸含量为1．8％．高于进口鱼粉．赖氨酸含量为3．17％。高于一般鱼粉和优质豆粕。蚯蚓渣干物质中表观化谢能为14．16MJ／kg．蛋白质表观代谢率为96．04％．是一种营养价值很高的畜禽蛋白质饲料原料．     

猪血的综合开发和利用

猪全血中蛋白质含量１８．９％,比鸡蛋高６．２％,比大米高１２．７％。猪全血蛋白质中含有１８种氨基酸,其中有８种必需氨基酸和两种半必需氨基酸。猪血蛋白质中赖氨酸含量高达１４．１％,是肉、乳、蛋含量的两倍．猪血中除含有丰富的蛋白质外,还含有多种生物酶、低分子氧化物、葡萄糖、维生素（Ｂ１、Ｂ２、Ｂ６、Ｂ１２、Ｄ）、微量矿物质元素（Ｃａ１８．１０ｍｇ／１、Ｐ９８．８０ｍｇ／１、Ｆｅ１．０８ｍｇ／１）,猪血浆中含有高达６．４０％的铁。猪血约占活体重的３．０％－３．５％,南方每头猪约２．０－２．５公斤,北方…     

鲁莱黑猪胴体性能及肉品质研究

研究测定了鲁莱黑猪的胴体性能、肉质性状及背最长肌氨基酸、脂肪酸含量。结果表明,鲁莱黑猪宰前活重79．92kg,胴体瘦肉率54．31％,肉色4．00、大理石纹3．83,pH,6．24,肌内脂肪5．92％。每100g背最长肌17种氨基酸含量在0．13～2．80g之间,氨基酸总量、鲜味氨基酸含量、必需氨基酸含量、鲜味氨基酸占氨基酸总量比例、必需氨基酸占氨基酸总量比例分别为16.36g,12．94乳6．42g、79．06％和39．21％。背最长肌的棕榈酸、硬脂酸、油酸和亚油酸含量分别为23．52％、11．52％、45．03％和10．72％。     

Utilization of N15-labelled urea in the laying hen. 6. Incorporation in the liver and kidneys

In an experiment 3 colostomized laying hybrids received a normal ration containing 1% 15N labelled urea with 96.06% atom-% 15N excess (15N') over six days. Subsequently the same ration with unlabelled urea was given over 2 days, after which the animals were butchered. In the kidneys the 15N' amounted to 1.1 atom-% and 1.8 atom-% in the liver. The TCA soluble N fraction and the ammonia were more highly labelled than the total N. Lysine, histidine and arginine were lowly labelled in the kidneys. This also applies to the liver with the exception of histidine. In the branch-chained and aromatic amino acids of the liver the 15N' was between 0.2 and 0.3 atom-%. The highest labelling of non-essential amino acids was found in glutamic acid with 0.9 atom-% 15N' and aspartic acid with 1.1 atom-% 15N'. The evaluation of the amino acid in the liver showed that the 6 non-essential amino acids account for two thirds of the total amino acid 15N' whereas the 9 essential ones account for one third of the amino acid 15N' only.     

Ileal amino acid digestibility assay for the growing meat chicken--comparison of ileal and excreta amino acid digestibility in the chicken

1. The apparent and true amino acid digestibilities in sorghum, wheat, soyabean meal, meat-and-bone meal, fish meal and blood meal for growing meat chickens were determined using an assay based on the collection of digesta from the terminal ileum and comparison was made with digestibility values determined using an excreta-based assay. 2. Five-week-old meat chickens were given maize-soyabean meal basal diet or mixtures of the basal diet and test diets containing the 6 ingredients as the sole source of dietary protein (50:50 on weight basis). Apparent amino acid digestibility values of assay diets at ileal and excreta levels were calculated using chromic oxide as the indigestible marker. True digestibility values were calculated using endogenous outputs determined by feeding a protein-free diet. Amino acid digestibilities of the ingredients were calculated by difference. 3. The site of measurement had no influence on endogenous amino acid output, the exceptions being aspartic acid and glutamic acid. The output of these two amino acids was higher in the excreta. 4. Significant differences were found between ileal and excreta-based digestibility of certain amino acids in some ingredients, with excreta values being usually higher than the ileal values, indicating a net catabolism of amino acids in the large intestine. The degree of net amino acid disappearance was found to be variable among amino acids and ingredients. In general, threonine had the lowest digestibility at the ileal level and, compared with other amino acids, the highest degredation during passage through the hindgut. 5. The results showed that digestibility determination based on excreta collection will overestimate the uptake for some amino acids in some feeds. The degree of overestimation was often considerable, ranging from 8.9% (apparent digestibility of threonine in soyabean meal) to 56% (apparent digestibility of aspartic acid in wheat). It is concluded that digestibility values measured at the terminal ileum provide a more reliable measure of amino acid availability than those measured in the excreta.     

Influence of the dietary ratio between sulphur containing amino acids and lysine on performance of growing-finishing pigs fed diets with various lysine concentrations.

This study was conducted to determine the optimal ratio between sulphur containing amino acids and lysine in diets for growing-finishing pigs. Therefore, a total of five trials was carried out in which growing-finishing pigs (live weight range between 53 and 105 kg) were fed diets with various concentrations of lysine (0.62, 0.70 and 0.78%) and various ratios between sulphur containing amino acids to lysine. The diets contained 12.9 MJ ME per kg and 13.5% CP; the ratio between sulphur containing amino acids to lysine was adjusted by individual supplementation of the diets with DL-methionine. Increasing dietary levels of lysine from 0.62 to 0.78% continuously increased daily body weight gains and improved feed conversion efficiency as well as carcass characteristics. There was no significant interaction between the dietary lysine supply and the ratio between sulphur containing amino acids to lysine on animal performance parameters. This means that the effect of the ratio of sulphur containing amino acids to lysine was similar for various dietary lysine concentrations. The optimum ratio between sulphur containing amino acids to lysine according to quadratic regression analysis was 0.60, for both, growth and feed conversion. Reducing the ratio between sulphur containing amino acids to lysine from 0.59 to 0.53 and 0.47 reduced body weight by 3 and 12%, resp., and elevated the feed conversion ratio by 2 and 12%, resp. An increase of the ratio between sulphur containing amino acids to lysine from 0.59 to 0.65 failed to increase the animal performance. In contrast to animal performance parameters, optimum carcass characteristics (eye muscle area, fat area above eye muscle, meat-fat ratio and lean percentage) were achieved already at a ratio of sulphur containing amino acids to lysine of 0.53.     

True ileal digestibility of amino acids in sow's milk for 17-day-old pigs

The digestibility of amino acids in sow's milk consumed by young pigs is currently unknown because of difficulties associated with collecting an adequate quantity of milk, and also problems in cannulating suckling pigs. A total of 14 kg of sow's milk was collected, two soluble indigestible markers (Co-EDTA and YbC13) were added, and the milk was fed to four pigs at 17 d of age that were fitted with a simple T-cannula at the terminal ileum. Another four cannulated pigs were offered a similar amount of a 20% DM liquid diet based on enzymatically hydrolyzed casein and lactose to assess endogenous amino acid losses. All pigs were fed about 875 g of each diet per day in 10 hourly meals from 0700 to 1700. Following 2 d of adaptation, ileal digesta were collected from 0800 to 1800 for 2 d. Diets and digesta were analyzed for amino acids using appropriate hydrolysis and preoxidation procedures. Average nitrogen true digestibility was 88%, whereas amino acid true digestibilities ranged from 84% (cystine and threonine) to 100% (methionine, histidine, and glutamic acid); the average for all amino acids was 92 +/- 4%. Based on average values, true digestibility of essential amino acids was not different from that of nonessential amino acids (P > 0.10). In whole milk, amino acids found in abundance in whey proteins (i.e., cystine, glycine, and threonine) were less (P < 0.05) digestible than amino acids predominating in casein proteins (i.e., glutamic acid, proline, and methionine). When true ileal digestible amino acid concentrations in sow's milk were expressed as ratios to digestible lysine, it appeared that threonine, tryptophan, and arginine were lower than what might be considered optimal. In conclusion, amino acids in sow's milk were highly digestible, but most of the amino acids had true ileal digestibility values significantly less than 100%.     

Characterization of the sigmaB-encoding genes of muscovy duck reovirus: sigmaC-sigmaB-ELISA for antibodies against duck reovirus in ducks

The sigmaB/sigmaC-encoding genes of muscovy duck reovirus (DRV) S12 strain were cloned, sequenced, and expressed in Escherichia coli. The sigmaC-encoding gene of DRV showed only 21-22% identity to that of avian reovirus (ARV) at both nucleotide and amino acid level. The sigmaB-encoding gene of DRV comprised 1163bp with one open reading frame (ORF). The ORF comprised 1104bp and encoded 367 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 40.44 kDa. A zinc-binding motif and a basic amino acid motif were found within the predicted amino acid sequence of sigmaB. The identities between the S12 and ARV were 59.3-64.0% and 60.9-62.5%, respectively, at the nucleotide and deduced amino acid levels. Phylogenetic analysis of the sigmaB-encoding gene sequence indicated that S12 separated as a distinct virus relative to other avian strains. The expressed sigmaB/sigmaC fusion proteins in E. coli could be detected, approximately 45 and 50kDa, respectively, by duck anti-reovirus polyclonal serum. In addition, an ELISA (sigmaB-sigmaC-ELISA) using the expressed sigmaB-sigmaC proteins as coating antigen for detection of antibodies to DRV in ducks was developed. In comparison with the virus neutralization test and agar gel immuno-diffusion test (AGID), the sigmaB-sigmaC-ELISA showed perfect specificity and sensitivity. The sigmaB-sigmaC-ELISA did not react with the antisera to other duck pathogens, implying that these two proteins were specific in recognition of DRV antibodies. Taken together, the results demonstrated that sigmaB-sigmaC-ELISA was a sensitive and accurate method for detecting antibodies to DRV.     

Analysis and Evaluation of Nutritional Components of Black-White Rabbit Muscle

In order to measure the nutritional characteristics of Black-White rabbit meat,the nutrient components,the conventional nutrient,amino acid and fatty acid content of leg muscle in Black-White rabbit were tested and analyzed,and the protein nutritional values were evaluated based on the National Food Security Standard and chemical analytical method of product quality. The results showed that the moisture,crude proteins,crude fats and ash in leg muscle of Black-White rabbit were 73.43%,21.67%,3.83% and 1.13%,respectively. There was no significant difference on the nutrient components between female and male rabbits (P>0.05). The total amino acids,essential amino acids and delicious amino acids were 196.53,78.64 and 70.80 mg/g,respectively. According to amino acid score (AAS),the first limiting amino acid of Black-White rabbit was Val and the second limiting amino acid was Met+Cys. However,based on the standard of chemical score (CS),the first limiting amino acid was Met+Cys and the second was Val. Additionally,the ratio of unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) to saturated fatty acids (SFA) was 1.74,and no significant difference was found on the amino acids between female and male rabbits (P>0.05). More specifically,except the fatty acid of C16:1 and C18:3, there was no significant difference in the fatty acid compositions between female and male rabbits (P>0.05). In conclusion,Black-White rabbit meat was composed of high proteins,delicious amino acids and essential amino acids suggesting that it had better balance of amino acids. The unsaturated fatty acids in Black-White rabbit meat were higher than saturated ones meaning high nutritional value and better dietary values.     

黑白花兔肌肉营养成分分析与评价

为了探讨黑白花兔肌肉营养品质特性,试验按照国家食品安全标准和化学分析法,对黑白花兔肌肉（腿肌）常规营养成分、氨基酸和脂肪酸构成比例进行测定分析,并评价其蛋白质营养价值。结果显示,黑白花兔肌肉中水分、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪和灰分含量分别为73.43%、21.67%、3.83%和1.13%,公、母兔间常规营养成分无显著差异（P>0.05）;黑白花兔肌肉中总氨基酸、必需氨基酸和鲜味氨基酸含量分别为196.53、78.64和70.80 mg/g;以氨基酸评分（AAS）为标准,第一限制性氨基酸是缬氨酸,第二限制性氨基酸是蛋氨酸+胱氨酸;以化学评分（CS）为标准,第一限制性氨基酸是蛋氨酸+胱氨酸,第二限制性氨基酸是缬氨酸,公、母兔间氨基酸含量均无显著差异（P>0.05）;脂肪酸构成比例中不饱和脂肪酸与饱和脂肪酸比为1.74;除棕榈油酸（C16：1）和亚麻酸（C18：3）外,公、母兔间其余脂肪酸含量均无显著差异（P>0.05）。综上所述,黑白花兔肌肉中蛋白质含量高,鲜味氨基酸和必需氨基酸含量丰富,氨基酸平衡性较好,不饱和脂肪酸含量高于饱和脂肪酸,营养价值较高,具有较好的食用价值。     

Requirement for dietary lysine and arginine by fry of rainbow trout

Triplicate lots of fry of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) were fed a basal diet (47% protein) containing 67% corn gluten meal with and without a mixture of essential amino acids. The composition of the mixture was based on the differences between the amino acid contents of corn gluten meal and trout eggs. Fry fed the basal diet without added essential amino acids gained little weight, suffered high mortality and had eroded caudal fins. Addition of the mixture of amino acids (lysine, arginine, histidine, isoleucine, threonine, valine and tryptophan) significantly improved weight gain and prevented nearly all mortality and fin erosion. Single deletions of the amino acids valine, tryptophan, threonine, histidine and isoleucine had no significant effect on weight gain but the deletion of lysine alone significantly reduced weight gain and caused fin erosion and mortality. Deletion of arginine reduced weight gain (P less than .05), but did not cause mortality or fin erosion. Feeding graded levels of each of these two amino acids showed that the minimum lysine requirement for maximum growth was about 6.1% of protein, and the minimum arginine requirement was between 5.4 and 5.9% of protein. The lysine requirements for prevention of fin erosion and mortality appeared to be lower than that for maximum weight gain.     

Changes in the amino acid levels in hydrolysates of bacteria adhering to the rumen in sheep during feeding with high and low nitrogen diets]

The effects of low and high nitrogen diets on amino acid levels were studied in hydrolyzates of ruminal bacteria adhered to four topographically different anatomic parts of the ruminal wall (dorsal, ventral and caudal parts as well as reticulum) in 18 sheep + of the Slovak Merino breed divided into three experimental groups. The epimural bacteria of the dorsal and ventral parts of the ovine rumen revealed the most sensitive reaction to the varying amounts of nitrogen ingested with the diet. In hydrolyzates of ruminal bacteria adhered to the dorsal and ventral epithelium, 15 and 14 amino acids were changing (Figs. 1, 2). In hydrolyzates of epimural bacteria, a sensitive reaction was observed in the following amino acids: alanine, histidine, thyroxin, arginine and proline (Tabs. I-IV). In all topographical and anatomical parts of the rumen, both alanine and histidine levels in hydrolyzates of epimural ruminal bacteria significantly increased with the diet with high-nitrogen content fed, but was falling in sheep fed with low-nitrogen diet. Changes in alanine concentrations may be explained by the fact that alanine forms a part of the mechanism for short-time storage of ammonia in bacterial cells (Bartos, 1987). The fact that alanine is in its lack deaminated to pyruvate (Havassy, 1976) is explained by significant fall in alanine contained in hydrolyzates of bacterial proteins when fed low nitrogen diets. Significant fall in alanine in shortage of amino acid bound nitrogen can be explained by the fact that under these conditions, the alanine skeleton is being incorporated in to 80% of amino acids synthetized de novo by ruminal bacteria (Syv?oja and Kreula, 1980). When sheep flock was fed the high-nitrogen diet, thyroxin and proline levels were significantly reduced in hydrolyzates of epimural bacteria from all parts of the rumen, while low-nitrogen diet significantly increased the concentrations of both given amino acids in comparison with the control. Bartos (1987) gives in his study the table containing weight representation of different amino acids in proteins of bacteria of the ruminal content compiled on the basis of data of several authors. These data principally correspond to the results of our measurements in hydrolyzates of epimural bacteria. The highest weight representation of amino acids in hydrolyzates of epimural bacteria was found for glutamic acid, aspartic acid and arginine, while the lowest ones were detected for thyroxin, proline and phenylalanine.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)     

Molecular cloning and sequence analysis of cDNAs encoding for Boophilus microplus, Haemaphysalis longicornis and Rhipicephalus appendiculatus actins

The nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of the actins from ticks, Boophilus microplus, Haemaphysalis longicornis and Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, have been determined. Nucleotide sequence analysis showed open reading frames of 1128-nucleotide-long encoding proteins of 376 amino acids with a predicted molecular weight of 41.82 kDa each. Comparison between the nucleic acid and deduced amino acid sequences as well as structural and phylogenetic analyses of these genes confirmed the high similarity among actins from ticks in comparison to other species.