福建主要土壤的粘粒云母含量和供钾潜力

利用X射线衍射法估算了福建省221个土壤样品中粘粒云母含量并讨论了与粘粒云母含量变化有关的因素。结果表明母质是影响粘粒云母含量的主要因素。海积物、河积物及页岩上发育的土壤粘粒云母含量一般较高;基性岩上发育的土壤粘粒云母含量一般较低。风化度较高的赤红壤、红壤、黄红壤和黄壤等土类的粘粒云母含量一般较低。风化度较低的C层的粘粒云母含量一般较B层和A层高,但异源母质的堆积可以使A层粘粒云母含量高于B层和C层。     

估计土壤流失量的方法

为了定量侵蚀引起的土壤流失程度,建立了一个新的x射线光谱法。按顶土厚度,或者粘粒含量最大层顶,或者粘化层顶估计的方法对加速侵蚀引起的土壤流失量的估计偏低.被测的每一土壤有一特殊的质量吸收系数(μM)线,并可按土壤深度绘制成曲线。当土壤被侵蚀时,质量吸收系数线就发生变化。最大μM值反映了高原子质量元素包括铁(Fe)和盐基等风化产物的聚积.对所有被测的单个土体,最大μM亚层的下界与粘化层下界相一致。最大μM值位于最大粘粒含量和离子交换量(CEC)层以下1或2亚层。当粘粒含量最大层的一部分由于耕作混入顶土时,最大粘粒含量层的深度的改变导致对侵蚀量估计偏低。与轻度侵蚀的单个土体(对照)比较,粘化层和最大μM亚层下界的变化是侵蚀单个土体土壤流失量的最好指标。由于它们在土壤剖面中分布深,因而这些参数比粘粒含量最大层稳定,不易被加速侵蚀移去。这种方法经具有粘化层的土壤试验,适用于具有粘化层的淋溶土、老成土和软土地区土壤侵蚀研究。     

坡面小区土壤流失过程中粒径组成变化及其影响因素

利用北京密云水库上游的石匣坡面径流小区进行野外坡面产流产沙监测,探究坡地褐土土壤流失过程中土壤粒径组成变化及其影响因素.主要结论如下:坡面上部均发生土壤粗化现象.在坡度较大且无植被覆盖的坡面,坡上部土壤粗化程度强于坡中和坡下.雨季前土壤中粘粒和粉粒的含量最大,砂粒的含量最小;其次是雨季中,雨季后粘粒和粉粒的含量最小,砂粒的含量最大.在坡度较小且有植被覆盖的坡面,坡上部存在微弱的土壤粗化现象,坡下部表层土壤未现粗化.雨季前后,土壤中粘粒、粉粒和砂粒的含量变化均呈现相反的规律,即雨季前土壤粘粒、粉粒含量最小,砂粒的含量最大;而雨季后土壤粘粒、粉粒含量最大,砂粒的含量最小.随着降雨次数的增加,无论是与土壤分离的泥沙,还是坡面的产沙,粘粒含量均在减小,砂粒含量均在增多.降雨、坡度、坡长等均对泥沙起动产生促进影响,而植被覆盖会减弱土壤侵蚀和流失.     

白浆土形成过程中某些物理、化学性质的研究

白浆土发育在我国温带半湿润条件下,母质为第四纪河湖沉积物,土壤长期处于季节性干湿交替过程,使土壤剖面中铁、锰、铝等矿物元素被还原淋失,粘粒下移,在A及SB层中粘粒显著减少,淀积层中粘粒明显增加。整个剖面中硅铁率、硅铝率和硅铁铝率变化较小。土壤酸度稳定、盐基饱和度在70—90%。没有明显的矿物分解与灰化淀积层,在白浆化过程中,呈现了粘粒非破坏性的机械淋移,或者侧向漂洗作用。     

黄土丘陵区坝地系统土壤养分特征及其及侵蚀环境的关系I．坝地土壤的理化性状及其数值分析

坝地土壤有明显的层次模型，上轻上粘，存在着相当于作物养分库的富粘层，对耕作和积蓄不肥十分有利，土壤养分贮量随粘粒的增加而提高，坡地土壤无明显层次，养分贮量远低于坝地的中粘层与富粘层，故坝，坡地上层养分差异不大，30cm以下坝地远高于坡地，坝地土壤肥力形成以粘粒化过程为主，养分间协调性较好，坡地土壤以及有机质积累过程为主，养分相对处于离散状态，坝地粘粒富集层锌的供应容量与强度增较大，生长的黑麦草干物质与养分累积量较多。     

灌淤层和灌溉水泥沙的粘粒矿物

本文对灌淤层（土壤）和灌溉水泥砂的粘粒矿物作一对照研究，同时对灌淤层及其下伏土壤的粘粒矿物亦予以比较。通过对比表明，灌水携带的泥沙及其产生的灌溉淤积物从矿物学上为灌淤早耕人为土的发生提供母质来源；指出灌溉早耕人为土不完全是异源母质。     

土壤机械组成和pH与有效硅的关系研究

对ｐＨ变幅为４．９６－８．３１的５４个土壤样品进行研究的结果表明，在酸性土壤中，有效硅含量同时受ｐＨ和粘粒的影响，在中性和石灰性土壤中，有效硅含量仍受ｐＨ的显著影响，粉砂和砂粒的影响超过粘粒，反映了土壤质地综合因素的影响大于单一粘粒因素的影响。ｐＨ对土壤有效硅供应强度的影响大于粘粒，而粘粒含量对有效硅供应容量的影响却比ｐＨ大，有效硅供应强度大的土壤，供应容量也大。本文对导致此现象的原因作了简单分析     

胡敏酸对土壤和矿物粘粒分散的影响

研究了土壤胡敏酸(Humic acid)对红壤和黄棕壤以及高岭矿和蒙脱矿粘粒分散的影响。研究结果表明：土壤HA对Na⁺饱和的土壤及矿物粘粒分散作用很大。用H₂O₂除去土壤有机质后,粘粒分散明显下降。然而,添加少量HA后,又能显著地提高粘粒的分散性。这种现象在两种土壤中,红壤表现更为突出。Na⁺饱和的高岭矿粘粒分散性很差,而蒙脱矿粘粒分散性很强,这与它们所带电荷量有关。但是,添加少量HA后,高岭矿粘粒分散性急剧提高,而蒙脱矿的变化却很小。试验结果进一步表明：有机质HA对土壤和矿物粘粒分散作用受矿物类型的影响。     

黄土丘陵区坝地系统土壤养分特征及其与侵蚀环境的关系Ⅱ．坝系土壤粒径分布及各粒径的养分状况

坝系土壤粒径增以粉粒为主，含量占土壤的66％－70％，各土壤间粉粒含量差异很小，所不同的是，坝地富粘层粗粉粒少细粉粒多，砂粒少粘粒多，坝，坡轻壤层反之，土壤OM，TN主要集中在粘粒中，其浓度在粗细颗粒中差别悬残，TP及TK在粗细颗粒中的这种差别就较小，土壤中各形态锌均随着土壤颗粒变细而浓度增加，在＜0.005mm粒径中浓度陡然提高，故坝地富粘层中OM，TN，AZN的含量最丰，上述粒径及养分分布特点，揭示了在泥沙迁移淤积过程中，坝地不同部位土壤养差异的内在原因。     

我国北亚热带白浆化土壤粘化过程的主组元分析

运用主组元分析方法，研究了白浆化土壤的粘化过程，认为粘粒的化学组成与粘粒的矿物组成相一致；在淋溶过程中，矿物分解可形成蒙脱石和高岭石粘淀层是土体脱硅脱硅富铁铝化过程的粘粒形成，淋溶，淀积的结果。     

试谈湘北主要土壤地球化学特征(以桃源县为例)

研究土壤地球化学特征对揭示土壤发生、形成及肥力演变具有重要意义。本文试以桃源县为例,对主要土壤类型的某些地球化学特征进行分析讨论,说明湘北地区土壤发生、形成的特点。     

Fragipan formation in argillic brown earths (Fragiudalfs) of the Milfield Plain, north-east England. II. Post Devensian developmental processes and the origin of fragipan consistence

Pedogenetic processes following a permafrost stage of development in four argillic brown earths with fragipans (Glossic and Ochreptic Fragiudalfs) are investigated by soil microscopy, including SEM observations of unimpregnated soil material, and by determination of clay mineralogy. Micromorphology of the apparently massive fragipan confirms both the presence of subhorizontal fissures infilled with illuvial deposits separating dense lenticular structures formed by ice-lens growth, and former vertical fissures formed by dessication on freezing with subsequent widening by ice-vein development. The firmness and brittle failure of the fragipans are attributed to a closely-packed, well-graded matrix of skeleton grains bonded by clay bridges consisting of non-swelling illite and chlorite and to weak interconnection of macrovoids. Weak cementation is rejected as an explanation of fragipan consistence. Sequential stages of particle translocation have been critical to fragipan formation. High bulk density is attributed not only to irregular compression and contraction of the soil matrix under permafrost conditions but also to the infilling of voids by illuvial silt and clay. The full development of the fragipans has depended on Flandrian clay migration which has contributed to clay-bridge formation, void infilling and localized seasonal impedance of drainage resulting in eluviation of iron oxides, the development of grey polygonal patterning, and processes of degradation at the pan surface leading to glossic features.     

Studies on the Cataphoresis of Soil Clay Particles: I

The many important physical and chemical reactions which occur in soils are ascribed to the clay fraction of soils. Therefore, soil physics and soil chemistry are truly based on the colloidal phenomena of soil clays.     

Genesis of a So-called Ferrolysed Soil of Bangladesh

It was postulated by Brinkman (1970) that low clay contents in the surface horizon of paddy soils (Planosols) are caused by clay destruction through ferrolysis. In an effort to test this, a rice profile from the site of Brinkman's Eutric Planosol (Salna, Bangladesh) and a neighbouring forest soil (Dystric Cambisol) of the same parent material and particle-size distribution (Bhawal National Park) were investigated. The micro-structure, particle-size distribution, mineral contents, pedogenic oxides, contents of Zr, Ti and K of the fine earth and individual fractions and also the exchangeable ions were studied. The clay fraction of both soils were chloritised by interlaying of hydroxy-Al in the smectite interlayers in the surface horizons and got stabilized. As a result CEC showed some decrease. The forest profile has a loose and uniform brown-yellow surface horizon and is relatively rich in coarse sand at 62–75 cm depth which might be caused by a strong termite activity as observed during sampling. On the contrary, the frequent and alternate reducing and oxidizing conditions have resulted in gleying the top soil and forming iron-oxide films on the surface of aggregates during dry periods in the paddy soil. An evaluation of all results shows that a little clay destruction and an enrichment of silt in the top soil through vertisol formation and also through primary parent material stratification were the reasons for low clay content in epipedons. In forest soil there was a little clay migration, while the epipedon of the paddy soil had low clay in addition, because of selective erosion during heavy rains following the destruction of structure by puddling. The ferrolysis as a dominant factor for a clay-low epipedon is improbable, because the clay loss of the neighbouring forest soil can not be explained by ferrolysis.     

湖南棕红壤的研讨

本文研究了湖南省洞庭湖东西两侧丘岗地区的棕红壤,提出了棕红壤的主要形成特点、特性、类型的一些指标,归纳如下: 1.具有比较弱的脱硅富铝现象,粘粒硅铁铝率为2.7—3.0;淋浴弱(碱金属和碱土金属含量比红壤高0.18—2倍,风化淋溶系数多在0.3以上);粘粒矿物以水云母、高岭石为主;游离铁含量大于2%,游离度50—60%。2.颜色为红黄-暗红棕色;粉/粘比和砂/粘比一般都小于1,粘化值大于1;pH 4.8—5.8;CEC 8—14毫克当量/100克土;ECEC 16.5—23.3毫克当量/100克粘粒;盐基饱和度40-60%。3.参照上述指标,结合母质与地域特点,将其划分若干土属,并提出其利用改良上的相应差异。     

Chemisch-mineralogische und mikromorphologische untersuchung einer eutrophen (Ramann-) braunerde des Budapester Hügellandes

In spite of the fact that Ramann's concept of Braunerde was extensively used throughout the world, some pedogenic processes and soil properties which are important for the formation and existence of Brown Forest Soils (eutrophic brown earths) are still not well known. Hence, a soil was investigated which was classified as a “Braunerde” by Ramann in 1909. The main question was, whether there might be soil constituents such as inorganic amorphous substances (allophanes) which are able to stabilize the brown-earth fabric, or to inhibit clay migration. From chemical data as well as from the magnitude of the pH-dependent CEC, it was deduced that there are no appreciable amounts of allophanes within the soil. The fabric, however, seems to be stabilized by colloid-chemical flocculation of the clay particles caused by large amounts of carbonates and silicates deposited with the parent material (loess). The decalcified solum is still rich in silicates, especially sand and coarse-silt-sized micas and feldspars (60–200 and 20–60 μm fractions, respectively). Since - in comparison - loesses and loess-derived soils of the Central German mountain region contain less silicates, mainly in fine and medium silt fractions (2–6 and 6–20 μm diameter, respectively), the coarser-grained silicates were assumed to be important for maintaining the Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ saturation of the soil by continuous weathering and thus stabilizing the brown-earth fabric.Although the soil is saturated predominantly with Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ ions, clay migration proceeds within the upper horizons. This was shown by calculation of the amounts of clay formed by breakdown of micas originally present in the parent material (“clay formation balance”), as well as by micromorphological studies. Furthermore, micromorphological studies and x-ray diffraction data gave some evidence for the migration of preferably finest grained montmorillonitic clays (smectites) penetrated by organic substances (humus). This kind of “selective clay migration” was assumed to be caused by high Ca²⁺ (or Mg²⁺) concentrations in soil solution required for flocculation of humus-penetrated (humus-coated) smectites. From the occurrence of these “humus-smectites” the possibility was assumed that the soil studied has been developed from a former Chernozem type.Quantitatively, clay migration does not reach the amounts of clay formation (breakdown of micas) accompanied by precipitation of iron oxides on mineral surfaces (“Verbraunung”). Thus, the soil profile visually and macromorphologically clearly exhibits the features of brown earths. On the other hand, however, some clay migration was observed. Hence, the soil was classified as a “brown earth with some clay migration” (“schwach durchschlämmte Braunerde”).Judging from the results of the “clay formation balance” an appreciable pedogenic (autigenic) clay formation from weathering products of feldspars was excluded for the soil studied.     

Erratum

Abstract

Phosphorus fixation in soil occurs mainly in the clay fraction, the mineralogical nature of which varies widely. Phosphorus sorption characteristics of 14 soil clays having divergent mineral compositions have been studied with P concentrations approximating those in fertilized soils, because insufficient data were found in the literature on the role of various soil clay mineral species in P fixation. The results show that clays with dominant Kaolinite or halloysite fix more than 75 percent of the applied P; followed by those with major Kaolinite or halloysite or dominant x‐ray amorphous materials (60–70% fixation). Beidellitic clays fix more P (50%) than montmorillonitic clays (45%), which in turn sorb more P than vermiculitic clays (29%).     

皖南山地主要土壤的特征和分类问题

本文研究了皖南山地主要土壤的特征和分类。结果表明,本区土壤风化和淋溶作用强,富铝化特征明显,且随海拔高度的增加,土壤特征有差异。海拔600-700m以下的土壤,B层颜色以红棕色和亮红棕色(5YR5/6-5/8)为主,粉砂/粘粒值小于1.00,风化淋溶系数小于0.35,盐基饱和度小于35%,粘粒SiO₂/Al₂O₃多小于2.4。粘粒矿物以高岭石为主。氧化铁的活化度和络合度低,表层HA/FA小于0.35。该类土壤定为黄红壤(红壤土类中的一个亚类)。海拔600-700m以上的土壤,B层颜色以黄色(2.5Y8/6)和亮黄棕色(10YR6/6-6/8)为主,粉砂/粘粒值大于1.00,风化淋溶系数大于0.35,盐基饱和度小于35%,粘粒SiO₂/Al₂O₃一般大于2.3。粘粒矿物以蛭石和高岭石为主,并有较多的三水铝石出现。氧化铁的活化度和络合度高,表层HA/FA值0.35-0.75。该类土壤定为黄壤。从粘粒矿物组成和SiO₂/Al₂O₃,判断,皖南山地上部不存在山地黄棕壤和山地棕壤。土壤垂直带谱主要由黄红壤和黄壤构成。     

水分状况对红壤母质中物质移动及稻麦生物量的影响

利用模拟土柱研究了红壤母质在淹水条件下物质的迁移规律及不同水分条件对作物生长的影响。土柱施加有机质淹水后,矿质元素活化,部分迁移出土体。物质的累积淋溶量序列为:Fe>Ca、SiO₂>K>Al、P、Mn、Mg,日渗漏量与Eh是影响物质淋溶的主要因素。主组元分析表明,淹水初期主要的土壤发生过程是矿质元素的活化与淋溶,硅铝的相对富集及土壤养分状况的改善。铁、锰的淋淀与水分关系密切。铁、锰在表层淋离,中下层淀积,这同自然状况下铁锰的淋溶淀积特点是一致的。     

Vertisols with Gilgai Microtopography: Classification and Parameters of Microtopography and Morphological Types of Soils (a Review)

Data on clayey swelling soils with gilgai microtopography are systematized. Classifications of gilgai microtopography representing regularly alternating microhighs and microlows are discussed, and its geometric parameters under different landscape conditions are considered. Gilgai microtopography is developed within flat or slightly inclined elements of the mesorelief composed of swelling clays of different geneses. These materials are characterized by the high swelling–shrinking capacity upon wetting–drying cycles owing to the predominance of clay minerals of smectitic group. These processes are especially pronounced under conditions of the impeded surface drainage and contrasting of the wet seasons with strong soil moistening by atmospheric precipitation or surface water and the seasons with deep soil drying under the impact of physical evaporation and transpiration. The areas with gilgai microtopography have complex soil cover patterns composed of Vertisols and vertic soils. Their formation is related to lateral movements of solid material in the soil profiles and along the curved soil surface. The morphological types of soil complexes in such area are systematized.