中国的红树林与酸性硫酸盐土

红树林及由红树林沼泽发育的酸性硫酸盐土在我国约有１０．６万公顷。红树的主要生化特点之一是其化学组成中硫含量很高，平均达０．４％左右，大大高于同地带其它灌木（０．１％左右），这一特征深刻地影响着土壤发生及其性质。当红树林残体被埋藏而分解后，有大量的硫进入土壤，从而使土壤具有含硫层。该层全Ｓ含量多在０．３％以上，表层土壤也在０．２％左右，而一般热带地区酸性土只有０．０４％左右。土壤地下水中ＳＯ＾２－４     

豫东潮土区小麦施钾技术与应用

在施用一定量氮、磷肥及有机肥基础上增施钾肥，小麦增产显著或极显著。钾肥一次掩底或返青期及早追施效应最好；亩产３５０－５００ｋｇ适宜的施钾量６－１０ｋｇＫ２Ｏ；中低区及高产区适宜的氮磷钾配比（Ｎ：Ｐ２Ｏ５：Ｋ２Ｏ）分别为１：０．４－０．６：０．４－０．５及１：０．６－０．７５－０．９５；土壤速效钾（Ｋ２Ｏ）含量＜１００ｍｇ／ｋｇ钾肥有效；砂土、两合土、亩产５００ｋｇ高产田及晚播麦田为施钾高效类型区，     

影响安徽省土壤中有效钼含量的因素研究

试验结果表明，影响安徽省土壤有效钼含量的因素主要有：（１）成土母质的影响：硅质页岩和湖积物发育的土壤有效钼含量最高，其平均值分别为０．１７６和０．１５７μｇ／ｇ；而黄土沉积物，黄土古河（湖）沉积物及紫色砂岩发育的土壤有效钼含量最低，平均为０．００５－０．０７０μｇ／ｇ，此类母质发育的土壤有９０％的有效钼都在临界值０．１５μｇ／ｇ以下。（２）水，旱种植不同的影响：统计了１４０个种植水稻的水稻土壤有效     

水稻旱育秧中的青枯问题探讨

本文一系列大田调查、取土分析测试及室内水培试验，结果表明：土壤中亚硝态氮（ＮＯ２－Ｎ）是诱发水稻旱育秧发生青枯病的主要原因。土壤中ＮＯ２－Ｎ的含量与土壤ＰＨ值、Ｅｈ值、游离氨及干湿状况有关，学与秧苗受害程序呈正相关。土壤中亚硝态氮含量大于５ｍｇ／ｋｇ时，水稻就会发生青枯病；土壤中亚硝态氮含量为１５ｍｇ／ｋｇ时，水稻最易发生青枯病；土壤中亚硝态氮含量大于２０ｍｇ／ｋｇ时，水稻发生青枯病无法恢复，但可     

溴甲烷在土壤及作物（黄瓜）中的消解动态

用衍生气相色谱法测定了溴甲烷熏蒸大棚土壤后土壤及作物（黄瓜）中残留的Ｂｒ＾－，用顶空法测定土壤吸附的溴甲烷。在０．４－４０ｍｇ／ｋｇ的添加范围内，Ｂｒ＾－的平均回收率为８３．７％－９４．８％，相对标准偏差为±２．５％￣１４．７％。Ｂｒ＾－在土壤和黄瓜中的半衰期为１５．０和１４．２ｄ（北京）、２４．７和１０．３ｄ（沈阳）。土壤吸附的溴甲烷量较少，其半衰期和Ｂｒ＾－的相近。低于７５．０ｇ／ｍ＾２的施用     

应用交换性NH4—沸石重新释放土壤中的磷

通过室内模拟、盆钵栽培和田间试验，研究ＮＨ４－饱和斜发沸石交换体重新释放石灰性土壤累积的难溶性磷。结果表明，ＮＨ４－沸石具有很强的释磷作用，溶解磷灰石和土壤难溶性磷的能力是对照的４．８７－１２．８６倍；土壤有效磷含量啬加０．５－１９．０μｇ／ｇ，增长６．４％－４６．３％。小麦体内磷素含量提高３１－７３２ｍｇ／ｋｇ，磷素累积量增加２９．８９％－４８．５４％。盆栽小麦增产４．５％－２９．８％，玉米增产     

南方高产茶园土壤养分特性

本文对南方高产茶园土壤养分特性进行研究。结果表明，高产茶园土壤表层碱解Ｎ１００．３ｍｇ／ｋｇ、全Ｎ１．３ｇ／ｋｇ、有机质３１．０ｇ／ｋｇ，均较丰富，茶叶产量与土壤碱解Ｎ呈显著正相关，由于重施磷肥，磷素在土壤中趋于积累，土壤表层全磷含量比相应的荒地土壤平均高０．４７ｇ／ｋｇ。由于少施钾肥、老茶园土壤比荒地土壤全钾含量明显下降，下降率最高达３０．２５％，平均达２５．６０％，高产茶园土壤具有独特的熟化层     

硫双威在棉花和土壤中的残留动态研究

为了制订硫双威在棉花上安全使用标准，采用田间试验方法研究了硫双威在棉叶上和土壤上的残留动态，应用ＧＬＣ法测定了棉叶、棉籽和土壤中的残留量。试验结果表明，硫双威在棉叶和土壤中的半衰期分别为３ｄ和９ｄ，施药量（有效成分）为６７５ｇ／ｈｍ＾２和３３７．５ｇ／ｈｍ＾２，施药３次，未次施药距采样间隔３０ｄ，硫双威在棉籽中残留量分别为０．０７５－０．１０３ｍｇ／ｋｇ，和０．０５５－０．０６９ｍｇ／ｋｇ，在土壤     

畜禽废弃物的强制通风静态堆肥化处理及其生物学效应

以畜禽饲养排放的鸡粪、牛粪为义莪,以玉米糖和璃米秸秆短节作调理和膨胀剂,研究了畜禽废弃物的强制通风静态堆肥化处理及其生物学效应。结果表明,在通气量为０．３ｍ＾３／ｍｉｎ、水分含量为５５０～６５０ｇ／ｋｇ时,堆肥化过程中的氮素损失随起始堆料的Ｃ／Ｎ升高而降低,胡敏酸含量的增加幅度高于富里酸,腐熟堆肥的ＮＨ４－Ｎ含量小于０．４ｇ／ｋｇ,ＷＳＣ含量小于６．５ｇ／ｋｇ,ＣＥＣ大于１１０ｃｍｏｌ／ｋｇ．ＯＭ     

土壤中硝酸根和亚硝酸根的离子色谱法测定

本文用离子色谱法直接测定土壤浸出液中的ＮＯ＾－３和ＮＯ＾－２，为避免土壤中氯离子对测定ＮＯ＾－２的干扰，采用载银树脂直接加入试液中除氯。在选定条件下含氯量５０μｇ／ｍｌ的标准试液经除氯处理，氯残留量〈２μｇ／ｍｌ。用２μｇ／ｍｌＮＯ＾－３和０．５μｇ／ｍｌＮＯ＾－２进行标准回收试验，回收率分别为１００％－１０５％，８８％－９８％．     

江西低丘红壤性水稻土的主要化学特性研究

三个红壤性水稻土的有机质和腐殖质的含量由淹育型水稻土→潴育型水稻土→潜育型水稻土依次逐渐增加,其C/N和H/P比值也顺次增大。它们的粘土矿物组成无明显差异。铁、锰物质在潴育型水稻土剖面中分异最明显,其次为淹育型水稻土;而无定形氧化铁在剖面中变幅最大却是潜育型水稻土;结晶态铁在土壤剖面中分异亦有一定规律,其中潴育型水稻土的指示性土层(W层)的晶胶率(结晶铁/无定形铁)远较其它土层为高,这种变化特性的差异,对区分不同水分作用的水稻土发育类型有一定的特殊意义;土壤络合态铁与土壤有机质含量有关。土壤氧化锰与土壤氧化铁相比虽然含量低,但对土壤氧化还原条件反应更加敏感,所以在土壤剖面中淋移趋势更加明显。     

GROWTH AND IRON-MANGANESE RELATIONSHIPS IN DRY BEAN AS AFFECTED BY FOLIAR AND SOIL APPLICATIONS OF IRON AND MANGANESE IN A CALCAREOUS SOIL

Manganese (Mn) deficiency may be induced by adding large quantities of iron (Fe), provided that soil manganese is marginally deficient. Results of a greenhouse study showed that iron soil application did not influence shoot dry matter yield of dry bean due to the fact that the iron:manganese ratio in aerial parts of dry bean was higher than 0.4. A foliar spray of 2% iron sulfate significantly reduced it probably due to the high level of shoot iron and iron:manganese ratio greater than 4. Iron application decreased concentration/uptake of shoot manganese due to the iron-manganese antagonistic relationships. Mangenese soil application is not an effective method in correction of manganese deficiency induced by iron fertilizers. Iron did not affect root manganese uptake, indicating that manganese absorption was not affected by iron application. Both manganese/iron soil tests are recommended in calcareous soils with manganese soil test in marginal range.     

淹水还原条件下红壤中葡萄糖及腐殖酸对铁锰形态的影响

通过设置不同的葡萄糖/腐殖酸配比模拟还原性土壤体系,考察长期(约74 d)淹水培养过程中铁锰元素在土壤溶液/矿物相中的分布形态演变。结果表明:在淹水培养初期,葡萄糖的添加可以促进铁锰离子的还原溶出,同时土壤中可交换态和酸可提取态铁、以及可交换态锰的含量也会随之增加;而腐殖酸的添加则会促进土壤中可氧化态铁/锰含量的升高。随着培养时间的增加,铁锰离子浓度及各个土壤提取形态的铁锰含量大多呈现降低趋势,铁锰元素逐渐转化成提取性更低的矿物形态。因此,淹水环境中铁锰还原溶出-分布形态演变受到土壤中有机物质种类和含量的显著影响,呈现出不同的金属移动性和生物有效性。     

Distribution of iron and manganese oxides in Haploxeralfs and Rhodoxeralfs and their relation to the degree of soil development and soil colour

The status and the distribution of iron and manganese oxides were studied in six soil profiles from Thrace region (Greece), classified as Rhodoxeralfs and Haploxeralfs. The acid ammonium oxalate and the dithionite-citrate-bicarbonate methods were used to extract the free iron and manganese oxides from the soils. In both great groups the Fed and Mnd values are higher than Feo and Mno values, respectively, indicating that a considerable fraction is present in crystalline form. Both Feo/Fed and Fed-Feo values suggest that, in the study area, Haploxeralfs are less developed soils than Rhodoxeralfs. The manganese oxides present in crystalline forms (Mnd-Mno) were more in Rhodoxeralfs than in Haploxeralfs, suggesting that the crystallinity of manganese oxides increases, with the degree of soil development. Significant correlations were found of Redness Rating to Fed-Feo and to Feo/Fed ratio, positive and negative respectively, leading to the conclusion that soil red colouration increases with the degree of soil development.     

外生菌根真菌Laccaria bicolor S238N增强花旗松生长及其对磷钾吸收的能力

Two variable charge soils were submerged after the addition of 30g/kg of organic matter to examine the differences in behavior between iron and manganese with respect to reduction and the distribution of different froms of the reduced elements.The reduction of manganese proceeded almost synchronously with the fall in redox potential,while the reduction of iron showed a remarkable lag behind the Eh change.Once formed,the distribution of water-soluble,exchangeable and precipitatied forms of ferrous iron was controlled by pH,CEC of the soil and total concentration of the element.For manganous ions,the proportions of water-soluble and exchangeable forms in total Mn^2 were larger than those for ferrous ions.The reduction of the two elements led to a mobilization of them,and such effect persisted even after drying of the soil,i.e.,the content of amorphous Fe became higher than that of the original soil.     

MINERALOGY, GENESIS AND CLASSIFICATION OF FERRUGINOUS SOILS OF THE EASTERN MYSORE PLATEAU, INDIA

The relationship of geomorphic and climatic history and formation of the ferruginous soils, formed on the acidic Peninsular Gneiss, of the Mysore Plateau, India, is discussed. The profiles studied are found on two different land systems. The soils of the older, fairly smooth landscape are composed of colluvium over truncated laterite profiles, with a gravel layer and a prominent kaolin layer over the weathered rock. These soils show an accumulation of pedogenic haematite grains in the sand fraction and have considerable kaolinite and amorphous ferri-aluminosilicate minerals in the clays. The soils of the younger, rugged landscape have similar clay mineralogy, but do not have a gravel layer, or haematite grains. The influence of the coarse-grained parent rock is seen in the large amounts of quartz gravel. The absence of granulation is attributed to lack of accumulation of iron. The soils have been formed in an earlier, more humid climate than prevails today. The original laterite profiles were formed on a plane surface, and subsequent change in climate has led to change in the land forms and dissection. Truncation of the profiles was followed by deposition of red colluvium over the resistant ferruginous layer. These ancient soils do not fit the criteria for Oxisols in the U.S. classification, but fit well in the French system as ‘Sols Ferrallitiques’, subclass ‘fiablement désatures en (B)’. The soil from a low lying area, formed from colluvium under hydromorphic conditions. is classified as‘Vertisols et Paravertisols'.     

植稻年限对土壤铁锰氧化物的影响

以浙江不同耕作年限水田和旱地为研究对象,探讨了植稻年限对土壤铁锰氧化物的影响,并揭示了水稻土发育过程中铁锰氧化物的剖面运移规律和诊断意义。结果表明:①土壤剖面中,全Fe、游离Fe及全Mn的变异随着种稻时间的延长而增大。种植达到一定年限时,全Fe、全Mn以及游离Fe在土壤剖面下层出现淀积。在各种铁锰氧化物中,对水稻土最具诊断意义的是游离Fe和全Fe。②无定形Fe以及络合态Fe、Mn与有机质呈显著正相关。植稻年限对它们的影响是通过对有机质的影响达到的。     

聚合氨基酸对北方水稻土中氧化铁存在形态的影响

为了解不同类型水稻土中氧化铁含量特征,探明添加外源聚合氨基酸对水稻土中氧化铁形态变化的影响,本研究以中国北方不同类型水稻土(棕壤型、草甸土型和滨海盐渍型)为研究对象,设置添加占供试土壤干重0.05%的γ-聚谷氨酸和聚天冬氨酸处理,以不添加氨基酸作为对照。通过室内恒温厌氧培养30 d后,测定各水稻土全铁、游离氧化铁、无定形氧化铁和络合态铁含量及氧化铁的活化和络合程度。结果表明:供试的北方3种典型水稻土中,游离氧化铁含量为滨海盐渍型草甸土型≥棕壤型,络合态铁含量为棕壤型滨海盐渍型≥草甸土型,而无定形氧化铁含量为棕壤型滨海盐渍型草甸土型。两种外源聚合氨基酸对不同类型水稻土氧化铁形态转化能力影响存在差异,与不添加氨基酸的对照相比,添加γ-聚谷氨酸的棕壤型水稻土无定形氧化铁和络合态铁含量分别增加27.72%和32.25%,聚天冬氨酸对无定形氧化铁和络合态铁含量无显著促进作用;在草甸土型水稻土中,γ-聚谷氨酸和聚天冬氨酸均能显著增加无定形氧化铁含量,且与对照相比,络合态铁含量分别增加136.24%和12.00%;γ-聚谷氨酸能有效促进滨海盐渍型水稻土中无定形氧化铁和络合态铁的生成。总之,添加γ-聚谷氨酸和聚天冬氨酸对水稻土游离氧化铁的含量没有明显影响;而添加γ-聚谷氨酸能有效增加水稻土中无定形氧化铁和络合态铁含量,降低晶胶率,有利于提高土壤中有效铁含量,显著活化铁氧化物,抑制各类型水稻土中铁的结晶老化;而聚天冬氨酸对水稻土无定形氧化铁和络合态铁没有明显的激发效应。     

澧阳平原古水稻土铁形态演变特征

采用野外采样与室内分析的方法,研究了澧阳平原杉龙岗遗址埋藏古水稻土与现代耕作水稻土铁形态、含量变化及剖面演变特征,探讨了土壤铁形态变化与成土过程的关系。结果表明:澧阳平原现代耕作水稻土与埋藏古水稻土铁形态及含量分别为:全铁31.61~35.10 g/kg和33.97~46.88 g/kg,游离铁8.88~13.92 g/kg和11.10~20.36 g/kg,无定型铁2.52~4.06 g/kg和2.64~3.35 g/kg,结晶态铁5.06~11.40 g/kg和8.46~17.43 g/kg。澧阳平原水稻土各形态铁含量除无定型铁外,其他形态铁含量总趋势为埋藏古水稻土现代耕作水稻土,且古水稻土各形态铁分异明显。现代耕作水稻土全铁、游离铁、结晶铁含量均呈现随深度加深而增加趋势,而无定型铁则相反,且各形态铁含量波动性较小;埋藏古水稻土全铁含量随土层增深而增加,无定型铁含量呈现微幅增加趋势,但游离铁和结晶铁含量变化有异,PA剖面减少,PC剖面增加,埋藏古水稻土中各形态铁含量变化趋势多样。澧阳平原古水稻土的铁有明显的淋溶淀积特征,不同形态铁在各土层变异较大,埋藏古水稻土铁富集明显。     

关于水稻土形成特点的探讨——花斑状形态特征的形成

水稻土引人注目的形态特点是呈花斑状,这种形态特征是在基质色调的背景上由铁锰斑点,灰色胶膜与潜育斑镶嵌而成的。在进行水稻土剖面观察时,从远处看基本上是灰色或灰棕色色调,而在近处仔细观察,则不难看出在底色的背景上穿插着纵横交错的杂色斑纹。其镶嵌程度要比相应的起源土壤细致得多。这种形态特征,无疑同水稻土的形成特点有关系。