Biogenic amines in the digesta of swine

Concentrations of amines were analysed in the digesta of piglets and fattening pigs after refining using an aminoacid-analyser. Feed contained only small amounts of putrescine. In the stomach histamine, tyramine, putrescine and cadaverine were nearly equally distributed, whereas in the colon cadaverine presented the main part. Piglets with 24% CP had in stomach/small intestine/hindgut 4.2/10.2/9.6 mmol, with 18% CP-/5.5/4.9 mmol amines/kg DM digesta. Fattering pigs showed in jejunal digesta from 2.1 to 8.7 mmol, in the caecum 1 to 4.8 mmol and in the colon 0.2 to 2.2 mmol amines/kg DM. Increasing CF-contents and bactericide supplements in the diet lowered amine concentration in all gut sections not significantly.     

Postileal nutrient digestibility in cattle]

Four heifers of an average live weight of 301 kg supplied with ileocaecal re-entrant cannulae received rations consisting of 4 kg hay (variants A und B), 1 kg coarse wheat meal, 0.4 kg molasses, 100 g urea and 30 g mixed minerals per animal and day. After a 14-day preliminary feeding period the ileum digesta was quantitatively collected at the re-entrant cannula over 24 h. 10% of the digesta were used for analysis, the remainder was heated to 37 degrees C and returned. Under consideration of the digesta passage through the colon the 24-hour collection of faeces was started after a 6-hour delay after the first replacement of digesta. Losses of nutrients were calculated from the values analysed from digesta and faeces. No differences could be ascertained between the two hay variants. On an average of the two rations the nutrient losses of the scaffold substances-equivalent to the digestibility in the colon-showed the following values: crude fibre = 10.6%, NDF = 10.4%, ADF = 11.9% and hemicellulose = 7.4%. The losses of the other nutrients, corresponding to their apparent digestibility, had the following values: crude protein = 12.1%, crude fat = 10.7%, N-free extracts = 18.9%, ash = 31.2%, dry matter = 17.5%. The water balance showed that 8.2 l water of the 23.4 l supplied with the ileum digesta were excreted in faeces.     

Protein digestability and amino acid absorption in various segments of the digestive tract of pigs. 1. Methods of animal experimentation, protein content and amino acid patterns of the digesta in the small intestine and in feces after feeding different feeds]

Re-entrance cannulae were applied by way of operations at the end of the small intestine of a larger number of growing pigs. After a post-operative phase these animals were fed with various rations (N-free diet, fattening feed for pigs, rations with dried skim milk resp. wheat gluten + lysine and wheat + wheat gluten + lysine). During the main experiment periods the ileum digesta (24 hour-periods of collecting) and the feces were quantitatively registered. The protein and amino acid content ascertained in the feed rations, the digesta and feces samples are reported, comparatively evaluated and discussed. The amount of amino acids (in mg per kg intake of dry matter) contained in the ileum digesta after N-free feeding were statistically calculated with regard to differences occuring between the animals and days. For most amino acids a significant decrease in the ileum digesta could be detected during the course of the N-free feeding period. Moreover, the amount of amino acids in the ileum digesta was compared with the metabolic fecal amino acids, from which conclusions could be drawn concerning the disappearance rate of the individual amino acids in large intestine.     

Glutamate dehydrogenase and glutamine synthetase activity in the digestive tract in lambs in relation to age]

Developmental dynamics was investigated in the activity of glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH, E.C. 1.4.1.2.-4) and glutamine synthetase (GS, E.C. 6.3.1.2) in different parts of the digestive tract of lambs, in dependence on the age from 10 to 90 days; the goal of these investigations was to elucidate in greater detail the role of the above enzymes in nitrogen metabolism. The activity of GDH, and of the coenzymes NADH and NADPH, was followed in the digesta because simple organisms (bacteria, fungi, plants) have two glutamate dehydrogenases: they differ from each other by coenzyme specificity, unlike GDH from animal sources which can utilize both NADH coenzyme and NADPH coenzyme (Fahien et al., 1965; Frieden, 1964). The following activities of GDH and GS were found out in trials with lambs at the age of 10, 20, 30, 40 and 90 days, as to the different parts of digestive tract: in the tissues of rumen, omasum, reticulum, spleen, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, int. caecum and colon the activity of GDH (NADH) varied from 0.031 to 0.305 nkat/mg dry matter, in the digesta from 0 to 2.92 nkat/mg dry matter. An investigation of GDH (NADH, NADPH) dynamics in the digesta of lambs showed the relatively high activity of GDH (NADH) in the digesta of colon at the age of 10 days and that of GDH (NADPH) in the digesta of int. caecum. The activity of GDH (NADH) was also found to be high in the digesta of int. caecum at the age of 20 days. In that period the activity of GDH (NADH, NADPH) in the digesta of rumen, omasum and reticulum was zero.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Influence of the probiotic strain Bacillus cereus var. toyoi on the development of enterobacterial growth and on selected parameters of bacterial metabolism in digesta samples of piglets

The effect of the probiotic strain Bacillus cereus var . toyoi on enterobacterial growth and selected metabolic parameters in digesta samples from piglets before and shortly after weaning was studied. Growth capacities of enterobacteria in digesta samples were significantly reduced, but no correlation was found between enterobacterial growth and concentrations of short-chain fatty acids and lactic acid, which are often influenced by other probiotic preparations. Tendencies for higher amounts of short-chain fatty acids were only recorded in digesta samples from the end of the jejunum, caecum and colon from piglets receiving probiotic-supplemented feed. Lactic acid concentrations were reduced by the presence of B. cereus var. toyoi in feed in the first segment of the jejunum during the suckling period, while samples of the lower parts displayed an increased amount 4 days after weaning. Microbial activity of taurocholine deconjugating enzymes was significantly reduced in jejunum digesta from probiotic-fed piglets. There are strong indications that the early uptake of already modified microbial populations from faeces of the mother sow aids modification of intestinal microbial communities and their metabolic activities in piglets.     

Studies on the secretion of amino acids and of urea into the gastrointestinal tract of pigs. 3. Secretion of urea determined by continuous intravenous infusion of 15N-urea

Three pigs, of 34 kg live weight, were each fitted with re-entrant cannulas both in the duodenum and terminal ileum and catheters in the jugular vein and in the carotid artery. Pigs received a diet based on wheat and dried skimmed milk in equal amounts at 12 h intervals. During the preliminary period the digesta flowing from both duodenal and ileal cannulas were collected over 12 h after feeding on two consecutive days and half of them were reintroduced into the gut and half were stored at -20 degrees C. During the experimental period 15N-urea was infused into the jugular vein for 12 hours starting with the morning meal. Total amount of urea infused was 5 g containing 1.22 g 15N-excess. The digesta from both proximal duodenal and ileal cannulas were collected and stored, while the digesta from the preliminary period were reintroduced into the respective distal cannulas. Blood samples were taken at different time of infusion. At the end of infusion period the animals were sacrificed and samples of the contents of the digestive tract and tissues were taken. Urea flux calculated according to atom-% 15N-excess of urea N in plasma was 1.23 to 2.37 g/kg body weight/day. In the duodenal digesta 94.5 +/- 0.2 and in ileal digesta 57.1 +/- 7.39 per cent of 15N were in the TCA soluble fraction. The total amount of 15N in the duodenal digesta was 1.7 to 6.3 times greater than in the ileal digesta. Only small amount of 15N was found in the caecum and almost none in the contents of colon and rectum. It is concluded that urea is secreted into all parts of the digestive tract, the main sites of urea secretion being pancreatic juice and/or bile as well as the small intestine. The total amount of urea secreted is assumed to be similar to the daily urea excretion.     

Nitrogen metabolism in the large intestine of ruminants. 7. Metabolism of intracecally-infused 15N urea with supplement of starch in bulls

Three bulls with an average live weight of 228 kg were fitted with ileo-caecal reentrant cannulas for the experiment. The rations were composed of 3 kg maize silage and 3 kg wheat straw pellets per animal and day. In a previous period 50% of the digesta was collected over 12 hours and stored deep-frozen. In the main period the digesta flow was interrupted for 30 hours. The digesta flow was collected quantitatively. In the caecal part of the re-entrant cannula previously collected digesta and starch (over 30 hours) as well as 15N urea (over 24 hours) were supplemented. The amount of starch corresponded to about 10% of the DM of the digesta. Analyses of the urine, faeces, ileum digesta and blood plasma were carried out. The quota of starch clearly stimulates bacterial processing in the large intestine so that 20.5% of the supplemented 15N was excreted in faeces within 24 hours. 91.2% of the 15N in the faeces was localised in the bacteria fraction. Individual differences of the animals distinctly show the connection between the excretion of the 15N in faeces and urine. A decreased isotope excretion in faeces of 17.2% for animal 3 in contrast to the 23% for animals 1 and 2 showed an increased elimination of the 15N through the kidney with 32.7% instead of 25.2%. The largest proportion of the ileum digesta, i.e. 46%, can be localised in the 15N urea fraction; the NH3-fraction is also distinctly labelled. With time progressing, the 15N quota flowing from the rumen to the small intestine increases.     

Rye and wheat in piglet rations supplemented by bisergon

In a feeding experiment (54 piglets) and a slaughtering test for the registration of tract and digesta properties (15 piglets) the influence of rations with 69% rye (R) or wheat (W) with and without a supplement of 200 mg of the chinoxalin derivate Bisergon/kg DM (rations RB and WB) was studied. In the sequence R, RB, W and WB the feed intake in the test period of 3 weeks after weaning amounted to 581, 651, 583 and 764 g, weight gain to 314, 365, 319 and 424 g per animal and day. In the same sequence the concentration of organic acids in the stomach amounted to 41, 5, 25 and 18 mmol per 100 g dry matter and in the colon to 106, 83, 64 and 62. Bisergon caused a redistribution of the digesta from the stomach to the large intestine and a more rapid emptying of the stomach as well. Rye caused extreme fermentation processes in the front part of the tract and Bisergon clearly has ergotropic qualities for the stabilization of the intestinal flora.     

Changes in the fermentation end-product profile in the GIT of piglets during post-colostrum suckling period

Pre-weaning development of microbial activity has an effect on post-weaning establishment of the gastro-intestinal tract (GIT) microbiota. An in vivo study was conducted, to evaluate the effect of age on fermentation end-product profiles during the post-colostrum suckling period, as the variation in composition of mature milk is minimum. Sixteen piglets from two litters (eight per litter) were selected. During the study, piglets had free access to sow's milk, but no creep feed, nor antibiotic treatments. Two piglets from each litter were sacrificed on d 11, 18, 25 and 32 of age. The digesta samples were collected from the beginning and end of the small intestine, caecum and colon. Samples were analyzed for fermentation end-product concentrations. Combining the results from all the GIT sites, it was observed that, total VFA concentration increased with age of the piglets. There was a significant rise in acetic acid concentrations, with a significant decrease in lactic acid concentrations from d11 to d32, while the proportions of SCFA, (acetic acid  72%, propionic acid  15% and butyric acid  6% of total VFA) and ammonia concentrations remained unchanged. These results clearly suggest that, the microbial activity in terms of fermentation end-product profile skewed from lactic acid to acetic acid as a major product during the post-colostrum suckling period. This may be attributed to lower substrate availability due to increased number of microbes or increased diversity in the microbiota in time.     

Extent and effect of fermentation in the large intestine of swine. 1. Ileal flow rate, fermentation ability and colon capacity

Colonic events (volumina, fermentability, rate of passage) were determined in a complex program with young sows using 8 rations. Ileal cannulated sows were used and 4 slaughtered animals per ration to study volumina contents and to take samples for in vitro fermentation. The results are compared with 81 former experiments using ileal cannulated sows. Ileal nutrient flow was very different in quality and quantity. It varied between 1674 and 520 g OM/d, affecting seriously postileal reactions. Volumina of large intestine varied between 10 and 25 litres or between 83 and 226 ml/kg LW being determined by ileal flow rate (B = 0.90). The flow rate influenced also transit time (B = 0.89). Fermentability of OM in average come to 60% (from 33 to 77%) according to ileal flow composition.     

Apparent precaecal digestibility of nutrients and level of endogenous nitrogen in digesta of the small intestine of growing pigs as affected by various digesta viscosities.

Sixteen male growing pigs of about 24 kg BW were fitted with both a duodenal re-entrant and a post-valve T-shaped cannula inserted in the caecum. The animals were divided into four groups. Each group received one of the following diets: corn starch-soybean protein isolate-based diet without (diet C) and with carboxymethylcellulose (diet CMC) or a rye-wheat-based diet without (diet RW) and with xylanase addition (diet RWX). The diets provided similar levels of apparent precaecal digestible crude protein (CP), lysine, methionine + cystine, threonine and tryptophan. Additionally, [15N]-yeast was given with the diets during the first 10 days of the experiment. For estimation of digesta viscosity, N-flow of dietary and endogenous origin, apparent precaecal digestibilities of dry matter (DM), CP, amino acids and non starch polysaccharides (NSP) (only in pigs fed diets RW and RWX), ileal and duodenal digesta were quantitatively collected on day 16 and 17, respectively. The endogenous N-proportion was measured by the ratio of 15N enrichment in the digesta and urine. The duodenal and ileal digesta supernatant viscosity increased as carboxymethylcellulose was included into the diet. Xylanase addition to the rye-wheat based diet reduced the viscosity in the ileal digesta. There were no differences in precaecal digestibilities of DM, CP and amino acids between diet C and CMC. The precaecal digestibilities of DM and soluble and insoluble NSP increased from 69.5% to 73.9%, from 1.3% to 47.9% and from 17.0% to 35.4%, respectively, as xylanase was added to the rye-wheat-based diet. The apparent precaecal digestibility of most essential amino acids increased by 2 to 5 percent units. The amounts of endogenous N at the duodenal level were estimated to be 158, 233, 313 and 276 mg per 12 h per kg0.75 BW of pigs fed diets C, CMC, RW and RWX, respectively. The corresponding values at the ileal level were 95, 107, 164 and 150 mg per 12 h per kg0.75 BW. For endogenous N amounts, significant differences were observed between diets C and CMC (duodenum) and also between semi-purified and cereal-based diets (duodenum and ileum). Methodological aspects for the estimation of endogenous N using the isotope dilution technique are discussed. Obviously, the digesta viscosity per se does not affect the nutrient absorption and endogenous N flow within the small intestine of pigs. Other properties of complex dietary fibre, digesta passage rate or bacterial activity probably contribute to the observed changes.     

Digestibility of nutrients and aspects of the digestive physiology of the greater cane rat,journalThryonomys swinderianus journalin two seasons

The greater cane rat, Thryonomys swinderianus, utilizes high fibrous plant material and is an important meat source in West Africa. An insight in its digestive physiology will enhance our understanding of its feeding habits. Digestibility coefficients of the food were determined during two seasons before the animals were euthanased. The distribution and concentrations of nutrients and energy in different parts of the gastrointestinal tract were determined at the time of day when animals practised coprophagy. Trial 1 diet in the wet season consisted of 36% neutral detergent fibre (NDF), 11% protein and 49% dry matter, while the Trial 2 diet in the dry season consisted of 53% NDF, 8–9% protein and 89% dry matter. The Trial 2 animals on the poor diet increased their daily nutrient intake, possibly increased the volume of digesta and practised frequently cophrophagy, so that faecal production was reduced and digestibility coefficients were relatively high. Coprophagy increased both protein and energy intake as soft pellets in the distal colon had higher protein and energy content than the hard faeces. Energy, protein and acid-detergent fibre were retained in the caecum of Trial 1 females and the caecum and proximal colon of the Trial 2 animals 16 hours after feeding, illustrating the importance of these two regions in the fermentation process. Water was absorbed in the distal colon as dry matter content of digesta increased 53%, 4% and 56% from the proximal colon to the distal colon. Animals produced hard faeces with only 16% and 5% lower moisture content in the dry season, compared to that produced in the wet season, as water was not a limiting factor during the trials. It was concluded that an increase in daily food intake, an increase in coprophagy and the presence of a colonic separation mechanism (that retains small particles) enable the greater cane rat to utilize high fibrous plant material. These digestive strategies seem to be comparable to those observed in other hystricomorph rodents.     

The particulate passage rate,nutrient composition and fermentation characteristics across gastrointestinal tracts in lactating dairy cows fed three different forage source diets

This study was conducted to investigate the particulate passage rate, nutrient characteristics and fermentation parameters across the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) in lactating dairy cows fed cereal straws in comparison with alfalfa hay. Eighteen multiparous Holstein cows were randomly assigned to one of three experimental diets consisting of 55% concentrate, 15% corn silage and 30% different forage sources as follows (% of dry matter [DM]): (i) 23% alfalfa hay and 7% Chinese wild rye hay (AH); (ii) 30% corn stover (CS); and (iii) 30% rice straw (RS). The Cr‐mordanted corn silage‐neutral detergent fibre was used to estimate the passage flow at week 14. After 14‐week feeding, the animals were slaughtered to collect the gastrointestinal digesta. Dietary forage sources had little effect on the fractional passage rates in the rumen (range from 5.05 to 6.25%/hr) or hindgut (range from 4.49 to 5.24%/hr). Total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration in the caecum was highest, followed by the rumen, colon and rectum, and the lowest in the abomasum and duodenum, indicating that the large intestines, especially caecum, are the important positions for carbohydrate degradation. Greater proportion of propionate and butyrate and lower acetate were found in the AH compared to CS or RS in colon, but higher acetate in abomasum was found in the cows fed CS or RS compared to AH. In conclusion, cereal straw diets did not change the particulate passage rate in the rumen and hindgut which might be mainly due to the similar DM intake among these three diets. Different forage source diets significantly changed VFA proportion in the abomasum and colon, indicating the existence of different digestion or absorption rates in these tracts among the experimental diets.     

Effect of mixed protein silage in feed on the digestive tract and metabolism parameters in swine

With a view to studying the effect of acid addition, weaned piglets and fattening pigs were fed graduated amounts of protein mixed silage (pH-value 3.15 by adding 20 g H2SO4/kg) in rations of equal energy and protein levels. On average, the fattening pigs were taking in 0.26 g H2SO4/kg, whilst the amounts for piglets were 0.60 and 0.72 g H2SO4/kg. Higher acid intakes had a negative effect of energy expenditure, weight gains and feed intake. The experimental animals had significantly longer small intestines, whilst the intestine's wall was found thinner and the amount of digesta reduced and with a higher water content. The microbial activity in the stomach proved significantly inhibited. However, it was higher in the caecum as compared to the control animals. Metabolic parameters suggest that water and mineral balances are under stress. The significance of acid addition for tract flora and its metabolites is discussed. Protein mixed silage is regarded a dietetically favourable feed when given at a maximum daily amount of 25 g/kg LW or 1 kg/animal. The recommendation for dosing the daily administration of inorganic acids is as follows: max. 0.5 g acid/kg LW or 20 g/animal.     

Effects of dietary supplementation of bacteriophages against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) K88 on clinical symptoms of post‐weaning pigs challenged with the ETEC pathogen

The present study was performed to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of bacteriophages (phages) against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) K88 as a therapy against the ETEC infection in post‐weaning pigs. Two groups of post‐weaning pigs aged 35 days, eight animals per group, were challenged with 3.0 × 10¹⁰ colony forming units of ETEC K88, a third group given the vehicle. The unchallenged group and one challenged group were fed a basal nursery diet for 14 days while the remaining challenged group was fed the basal diet supplemented with 1.0 × 10⁷ plaque forming units of the phage per kg. Average daily gain (ADG), goblet cell density and villous height:crypt depth (VH:CD) ratio in the intestine were less in the challenged group than in the unchallenged group within the animals fed the basal diet (p < 0.05); the reverse was true for rectal temperature, faecal consistency score (FCS), E. coli adhesion score (EAS) in the intestine, serum interleukin‐8 (IL‐8) and tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) concentrations and digesta pH in the stomach, caecum and colon. The ETEC infection symptom within the challenged animals was alleviated by the dietary phage supplementation (p < 0.05) in ADG, FCS, EAS in the jejunum, serum TNF‐α concentration, digesta pH in the colon, goblet cell density in the ileum and colon and VH:CD ratio in the ileum. Moreover, the infection symptom tended to be alleviated (p < 0.10) by the phage supplementation in rectal temperature, EAS in the ileum and caecum, and VH:CD ratio in the duodenum and jejunum. However, EAS in the colon, digesta pH in the stomach and caecum, and goblet cell density in the jejunum did not change due to the dietary phage. Overall, results indicate that the phage therapy is effective for alleviation of acute ETEC K88 infection in post‐weaning pigs.     

The applicable merit of untreated, HCl-treated and partly-hydrolysed straw meal in the feeding regimen of piglets after early weaning. 4. Histological findings in the digestive epithelium of the piglet

In studies with piglets of the country race the applicability of variously treated straw materials was tested in comparison with conventional concentrate feeding (I) after an early weaning date (30th-35th day of life) over an 8-week period (1st-8th week of keeping). In the rations containing 10% straw (straw-concentrate mixtures), untreated (II), HCl treated (III: HCl treatment without steaming) and partly hydrolyzed straw meal (IV: HCl treatment with subsequent steaming) were used in the feeding. Samples were taken of 4 killed animals each in the 2nd and 8th weeks of keeping for the qualitative histologic assessment of palatum durum, oesophagus and stomach, duodenum and caecum, colon ascendens, colon descendens and rectum. Although significantly lower pH values in the stomach were registered after the feeding of feed mixtures III and IV due to increased acidity (pH value decrease by 1.3 to 1.5 units) in comparison to the values in I and II, the lamina epithelialis of the palatum durum remained intact in all groups and without any signs of cauterization. Equally, considerable changes in the comparison of the feeding groups could not be detected in the structures of the oesophagus and the stomach walls or in the qualitative histologic assessment of the duodenum and the caecum. However, there were clearly distinguishable group specifics with regard to the formation of lymphoreticular tissue in the stomach and for the colon ascendens.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

二甲酸钾对肉仔鸡的抗菌促生长作用研究

将120只1日龄雏鸡随机分为3组,饲养21d,比较二甲酸钾和黄霉素对肉仔鸡生产性能、肠道菌群和pH值的影响。结果表明:1)日粮中添加4.5g/kg二甲酸钾显著降低嗉囊和肌胃内容物的pH值,且显著降低盲肠乳酸杆菌和大肠杆菌数量,两者之间的比例也显著提高(P<0.05)。2)日粮中添加4.5g/kg二甲酸钾显著提高肉鸡的日增重(ADG)和饲料报酬(P<0.05),达到与黄霉素同等的效果(P>0.05)。     

Motility of the large intestine and flow of digesta in pigs

The motor function of the large intestine of pigs is incompletely understood. Here the ileo-caecal-colonic motility is investigated by means of chronically implanted extraluminal strain gauge transducers and simultaneous videofluoroscopy in six pigs. Motility parameters were evaluated by computer and manually. The dominant feature of the ileal motility were aborally propagating giant contractions (velocity: 3.9 (0.7) cm sec(-1)) occurring at intervals of 7-12 minutes. They pushed the ileal digesta into the caecum. Despite a fed-state, migrating motor complexes occurred at intervals of 131.5 (8.1) minutes consisting of repetitive peristaltic waves. The motility of the caecum showed clustered contractions representing haustral movements. Transfer of caecal digesta and gas into the colon was caused by peristaltic contractions. The motility of the proximal colon was characterised by long peristaltic waves resulting in a rapid aboral transport of gas and a slow aboral flow of digesta. The propagation velocities along the centripetal and centrifugal loops of the colonic coil were 2.8 (0.6) and 5.7 (0.8) cm sec(-1), respectively. About half of the colonic waves were coordinated with the ileal giant contractions and the caecal peristaltic waves. The contraction parameters showed pronounced differences between the ileum and large intestine. The contraction rise time of the caecal and colonic contractions was about twice that of the ileal contractions (5.1 (0.2) and 4.4 (0.6) seconds versus 2.2 (0.1) seconds). Consequently, the maximal frequencies of the caecal and colonic contractions were about half compared with the ileal contractions (5.3 (0.4) and 6.1 (0.1) contractions min(-1) versus 11.8 (0.3) contractions min(-1)). Results show that the contractile patterns and motor functions of the individual intestinal segments differ markedly.     

活化卵白蛋白对断奶仔猪肠道内容物氨态氮含量的影响

选取28日龄断奶三元[杜×（大×长）]杂交仔猪36头,随机分为活化卵白蛋白实验组和对照组。实验组在饲喂基础日粮同时口服活化卵白蛋白制剂,10mL／d·只,连续服用10d（断乳前5d至断乳后5d）。用靛酚兰-分光光度法测定仔猪各肠段内容物的氨氮量,研究该制剂对仔猪肠道内容物氨氮量的影响及其二者的相关性。结果表明,实验组结肠段28d和35d其内容物氨氮量与对照组比较差异显著（P〈0．05）;实验组与对照组盲肠段的内容物氨氮量于28d差异显著（P〈0．01）;回肠段不显著（P〉0．05）。提示早期断奶仔猪口服话化卵白蛋白制剂可使其各肠段内容物中的氨氮量降低,有助于提高其肠道功能,降低腹泻率。     

Water absorption in relation to fermentation in the colon of the ostrich (Struthio camelus)

The colon is a major site for fermentation and water absorption in the ostrich. Water absorption along the colon was evaluated and its relationship to osmolality, Na+ concentration, short chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentration and carbohydrate content of digesta analysed. Mean water content decreased from 5.30 +/- 0.99 to 2.51 +/- 0.13 mf/g dry mass in the first 5 m of the colon. Correspondingly, mean carbohydrate content fell from 529.85 +/- 46.61 to 434.99 +/- 29.89 mg/g dry mass. A significant correlation was shown between the decreases in mean carbohydrate and water content along the colon (r2 = 0.997, P < 0.05). Changes in mean osmolality (+/- 10 mOsm/kg) and SCFA concentration (+/- 7 mmol/l) were minimal in comparison to the change in Na+ concentration (-54 mmol/l). These findings reflect a close coupling between SCFA production and absorption on the one hand and water absorption on the other.